黄鳝饲料蛋白质需求量的研究

为确定黄鳝(Monopterus albus)对饲料蛋白质的需求量, 试验分7组, 每组4个重复。每个重复放养初始体重为(17.1±0.2) g的幼鳝25尾, 分别以鱼粉和酪蛋白为主要蛋白源, 配制蛋白质含量为32.74%(T1)、38.50%(T2)、42.26%(T3)、48.35%(T4)、52.65%(T5)、57.87%(T6)和62.31%(T7)的7种等能不等氮饲料, 养殖期为60d。以生产性能、蛋白质保留率和生理生化指标等综合评价确定蛋白质的需求量。结果: (1)随饲料蛋白质含量升高, 饲料系数呈先降低后升高; 增重率(WGR)、特定生长率(SGR)、蛋白保留率(PRR)与蛋白质效率(PER)先升高后降低; 饲料蛋白质含量57.87%组获得最好的生长性能, 52.65%组蛋白质保留率最高。(2)随饲料蛋白质含量升高, 黄鳝血清中尿素氮(BUN)含量升高, 谷丙转氨酶(ALT)和谷草转氨酶(AST)的活性先降低后保持稳定, 总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、高密度脂蛋白(HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白(LDL-C)及血糖(GLU)含量降低; 丙二醛(MDA)含量呈现先降低后升高的趋势, 在52.65%时最低。(3)随饲料蛋白质含量升高, 黄鳝肝胰脏、胃和肠蛋白酶活性先显著上升后呈缓慢上升趋势; 肝胰脏脂肪酶活性先显著下降后呈缓慢下降趋势, 胃和肠脂肪酶活性各试验组之间无显著性差异; 胃淀粉酶活性无显著差异, 肝胰脏和肠呈先显著下降后缓慢降低的趋势。综上: 当饲料蛋白质含量低时, 黄鳝会加大摄食量满足蛋白质需求, 在饲料蛋白质含量过高时, 氧化应激增加, 黄鳝通过降低摄食量减少蛋白质摄入。以WGR、PER、SGR及饲料系数(FCR)为评价指标确定幼鳝对饲料蛋白质的适宜需求量为48.51%—52.60%。     

军曹鱼营养需求与饲料研究进展

目前, 养殖鱼类已成为满足人类对水产品需求的主要来源。军曹鱼(Rachycentron canadum)具有生长速度快、肉质细嫩鲜美、营养价值高等特点, 已成为我国南方重要的海水网箱养殖鱼类。然而, 目前饲养军曹鱼仍主要依靠冰鲜杂鱼, 特别是大规格鱼的养殖, 这严重制约其养殖业的健康发展, 研发适合不同生长阶段需要的配合饲料非常必要。文章重点总结了军曹鱼对蛋白质、脂肪、氨基酸、脂肪酸、微量营养素等的需求, 饲料中鱼粉和鱼油替代研究, 饲料添加剂应用及其饲料产业发展现状, 以期为军曹鱼营养需求和配合饲料开发的深入研究提供参考。     

饲料蛋白水平对血鹦鹉幼鱼生长、体组成和肠道蛋白消化酶活性的影响

为考察饲料蛋白水平对血鹦鹉CichZasoma sp.幼鱼生长、体组成和肠道蛋白消化酶活性的影响,以鱼粉和豆粕为主要蛋白源配制了蛋白质含量分别为37%、40%、43%、46%和49%五种饲料,饲养平均体重为0.66 g的血鹦鹉6周.结果表明:血鹦鹉幼鱼摄食上述5种饲料后,增重率分别为868.51%、935.95%、1018.28%、925.16%和873.86%,饲料系数分别为1.55、1.48、1.41、1.47和1.56,摄食饲料蛋白质水平43%饲料的血鹦鹉幼鱼具有最佳生长性能.对全鱼体组成成分的分析表明:血鹦鹉幼鱼鱼体粗蛋白和粗灰分的含量随着饲料中蛋白含量的增加而增加,而体脂肪含量则呈下降趋势;在肠道蛋白酶及肝脏GOT、GPT活性方面:随着饲料中蛋白含量的增加,血鹦鹉幼鱼前肠组织和内容物蛋亡J酶活性及肝脏GOT、GPT活性也增加,当蛋白含量达到43%时均达到最大值.研究表明血鹦鹉幼鱼对饲料蛋白的最佳需求量为43%.     

饲料碳水化合物水平对南方鲇生长的影响

2002年6—8月对南方鲇(SilurusmeridionalisChen)(初始体重12.93±0.13g)进行人工配合饲料的喂养实验。实验以白鱼粉、玉米油、糊化玉米淀粉分别作为蛋白质、脂肪和碳水化合物(CBH)原料。配制等蛋白质(含量为40%),等脂肪(含量为10%),不同CBH梯度的6组饲料,饲料CBH水平分别设计为0%,6%,12%,18%,24%,30%。实验每水平设4个重复,采用室内循环水养殖系统,在27.5℃下以饱足日粮水平喂养8周。实验结果表明:随着饲料淀粉水平的增加,摄食率和生长率呈先增加后降低的趋势;当饲料CBH水平不超过18%时,不会对饲料成分的消化率产生显著影响,但添加量超过18%会降低CBH的消化率。综合实验结果分析:南方鲇生长的最适CBH为12%—18%。       

饲料碳水化合物水平对拟穴青蟹稚蟹生长、体成分和消化酶活性的影响

用碳水化合物水平分别为20.34%、25.59%、30.17%、35.30%和39.95%的5种等氮等脂饲料, 对初始体质量为(38.11±0.55) mg的拟穴青蟹(Scylla paramamosain)稚蟹进行3周的饲养试验, 探讨饲料不同碳水化合物水平对稚蟹生长、体成分和消化酶活性的影响, 以期确定拟穴青蟹稚蟹饲料碳水化合物的适宜需要量。结果表明, 不同碳水化合物水平饲料对拟穴青蟹稚蟹的成活率、生长均有显著影响(P<0.05), 均随碳水化合物水平的升高先显著增大(P<0.05)后显著减小(P<0.05), 均在碳水化合物水平为30.17%时达到最大值; 随着饲料碳水化合物水平的升高, 拟穴青蟹稚蟹的蛋白质和灰分含量也呈先显著升高(P<0.05)后显著降低(P<0.05)的趋势, 均在碳水化合物水平为35.30%时达到最大值, 而稚蟹的水分和脂肪含量没有显著变化(P>0.05); 不同碳水化合物水平饲料组拟穴青蟹稚蟹的蛋白酶和脂肪酶活性的变化不显著(P>0.05), 而淀粉酶活性有显著变化(P<0.05), 高碳水化合物水平饲料组(35.30%—39.95%)稚蟹的淀粉酶活性显著高于低碳水化合物水平饲料组(20.34%—25.59%,P<0.05)。在研究条件下, 饲料碳水化合物水平在25.59%—35.30%内, 拟穴青蟹稚蟹均表现出较好的生长率, 增重率和碳水化合物水平的回归分析表明, 稚蟹饲料碳水化合物的最适添加水平为29.93%。     

养殖鱼类饲料蛋白需要量的研究进展

与畜禽不同,鱼类对饲料蛋白质的需要量较高1。因此蛋白源成本是养殖鱼类饲料成本的重要组成部分。在渔用配合饲料中,蛋白质含量是决定鱼类生长快慢的关键因素,饲料蛋白质含量过高或过低均会影响鱼类的生长和养殖的经济效益。因此,了解养殖鱼类的饲料蛋白质需要量,对于改善饲料的品质,降低养殖成本,提高经济效益有重要意义。本文的目的是综述国内外主要养殖鱼类蛋白需要量的研究进展,为配合饲料的科学配制提供理论依据。       

饲料脂肪水平对杂交鲟幼鱼生长、饲料消化率、抗氧化水平和肌肉脂肪酸组成的影响

研究旨在探究饲料中不同脂肪水平对西伯利亚杂交鲟(Acipenser baerii Brandt ♀ × A. schrenckii Brandt ♂)幼鱼生长、饲料消化率、血清生化指标及肌肉脂肪酸组成的影响。以鱼油为脂肪源, 配制4种脂肪水平分别为5%(D05)、10%(D10)、15%(D15)和20%(D20)的等氮饲料。选用初始体重为(152.83±0.67) g的杂交鲟, 随机分为4组, 每组3个重复, 每个重复25尾鱼。养殖周期为12周。结果显示, 饲料中不同脂肪水平对杂交鲟的生长性能有显著影响(P<0.05)。其中, D15组杂交鲟幼鱼的末均重(FBW)、增重率(WGR)和特定生长率(SGR)显著高于D05、D10和D20组(P<0.05), 饲料效率(FE)显著高于D05和D10组(P<0.05)。随着饲料中脂肪含量的增加, 杂交鲟幼鱼脏体比(VSI)、肝体比(HSI)及肌肉、肝脏中的脂肪含量显著上升(P<0.05)。饲料中不同脂肪水平对干物质(ADC_d)、蛋白质(ADC_p)表观消化率无显著影响(P>0.05)。D10、D15和D20组脂肪表观消化率(ADC_f)显著高于D05组(P<0.05)。D15组能量表观消化率在各组中最高, 显著高于D05和D10组(P<0.05)。随着饲料中脂肪水平的增加, 血清超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)和髓过氧化物酶(MPO)的活性均显著升高, 谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性显著下降(P<0.05)。此外, 肝功能指标谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、谷草转氨酶(AST)、碱性磷酸酶(ALP)和乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)的活性也随饲料中脂肪水平的升高呈递增趋势(P<0.05)。肌肉中的各脂肪酸含量与饲料中脂肪酸含量呈显著的线性正相关(R2>0.90, P<0.05)。综合各指标因素判断, 西伯利亚杂交鲟幼鱼饲料中适宜的脂肪水平为15%, P/E为23.54 mg/kJ。     

蛋白质与氨基酸和鸡的营养

<正> 前言凡是动物为了维持生命、生长发育、繁育后代,都必须摄取养分。这些营养成分大致分为碳水化合物、脂肪、蛋白质、矿物质、维生素等。以鸡为例,如果饲料中必需养分含量不足,则饲料转化率和经济效益就不高。脂肪和碳水化合物都是鸡的能源,能相互转换,蛋白质也能成为鸡的能源,但主要还是构成鸡体蛋白质的基础,而且又是构成     

管角螺幼螺配合饲料中蛋白质适宜含量的研究

采用国产鱼粉+进口白鱼粉为蛋白源,混合油(鱼油∶豆油=1∶1)为脂肪源,设置了5个蛋白水平:25%、30%、35%、40%、45%(脂肪含量为9%)以特定生长率、饲料转化率和蛋白质效率为指标,在水温(29.7±1.9)℃,盐度24.5±2.5下,研究了上述不同蛋白质水平对管角螺的生长和肌肉成分的影响。选择壳高(2.25±0.25)cm、体重(0.65±0.25)g的管角螺,结果表明,随着蛋白质含量的上升,特定生长率、饲料转化率和蛋白质效率均呈抛物线变化趋势,分别在蛋白质水平为40%、40%和35%时取得最大值1.02%、60.1%和1.62%,且各组间差异性显著(P<0.05)。将特定生长率和饲料转化率分别与饲料蛋白质水平进行拟合,得出饲料蛋白质的最适含量分别为37.50%和38.88%。试验结束后对管角螺肌肉主要营养成分进行测定,发现随饲料蛋白质水平的增加,肌肉中粗蛋白和水分含量均增大,粗脂肪含量减小,且各组间差异性显著(P<0.05),粗灰分无显著性变化(P>0.05)。对肌肉氨基酸进行分析得出,饲料蛋白质水平不同,管角螺肌肉中的氨基酸含量也不同,蛋白质水平为45%组的氨基酸总量、必需氨基酸和鲜味氨基酸含量最多,25%组的最少,后者比前者分别少74.27%、17.47%和44.48%。EAA/TAA和EAA/NEAA略小于FAO/WHO,苯丙氨酸+酪氨酸是第一限制性氨基酸,蛋氨酸+胱氨酸为第二限制性氨基酸。     

肠道微生物对动物蛋白质代谢的影响

1.引言在自然环境中,来自土壤或空气中的细菌与饲料和饮水一道进入动物前肠道,很快地定植下来,并利用饲料中的蛋白质、脂肪、碳水化合物、矿物质和维生素而生长繁殖。肠道微生物与宿主的营养代谢密切相关(吴桂林等1990)。在反刍动物,微     

Sturgeon production trials in the waste-heat effluents of a pulp and paper plant in Archangelsk, Russia

Sturgeons were cultured at the Solombalsky cellulose and paper plant (CPP) in Arkhangelsk over a 3 year period. The warm-water effluents of the biological treatment unit were utilized to rear the Siberian sturgeon (Acipenser baerii) and its hybrids with the sterlet (Acipenser ruthenus). Another culture trial included the Russian sturgeon (Acipenser gueldenstädtii) and its hybrids with the beluga (Huso huso). The most profitable culture (in terms of growth rates) was with the Siberian sturgeon and its hybrids with the sterlet. After the second year of culture, Siberian sturgeon and its hybrid averaged about 2.3 kg in wet weight while Russian sturgeons gained less (1.5 kg). One- and two-year old sturgeons grown at the Solombalsky CPP met practically all requirements needed for a successful culture.     

Status of sturgeon aquaculture and sturgeon trade in China: a review based on two recent nationwide surveys

The authors reviewed the aquacultural history of Acipenseriformes in China, related the legal status and examined the current status of the cultured species or hybrids, origins of seedlings, quantities of production, geographic distribution in farming, and the sustainability for both restocking programmes and human consumption. The census shows that since 2000, the production of cultured sturgeons in China appears to have become the largest in the world. As of 2000, the rapid growth of sturgeon farming in China mainly for commercial purposes has shifted harvests in the Amur River from caviar production to the artificial culture of sturgeon seedlings. This dramatic development has also caused a series of extant and potential problems, including insufficient market availability and the impact of exotic sturgeons on indigenous sturgeon species. Annual preservation of sufficient higher‐age sturgeons should be a national priority in order to establish a sustainable sturgeon‐culture industry and to preserve a gene pool of critically endangered sturgeon species to prevent their extinction.     

The chemistry of brown algae

The enormous and self-replenishing supplies—perhaps 200 or 300 million tons—of these seaweeds in the oceans of the world have been commercially exploited so far primarily in the production of alginic acid, but the other carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, enzymes and antibacterial substances in them and discussed here may hold even greater values.     

Atlantic and shortnose sturgeons of the Hudson River: common and divergent life history attributes

The Hudson River estuary supports substantial number of Atlantic sturgeon, Acipenser oxyrinchus, and shortnose sturgeon, Acipenser brevirostrum. Both species have complex life cycles that have been studied sporadically in the past 50 years. The life cycle of the shortnose sturgeon may be divided into four life intervals: non-spawning adults, spawning adults, eggs and larvae, and juveniles. The life cycle of the Atlantic sturgeon is reviewed in six intervals: non-spawning adults, female spawners, male spawners, eggs and larvae, early juveniles, and late juveniles. Both species are long-lived, mature at advanced age, have rapid and similar growth during the first few years of life, feed on generally similar taxa, use deep channel habitats for all life intervals, and have complex migratory patterns with distinct, seasonal, concentration areas. Atlantic and shortnose sturgeons differ, however, in ages and sizes at maturity, maximum size, timing and location of spawning, migratory behaviors, and management. Use of marine habitats and long-distance coastal migrations are restricted to Atlantic sturgeon, but some evidence indicates that large Atlantic sturgeon juveniles reside in riverine habitats along the Atlantic coast during warm months. Movements and habitat use by both sturgeons in the Hudson River estuary contrasts with the spatial segregation of the species reported in other river systems. Juvenile shortnose sturgeon and early juvenile Atlantic sturgeon have almost the same distributions in the Hudson River estuary during all seasons. During this period of co-occurrence, both species are very similar in size, grow at about the same rate, feed on similar foods, and share deep, channel habitats. Adult shortnose sturgeon distribution overlaps with the distribution of juvenile Atlantic sturgeon, and the latter commence river emigration at a size comparable to co-occurring adult shortnose sturgeon. Life history information on the Hudson River sturgeons substantiates the need to carefully conserve these species because of vulnerability to exploitation and habitat disruption.     

养殖中华鲟的产后康复

通过观测初次繁殖养殖中华鲟(Acipenser sinensis)亲本产后的摄食行为, 测量生长指标和监测血清中甲状腺指标、血液理化指标, 进行产后亲本11个月康复的效果分析。结果表明: 使用多春鱼(Mallotus villosus)可诱导产后亲本开口摄食及转食营养丰富的混合鲜饵。雌性产后身体虚弱, 摄食时行为异常, 随摄入营养水平逐渐提高, 雌性和雄性最大摄食量于产后7个月时分别达到体质量的2.04%和1.60%, 7个月后恢复正常。随混合鲜饵摄食量提高, 亲本体质量从下降转而升高(9个月间雌雄亲本增长率分别为44.16%和23.30%), 体长增长(增长率分别为5.00%和3.23%), 与同龄未产的养殖中华鲟(参照组)相比, 体质量和体长的增长率均处于较高水平。产后亲本血清总T3(TT3)、血清总T4(TT4)、血清游离T3(FT3)、血清游离T4(FT4)和多项血液理化指标在恢复培养期明显升高, 至培养期末, TT3 、FT3高于参照组, 其余指标多接近参照组平均水平, 表明产后亲本生理情况基本恢复。研究表明, 加强产后康复培养, 可以提高初次繁殖亲本, 尤其是雌性的健康恢复和生长效果, 对养殖中华鲟资源的重复利用和再次成熟后生殖力的提高至关重要。       

Microalgae as a promising and sustainable nutrition source for managed honey bees

Managed honey bee colony losses are attributed to a number of interacting stressors, but many lines of evidence point to malnutrition as a primary factor. Commercial beekeepers have become increasingly reliant on artificial pollen substitute diets to nourish colonies during periods of forage scarcity and to bolster colony size before pollination services. These artificial diets may be deficient in essential macronutrients (proteins, lipids, prebiotic fibers), micronutrients (vitamins, minerals), and antioxidants. Therefore, improving the efficacy of pollen substitutes can be considered vital to modern beekeeping. Microalgae are prolific sources of plant-based nutrition with many species exhibiting biochemical profiles that are comparable to natural pollen. This emerging feed source has been employed in a variety of organisms, including limited applications in honey bees. Herein, I introduce the nutritional value and functional properties of microalgae, extrapolating to central aspects of honey bee physiology and health. To conclude, I discuss the potential of microalgae-based feeds to sustainably provision managed colonies on an agricultural scale.     

甲壳素及其衍生物在防病抗衰中的应用研究

甲壳素及其衍生物具有独特的生物学特性和生物保健功能,现已作为辅助药物,被广泛应用于肿瘤、糖尿病、骨关节炎和心脑血管等老年相关性疾病的治疗,也具有增强机体免疫、清除自由基、延缓机体衰老等功能.现逐渐被用作为继蛋白质、脂肪、碳水化合物、维生素和矿物质之后人体的第6生命要素.     

Effects of nutritional components on aging

Nutrients including carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, and minerals regulate various physiological processes and are essential for the survival of organisms. Reduced overall caloric intake delays aging in various organisms. However, the role of each nutritional component in the regulation of lifespan is not well established. In this review, we describe recent studies focused on the regulatory role of each type of nutrient in aging. Moreover, we will discuss how the amount or composition of each nutritional component may influence longevity or health in humans.