灵芝多糖对3T3-L1胰岛素抵抗细胞模型PI-3K p85和GLUT4蛋白表达的影响

目的 研究灵芝多糖对3T3-L1胰岛素抵抗细胞模型PI-3K p85和GLUT4蛋白表达的影响,探讨灵芝多糖改善胰岛素抵抗的分子机制.方法 3T3-L1前脂肪细胞经1-甲基-3-异丁基-黄嘌呤、地塞米松、胰岛素诱导分化成3T3-L1脂肪细胞,以葡萄糖氧化酶法测定培养液中残余的葡萄糖含量.比较二甲双胍组,检测培养液中葡萄糖含量及PI-3K p85和GLUT4蛋白表达变化.结果 地塞米松联合胰岛素诱导3T3-L1脂肪细胞产生胰岛素抵抗,细胞对葡萄糖的摄取量减少.灵芝多糖可改善3T3-L1脂肪细胞胰岛素抵抗.胰岛素抵抗细胞的PI-3K p85和GLUT4蛋白表达明显减少;应用灵芝多糖后,相关蛋白表达增加.结论 灵芝多糖通过提高PI-3K p85和GLUT4蛋白的表达,参与胰岛素抵抗状态下3T3-L1细胞的葡萄糖代谢.     

黄体酮对3T3-L1脂肪前体细胞成脂分化后细胞中UCP2基因表达的影响

目的:观察体外培养条件下3T3-L1脂肪前体细胞诱导分化成的成熟脂肪细胞中解偶联蛋白2(UCP2)mRNA表达水平及黄体酮对其表达的影响。方法:体外培养3T3-L1脂肪细胞,在诱导3T3-L1脂肪细胞分化成熟后,经不同黄体酮浓度10μm/25μM/50μM/75μM/100μM刺激后,抽提总RNA,用RT-PCR检测UCP2 mRNA的表达。结果:黄体酮会促进成熟脂肪细胞中UCP2 mRNA的表达,(P<0.05)其中25μM浓度刺激下UCP2 mRNA表达量最高。结论:体外培养中,黄体酮对成熟脂肪细胞中UCP2 mRNA的表达与调控具有一定的影响。     

黄体酮对3T3-L1脂肪前体细胞成脂分化后细胞中UCP2基因表达的影响

目的：观察体外培养条件下3T3-L1脂肪前体细胞诱导分化成的成熟脂肪细胞中解偶联蛋白2（UCP2）mRNA表达水平及黄体酮对其表达的影响。方法：体外培养3T3-L1脂肪细胞,在诱导3T3．L1脂肪细胞分化成熟后,经不同黄体酮浓度10μm／25μM／50μM／75μM/100μM刺激后,抽提总RNA,用RT—PCR检测UCP2mRNA的表达。结果：黄体酮会促进成熟脂肪细胞中UCP2mRNA的表达,（P〈0．05）其中25μM浓度刺激下UCP2mRNA表达量最高。结论：体外培养中,黄体酮对成熟脂肪细胞中UCP2mRNA的表达与调控具有一定的影响。     

3T3-L1脂肪细胞对MIN6胰岛素细胞中Kir6.2表达的抑制作用

为明确脂肪细胞对胰岛素细胞中KATP通道表达的直接影响,MIN6胰岛素细胞被分为两组：一组为对照组,一组与分化的3T3-L1脂肪细胞共培养1周。运用半定量RT-PCR方法测定MIN6细胞中KATP通道蛋白Kir6．2的表达变化,Fura-2荧光方法测定MIN6细胞内钙浓度的变化,放射免疫测定方法明确MIN6细胞的胰岛素分泌功能。结果显示,与3T3-L1脂肪细胞共培养1周后,MIN6细胞中Kir6．2的表达明显减少,其表达水平降低为对照组的65．3％。对照组MIN6细胞在0．1mmoi／L甲苯磺丁脲(KATP通道关闭剂)的刺激下,表现为细胞内钙水平显著性升高和胰岛素分泌显著性增加,而共培养组MIN6细胞则失去了甲苯磺丁脲刺激所引起的细胞内钙升高及胰岛素分泌反应。以上实验结果表明,3T3-L1脂肪细胞可以通过分泌一些活性因子直接降低MIN6细胞中KATP通道蛋白的表达和合成,损害MIN6细胞的胰岛素分泌功能。实验结果提示脂肪细胞直接参与2型糖尿病中胰岛β细胞功能障碍的发生。     

水通道蛋白7对蛋白激酶B的影响

该文旨在探讨水通道蛋白7(AQP7)在3T3-L1脂肪细胞不同分化阶段的表达以及其对胰岛素信号通路中蛋白激酶B(PKB)的影响。通过培养3T3-L1前体脂肪细胞,诱导分化为成熟的脂肪细胞,用荧光定量PCR、Western blot、酶学方法分析显示,随3T3-L1脂肪细胞分化过程,AQP7与PKB磷酸化水平同步上升,同时培养基中释放的甘油浓度伴随AQP7的表达平行增加。以TNF-α处理分化成熟的脂肪细胞构建胰岛素抵抗模型,AQP7与PKB磷酸化水平均下降,转染高表达AQP7基因的重组腺病毒载体(Ad-AQP7)之后,随着AQP7表达上调,胰岛素刺激下的PKB磷酸化水平提高,并且葡萄糖代谢能力增强。由此可见,AQP7水平随3T3-L1脂肪细胞分化过程逐渐上升,其高表达可能通过增加PKB磷酸化水平改善胰岛素敏感性,提示AQP7可能成为治疗肥胖的一个重要作用靶点。     

NF-κB p65在高糖诱导3T3-L1脂肪细胞胰岛素抵抗中的作用

建立高糖诱导胰岛素抵抗的细胞模型,研究高糖对3T3-L1脂肪细胞NF-κB p65表达及转位的影响。诱导成熟的3T3-L1脂肪细胞与5.0mmol/L的葡萄糖含或不含0.6nmol/L的胰岛素(LGIns 组与LGIns-组)或者与25.0mmol/L葡萄糖含或不含0.6nmol/L的胰岛素(HGIns 组与HGIns-组)培养18h,以2-脱氧-[3H]-D-葡萄糖摄入法观察葡萄糖的转运率,用Western印迹检测总NF-κBp65及核NF-κB p65的表达,用激光扫描共聚焦(CLSM)对NF-κB p65进行定位显示。结果显示,仅HGIns 组,即3T3-L1脂肪细胞与25.0mmol/L葡萄糖含0.6nmol/L的胰岛素培养18h后,胰岛素刺激的葡萄糖转运减少55%(P<0.01),同时Western印迹和CLSM均显示NF-κB p65核转位增加(P<0.01),但对3T3-L1脂肪细胞总NF-κB p65的表达无明显影响(P>0.05)。研究结果表明,只有在胰岛素(0.6nmol/L)存在的条件下,高糖(25.0mmol/L)才可以诱导胰岛素抵抗,其分子机制可能与其刺激NF-κB p65的核转位,调节相关基因的表达有关。     

游离脂肪酸对3T3-L1脂肪细胞糖代谢的影响

目的:通过培养3T3-L1前脂肪细胞,并诱导其分化至成熟,研究游离脂肪酸对脂肪细胞糖代谢的影响。方法:培养诱导3T3-L1脂肪细胞,用油红O染色鉴定并比较其形态结构的变化。LPS、EPA、SA、PA干预成熟脂肪细胞,收集不同时间的培养基,葡萄糖氧化酶法算出各组脂肪细胞的葡萄糖消耗量。用Western blot检测不同时间各组干预后细胞AMPK、GLUT4蛋白含量。结果:油红O染色鉴定成熟脂肪细胞胞浆中的脂滴染成红色,并出现戒环样结构;诱导分化第8天,90%以上细胞均分化成熟。含LPS、EPA、SA、PA的培养基作用于成熟脂肪细胞,随着时间的延长,显著抑制脂肪细胞对葡萄糖的吸收(P<0.05),同时,脂肪细胞AMPK、GLUT4蛋白含量在减少(P<0.05)。结论:游离脂肪酸可以诱导胰岛素抵抗的分子机制可能是通过胰岛素信号通路激活蛋白激酶(AMPK),进而影响GLUT4的蛋白表达,使脂肪细胞的葡萄糖吸收率减低,影响脂肪细胞的糖代谢。     

FFA作用于脂肪细胞后细胞炎症因子的表达及变化

目的:用FFA刺激脂肪细胞并在不同时间点收集细胞培养液,探讨FFA水平升高后对脂肪细胞的影响。方法:将3T3-L1细胞诱导为成熟的脂肪细胞后,运用ELISA技术检测培养液中IL-6,TNF-a,MCP-1等细胞炎症因子的变化。结果:一定浓度的FFA刺激脂肪细胞后,细胞培养上清液中FFA组IL-6,TNF-a,MCP-1三种因子浓度均会随时间变化升高(P0.05),其中FFA组TNF-a和MCP-1浓度在6小时、IL-6浓度在10小时升高(P0.05)。结论:FFA水平升高可致脂肪细胞多种炎症因子分泌加剧。     

促酰化蛋白对脂肪细胞分化中脂滴相关蛋白TIP47表达的影响

研究促酰化蛋白（acylation stimulating protein, ASP）在3T3-L1脂肪细胞分化中对脂滴相关蛋白TIP47(tail-interacting protein 47 kD)表达的影响,从而探讨ASP在成脂方面的重要意义．用免疫荧光染色法观察3T3-L1前脂肪细胞中TIP47的表达定位;采用经典激素鸡尾酒法诱导分化3T3-L1前脂肪细胞,用RT-PCR和Western 印迹方法检测诱导分化的3T3-L1脂肪细胞中TIP47 mRNA和蛋白表达;在分化过程中不同时点,对诱导分化中的3T3-L1脂肪细胞分别给予胰岛素和ASP处理,并设立相应空白对照,用RT-PCR和Western印迹方法检测TIP47 mRNA和蛋白表达． 结果显示,3T3-L1前脂肪细胞中TIP47主要在胞浆内表达;诱导分化过程中的3T3-L1脂肪细胞TIP47 mRNA和蛋白的表达水平呈时间依赖性降低;ASP对诱导分化的3T3-L1脂肪细胞中TIP47 mRNA和蛋白表达有显著的上调作用,但随着分化至48 h,其上调作用已不明显;胰岛素仅在分化的0 d对脂肪细胞中TIP47 mRNA和蛋白表达有上调作用,之后基本无影响．结果提示,ASP促成脂作用可能与其调节脂滴相关蛋白TIP47的表达密切相关,从而为认识及防治肥胖症开拓新的思路．     

糖基化终末产物对3T3-L1脂肪细胞脂联素分泌的影响

目的糖基化终末产物(Advanced glycation end products,AGE)对3T3-L1脂肪细胞脂联素(adiponectin,APN)分泌的影响。方法3T3-L1小鼠前脂肪细胞体外培养并诱导分化为成熟的脂肪细胞,以PBS和BSA作为阴性对照,用含不同浓度梯度(50μg/ml、100μg/ml、150μg/ml)AGE的培养液对成熟的脂肪细胞体外培养48h,收集细胞和上清液,用RT-PCR方法检测脂联素mRNA的表达,ELISA方法检测培养液中脂联素蛋白的分泌情况。结果AGE干预组脂联素的表达在mRNA和蛋白水平较对照组均明显下降(P<0.05),并且随着AGE浓度的升高脂联素的合成和分泌逐渐减少,其中100μg/ml、150μg/ml AGE干预组脂联素的减少较对照组有显著差异(P<0.001)。结论糖基化终末产物能够通过抑制3T3-L1细胞脂联素mRNA的合成,近而抑制脂联素的分泌,且这种抑制呈浓度依赖性。     

Induction of SOCS-3 is insufficient to confer IRS-1 protein degradation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes

Insulin receptor substrate (IRS)-1 is a key protein in insulin signaling. Several studies have shown that the expression of IRS-1 can be modulated by protein degradation via the proteasome and the degradation of IRS-1 can be related to insulin-resistant states. The degradation of IRS-1 has been shown to be induced by SOCS-1 and SOCS-3 via the ubiquitin pathway. The goal of our study was to determine if the induction of SOCS-3 correlated with increased IRS-1 degradation in cultured 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Interestingly, our studies have shown that there is little correlation between the induction in SOCS-3 expression and the degradation of IRS-1 in mature 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Our results clearly demonstrate that treatment with leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) or cardiotrophin (CT)-1 strongly induces the expression of SOCS-3 in mature 3T3-L1 adipocytes, but does not affect the degradation of IRS-1. On the contrary, tumor necrosis factor (TNF) alpha and insulin, which very weakly induce SOCS-3 expression, have profound effects on IRS-1 degradation. In summary, our results indicate that the expression of SOCS-3 does not correlate with the degradation of IRS-1 proteins in fat cells.     

A Novel, Multifunctional c-Cbl Binding Protein in Insulin Receptor Signaling in 3T3-L1 Adipocytes

The protein product of the c-Cbl proto-oncogene is prominently tyrosine phosphorylated in response to insulin in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and not in 3T3-L1 fibroblasts. After insulin-dependent tyrosine phosphorylation, c-Cbl specifically associates with endogenous c-Crk and Fyn. These results suggest a role for tyrosine-phosphorylated c-Cbl in 3T3-L1 adipocyte activation by insulin. A yeast two-hybrid cDNA library prepared from fully differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes was screened with full-length c-Cbl as the target protein in an attempt to identify adipose-specific signaling proteins that interact with c-Cbl and potentially are involved in its tyrosine phosphorylation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Here we describe the isolation and the characterization of a novel protein that we termed CAP for c-Cbl-associated protein. CAP contains a unique structure with three adjacent Src homology 3 (SH3) domains in the C terminus and a region showing significant sequence similarity with the peptide hormone sorbin. Both CAP mRNA and proteins are expressed predominately in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and not in 3T3-L1 fibroblasts. CAP associates with c-Cbl in 3T3-L1 adipocytes independently of insulin stimulation in vivo and in vitro in an SH3-domain-mediated manner. Furthermore, we detected the association of CAP with the insulin receptor. Insulin stimulation resulted in the dissociation of CAP from the insulin receptor. Taken together, these data suggest that CAP represents a novel c-Cbl binding protein in 3T3-L1 adipocytes likely to participate in insulin signaling.     

Chemerin enhances insulin signaling and potentiates insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in 3T3-L1 adipocytes

To explore a novel adipokine, we screened adipocyte differentiation-related gene and found that TIG2/chemerin was strongly induced during the adipocyte differentiation. Chemerin was secreted by the mature 3T3-L1 adipocytes and expressed abundantly in adipose tissue in vivo as recently described. Intriguingly, the expression of chemerin was differently regulated in the liver and adipose tissue in db/db mice. In addition, serum chemerin concentration was decreased in db/db mice. Chemerin and its receptor/ChemR23 were expressed in mature adipocytes, suggesting its function in autocrine/paracrine fashion. Finally, chemerin potentiated insulin-stimulated glucose uptake concomitant with enhanced insulin signaling in the 3T3-L1 adipocytes. These data establish that chemerin is a novel adipokine that regulates adipocyte function.     

Insulin and TNF alpha induce expression of the forkhead transcription factor gene Foxc2 in 3T3-L1 adipocytes via PI3K and ERK 1/2-dependent pathways

We have recently identified the winged helix/forkhead gene Foxc2 as a key regulator of adipocyte metabolism that counteracts obesity and diet-induced insulin resistance. This study was performed to elucidate the hormonal regulation of Foxc2 in adipocytes. We find that TNF alpha and insulin induce Foxc2 mRNA in differentiated 3T3-L1 cells with the kinetics of an immediate early response (1-2 h with 100 ng/ml insulin or 5 ng/ml TNF alpha). This induction is, in both cases, attenuated by the PI3K inhibitor wortmannin as well as the MAPK kinase inhibitor PD98059. Furthermore, we show that stimulation of 3T3-L1 adipocytes with phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate or 8-(4-chlorophenyl)thio-cAMP induces the expression of Foxc2. Interestingly, we find that the basal level of Foxc2 mRNA is down-regulated whereas hormonal responsiveness increases during differentiation of 3T3-L1 from preadipocytes to adipocytes. At the protein level, immunoblots with Foxc2 antibody demonstrated an induction of Foxc2 by insulin and TNF alpha in nuclear extracts of 3T3-L1 adipocytes. EMSA of nuclear proteins from phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate- and TNF alpha-treated 3T3-L1 adipocytes using a forkhead consensus oligonucleotide revealed specific binding of a Foxc2/DNA complex. In conclusion, our data suggest that insulin and TNF alpha regulate the expression of Foxc2 via a PI3K- and ERK 1/2-dependent pathway in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Also, signaling pathways downstream of PKA and PKC induce the expression of Foxc2 mRNA.     

Insulin regulates leptin secretion from 3T3-L1 adipocytes by a PI 3 kinase independent mechanism

To better define the molecular mechanisms underlying leptin release from adipocytes, we developed a novel protocol that maximizes leptin production from 3T3-L1 adipocytes. The addition of a PPARgamma agonist to the Isobutylmethylxanthine/Dexamethasone/Insulin differentiation cocktail increased leptin mRNA levels by 5-fold, maintained insulin sensitivity, and yielded mature phenotype in cultured adipocytes. Under these conditions, acute insulin stimulation for 2 h induced a two-fold increase in leptin secretion, which was independent of new protein synthesis, and was not due to alterations in glucose metabolism. Stimulation with insulin for 15 min induced the same level of leptin release and was blocked by Brefeldin A. Inhibiting PI 3-kinase with wortmannin had no effect on insulin stimulation of leptin secretion. These studies show that insulin can stimulate leptin release via a PI3K independent mechanism and provide a cellular system for studying the effect of insulin and potentially other mediators on leptin secretion.     

Autophagy participants in the dedifferentiation of mouse 3T3-L1 adipocytes triggered by hypofunction of insulin signaling

Our previous data indicate that both insulin and IGF-1 signallings dysfunction promotes the dedifferentiation of primary human and mouse white adipocytes. Based on the fact that insulin activates mTOR and inhibits autophagy, and autophagy deficiency can inhibit the differentiation of white adipocytes, we speculate that autophagy may be related to the dedifferentiation of white adipocytes. We investigated the underlying mechanism of autophagy during dedifferentiation of mouse 3T3-L1 adipocytes. After incomplete inhibition of insulin and IGF-1 signallings, 3T3-L1 adipocytes manifest dedifferentiation accompanied with an increase of autophagy level. If induction only of autophagy in the adipocytes, then the cells also occur somewhat dedifferentiation, and with a slight decrease of insulin signal, while its degree was weaker than insulin signal inhibited cells. Notably, after inhibition of the insulin and IGF-1 signallings and simultaneously inducing autophagy, the dedifferentiation of 3T3-L1 adipocytes was the most obvious compared with other groups, and the insulin and IGF-1 signallings decreases was greater than the cells with inhibition only of insulin signalling. If inhibition of both insulin signal and autophagy simultaneously, the dedifferentiation of the adipocytes reveals similar tendencies to the cells that insulin signal was inhibited. No significant dedifferentiation occurs of 3T3-L1 cells if only inhibition of autophagy. Taken all together, in this study, we proved that autophagy is positively related to the dedifferentiation of 3T3-L1 adipocytes and is regulated through the insulin-PI3K-AKT-mTOCR1-autophagy pathway. Autophagy may also has a certain degree of negative feedback affect on the insulin signalling of 3T3-L1 cells. Our work may help to better understand the biological properties of mature adipocytes and may help formulate anti-obesity strategies by regulating insulin and insulin signaling level.