大规模动物细胞培养的问题及对策

大规模动物细胞培养在生物技术产业化进程中显示出强大的潜力。本文综述了大规模动物细胞培养过程中出现的问题及其解决办法 ,包括细胞培养环境、基因工程途径改建细胞系及过程监控等。对于这些进展的充分了解对优化细胞培养工艺、提高产品质量具有重要意义     

一种细胞培养发酵罐的评价

人和动物细胞的体外培养在生物学和医学研究中起着重要作用。然而,将动物细胞培养应用于生产却因在获得足够的产额及生物活性方面的困难而受到限制。传统上一直把细胞培养产物用作人类和牲畜的病毒疫苗,这些疫苗至今已大规模应用。在过去的七年中,大规模细胞培养技术已用于α—和β—干扰素的生产。最近,动物细胞培养技术也已用来生产大量的单克隆抗体和一些遗传工程蛋白质。     

应用动力学方法在线检测Vero细胞培养过程中的摄氧率

流加和灌注培养已被广泛应用于动物细胞培养 ,以获得高活性、高密度的细胞和高的产物得率。在这些培养过程中 ,一般通过离线检测关键参数 (如细胞密度、营养和代谢产物的浓度 )来人为调整灌注速率和补料策略 ,但是 ,当细胞密度较高时 ,由于细胞代谢旺盛使得培养的微环境变化很快 ,这就需要更加频繁快速地调整操作条件 ,从而导致因频繁取样和离线分析所带来的污染危险及大量人力、物力的浪费。这在大规模细胞培养过程中是不可取的。因此 ,要建立大规模、高效动物细胞培养过程 ,有必要研究和探索在线检测技术 ,以实时掌握细胞培养过程所处的状…     

动物细胞大规模培养技术

近年来,动物细胞大规模培养技术在生物技术领域成为最受关注的热点之一,并开始广泛应用于生物医药的研发和生产过程中。以生物反应器技术为基础的动物细胞大规模培养技术平台,正逐步被建立起来并日益走向成熟,成为推动生物医药产业快速发展的有力工具。结合该技术目前的应用水平和最新进展,分析了不同细胞培养工艺之间的内在差异,以探索这一技术的未来发展方向。     

用于重组抗体生产的细胞大规模培养技术

近年来,用于单抗药物生产的动物细胞大规模培养技术发展迅速.此领域的技术进展集中在个性化培养基开发,工艺条件优化等方面.本文总结了用于提高重组抗体表达水平的常用方法,以及细胞培养工艺对抗体药物“关键质量属性”(聚体、降解、糖基化修饰、电荷变异等)的诸多影响.此外,细胞培养工艺在产业化过程面临着工艺放大与技术转移,定性研究与工艺验证等实际问题.未来大规模细胞培养工艺的开发,将进一步借助动物细胞的组学研究成果和新兴的“过程分析技术”.     

动物细胞培养技术在人造肉研究中的应用

人造肉作为2018年全球十大突破和新兴科技之一,因其来源可追溯、食品安全性和绿色可持续等优势得到广泛的关注。欧美等国家已经投入大量资源开展细胞培养人造肉研究,未来将对我国的肉制品及食品市场造成一定的冲击。现阶段,细胞培养人造肉生产的挑战在于如何高效模拟动物肌肉组织生长环境,并在生物反应器中实现大规模的生产。尽管动物细胞组织培养技术已经得到深入的研究,并取得了不同程度的成功应用,但由于现有动物细胞组织培养成本与技术要求较高,仍不能实现大规模的产业化培养。因此,对于人造肉的生产来说,开发高效、安全的大规模细胞培养技术是亟需解决的问题,可以有效降低生产成本,实现产业化应用。文中通过介绍基于人造肉生物制造的动物细胞组织培养技术研究现状,具体阐述了目前的挑战和关键技术问题,并初步探讨了其可能的解决策略和应用前景。     

动物细胞生物工程 第1卷

包括的内容有:一,绪论:1.引言 二、细胞培养系统的基本组成部分:2.细胞生物学——基本概念;3.细胞生物——实验;4.细胞生长培养基;5.设备消毒;6.空气消毒;。三、大量细胞培养;7.动物细胞的大批培养和产物;8.动物细胞在连续活动培养基中培养;9.单层细胞生长系统——增殖过程;10.单层细胞生长系统——异型单一过程;     

细胞培养微载体及其在生物医药领域的应用

细胞培养微载体能为贴壁依赖性细胞提供超大的附着生长表面,是动物细胞大规模培养过程中的一种重要生物功能材料。由于不同应用领域对细胞微载体的要求略有差异,因此产品设计开发已成为细胞微载体培养技术成功应用的关键。该文从细胞微载体的开发设计与应用水平上进行了综述,以探讨细胞微载体培养技术的发展方向。     

HPLC监测微囊化细胞培养中乳酸和丙酮酸的变化

ＨＰＬＣ监测微囊化细胞培养中乳酸和丙酮酸的变化朱冬发,李士云,吉鑫松,袁中一（中国科学院上海生物化学研究所,２０００３１）关键词丙酮酸;乳酸;ＨＰＬＣ;细胞培养;微囊化动物细胞随着基因工程和细胞培养技术的发展,人们越来越重视利用生物反应器大规模培养基...     

海洋动物的细胞培养与应用

海洋动物的细胞培养与应用童裳亮（青岛海洋大学海洋生命学院２６６００３）动物细胞的规模培养是生物技术（生物工程）的重要内容之一。因为人工培养的动物细胞可以用来分离和鉴定病毒,生产疫苗和昂贵的药物（见表一）。表一人工培养动物细胞的用途动物细胞的短期培养并不困难,但要建立永久性（长生不老）的细胞系,则十分不易。这是因为正常的动物细胞都有其生长、分化、衰老、死亡的规律。     

微流控芯片技术在细胞生物学研究中的应用进展

20世纪90年代以来,微流控芯片技术得到了快速发展。由于具有小型化、集成化、高通量、低消耗、分析快速等特点,微流控芯片作为一种新型的生物学研究平台,能够提供传统方法不具备的精细和可控制的细胞研究条件,在细胞生物学研究领域中得到了广泛关注。该文主要介绍其在细胞培养、分选、裂解、计数、凋亡检测、迁移、单细胞捕获、细胞间作用等方面的研究进展。     

Efficient and Innocuous Live‐Cell Delivery: Making Membrane Barriers Disappear to Enable Cellular Biochemistry

The confluence of protein engineering techniques and delivery protocols are providing new opportunities in cell biology. In particular, techniques that render the membrane of cells transiently permeable make the introduction of nongenetically encodable macromolecular probes into cells possible. This, in turn, can enable the monitoring of intracellular processes in ways that can be both precise and quantitative, ushering an area that one may envision as cellular biochemistry. Herein, the author reviews pioneering examples of such new cell‐based assays, provides evidence that challenges the paradigm that cell penetration is a necessarily damaging and stressful event for cells, and highlights some of the challenges that should be addressed to fully unlock the potential of this nascent field.     

Ultrastructural evidence for two-cell and three-cell neural pathways in the tentacle epidermis of the sea anemone Aiptasia pallida.

Sensory and ganglion cells in the tentacle epidermis of the sea anemone Aiptasia pallida were traced in serial transmission electron micrographs to their synaptic contacts on other cells. Sensory cell synapses were found on spirocytes, muscle cells, and ganglion cells. Ganglion cells, in turn, synapsed on sensory cells, spirocytes, muscle cells, and other neurons and formed en passant axo-axonal synapses. Axonal synapses on nematocytes and gland cells were not traced to their cells of origin, i.e., identified sensory or ganglion cells. Direct synaptic contacts of sensory cells with spirocytes and sensory cells with muscle cells suggest a local two-cell pathway for spirocyst discharge and muscle cell contraction, whereas interjection of a ganglion cell between the sensory and effector cells creates a local three-cell pathway. The network of ganglion cells and their processes allows for a through-conduction system that is interconnected by chemical synapses. Although the sea anemone nervous system is more complex than that of Hydra, it has similar two-cell and three-cell effector pathways that may function in local responses to tentacle contact with food.     

The role of glutamine, serum and energy factors in growth of enterocyte-like cell lines

Background: Glutamine is routinely added to most cell cultures. Glutamine has been found to be the preferential nutrient to the rapidly replicating intestinal mucosa, but whether this is a metabolic effect or due to other properties of this amino acid is not determined. To study the importance of glutamine on the growth of two enterocyte-like cell lines, the effects of depriving the media or supplementing it with glutamine were assessed in media with different serum and energy supplements. Methods: CaCo-2 and HT-29 cells were grown in serum-free medium, with fetal bovine or synthetic serum, and with or without glucose or galactose. The glutamine content was varied between 0 and 4 mM. All growth assays were performed in triplicate by counting in a hemocytometer. Results: Both cell lines were dependent of serum factors for growth, but displayed distinct requirements on glutamine supplementation. Glutamine was an obligate supplement with dose-dependent correlation to growth (r=0.87, p<0.01) for CaCo-2 cells cultured in synthetic, but not in fetal bovine serum. In HT-29 cells, the correlation between glutamine and growth was significant (r=0,68, p<0,05) only in fetal bovine serum in the absence of galactose. Conclusion: This study shows that glutamine has different growth stimulating effects on two enterocyte-like cell lines studied. This could reflect different modes of action of glutamine on proliferation and differentiation in an enterocyte cell population.     

Of mice, frogs and flies: generation of membrane asymmetries in early development

Embryonic development begins with cleavage of the fertilized egg. Cleavage comprises two major processes: cytokinesis and formation of a polarized epithelial cell layer. The focus of this review is comparison of the generation of membrane polarity during embryonic cleavage in three different developmental model systems. In mammalian embryos, as exemplified by analysis of the mouse, generation of distinct membrane domains is uncoupled from cleavage divisions and is initiated in a specific developmental phase, called compaction. In Xenopus laevis embryos, generation of polarized blastomeres occurs simultaneously with cytokinesis. The origin of specific membrane domains of X. laevis polar blastomeres, however, can be traced back to oogenesis. Finally, in Drosophila melanogaster, generation of polarized cells occurs at cellularization. The relevance of cell adhesion, cell junctions and cytocortical scaffolds will be discussed for each of the model systems. Despite enormous morphologic differences, the three models share many common features; in particular, many important molecular interactions are conserved.     

哺乳动物体细胞核移植中供体细胞的研究进展

在哺乳动物体细胞核移植中,供体细胞是影响其效率的主要因素之一。供体细胞的类型、细胞周期、细胞的培养代数、冷藏与冷冻处理,以及供体动物的性别、年龄等都可能影响核移植胚胎的发育。根据现有资料,简要综述了在哺乳动物体细胞核移植中有关供体细胞的研究进展。     

微囊化K562细胞生长周期及代谢特性的研究

以K562细胞为模型,分别进行微囊化和游离培养,运用流式细胞术考察两种培养体系下细胞周期和生长代谢变化;建立数学模型,模拟了两种培养体系下细胞的生长活性和代谢特性。实验发现：微囊化培养过程中的K562细胞处于DNA合成期（S期）的百分含量显著高于游离培养,并且细胞保持较高的增殖活性。模型计算表明,所建模型动力学参数能够很好地描述微囊化和游离两种培养体系下细胞的代谢情况;对细胞活性的理论计算表明,微囊化的细胞具有较高的增殖和代谢活性,同时细胞能够较长时间保持此活性;模型参数表明,两种培养体系下,葡萄糖对细胞生长的影响无显著差别 (k^Free_L≈k^APA_L),乳酸对游离培养细胞的生长具有明显抑制作用,但对微囊化培养细胞抑制作用较小(kFreeL>≈kAPAL)。     

Engineering Cardiac Cell Junctions In Vitro to Study the Intercalated Disc

Abstract

This review article discusses a recent work using engineered cardiac cells to study the function of the intercalated disc putting emphasis on mechanical and electrical coupling.     

Perivascular cells for regenerative medicine

Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSC) are currently the best candidate therapeutic cells for regenerative medicine related to osteoarticular, muscular, vascular and inflammatory diseases, although these cells remain heterogeneous and necessitate a better biological characterization. We and others recently described that MSC originate from two types of perivascular cells, namely pericytes and adventitial cells and contain the in situ counterpart of MSC in developing and adult human organs, which can be prospectively purified using well defined cell surface markers. Pericytes encircle endothelial cells of capillaries and microvessels and express the adhesion molecule CD146 and the PDGFRβ, but lack endothelial and haematopoietic markers such as CD34, CD31, vWF (von Willebrand factor), the ligand for Ulex europaeus 1 (UEA1) and CD45 respectively. The proteoglycan NG2 is a pericyte marker exclusively associated with the arterial system. Besides its expression in smooth muscle cells, smooth muscle actin (αSMA) is also detected in subsets of pericytes. Adventitial cells surround the largest vessels and, opposite to pericytes, are not closely associated to endothelial cells. Adventitial cells express CD34 and lack αSMA and all endothelial and haematopoietic cell markers, as for pericytes. Altogether, pericytes and adventitial perivascular cells express in situ and in culture markers of MSC and display capacities to differentiate towards osteogenic, adipogenic and chondrogenic cell lineages. Importantly, adventitial cells can differentiate into pericyte‐like cells under inductive conditions in vitro. Altogether, using purified perivascular cells instead of MSC may bring higher benefits to regenerative medicine, including the possibility, for the first time, to use these cells uncultured.     

Mammalian testis: a target of in vivo electroporation

Mammalian spermatogenesis consists of three biologically significant processes: stem cell self-renewal and differentiation, meiosis, and haploid cell morphogenesis. Understanding the molecular mechanisms behind these processes might provide clues to the puzzle of species preservation and evolution, and to treatments for male infertility. However, few useful in vitro systems exist to investigate these processes at present. To elucidate these mechanisms, in vivo electroporation of the testis might be a convenient option. Since DNA solution can be injected into the seminiferous tubule via the rete testis, similar to germ cell transplantation, it is easy to transfect expression vectors into various differentiated germ cells and supporting Sertoli cells with adequate electric shock. Unfortunately, it is difficult to create transgenic animals using this method because of its low efficiency. However, gain- and loss-of-function assays, promoter assays, and tagged-protein behavior assays can be conducted with this technique, as in in vitro culture systems.