香蕉转基因研究进展

香蕉转基因研究逐渐成为国内外植物分子生物学研究的热点。人们从 2 0世纪 60年代开始就进行了香蕉的组织培养 ,70年代茎尖培养成功 ,近 1 0年来相继在微繁殖、单克隆抗体、分子生物学和遗传转化等方面开展了工作。香蕉转化受体系统已从茎尖发展到胚状体和愈伤组织受体系统 ,遗传转化方法也在不断改进 ,从单一的方法发展为根癌农杆菌感染法与基因枪法的结合。从香蕉组织培养、遗传转化受体系统、基因转化方法、筛选方法的研究等方面进行综述 ,并提出了一些看法。     

香蕉寒害研究现状及展望

我国绝大部分香蕉种植区域属于香蕉非最适宜种植区,容易受到冬春寒流的侵袭而造成重大经济损失。寒害已成为制约我国香蕉产业健康发展的主要灾害之一。对香蕉寒害症状和类型、香蕉抗寒生理生化研究、防寒措施、抗寒相关基因的挖掘等方面进行了综述,简述了香蕉寒害研究存在的问题和发展现状,以期对香蕉寒害的基础研究及生产应用提供参考。     

水杨酸对冷胁迫下香蕉幼苗抗冷性的效应

用0.6 mmol/L水杨酸(SA)喷洒香蕉幼苗叶片1 d后,于8℃低温胁迫5 d,研究水杨酸对香蕉幼苗抗冷性的影响。结果表明:SA降低了受低温胁迫的香蕉幼苗叶片相对电导率及丙二醛(MDA)和过氧化氢含量,减缓了可溶性蛋白质含量的下降,提高了脯氨酸含量及过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性。表明SA可通过提高香蕉幼苗抗氧化酶活性、清除活性氧的积累、减少膜损伤来缓解低温对香蕉幼苗的损伤。     

香蕉的生物学特性及其组织培养技术

香蕉是重要的热带水果之一,大多数的栽培香蕉都是三倍体,具有高度的不育性,主要靠无性繁殖。介绍了香蕉的生物学特性和组织培养技术,对香蕉产业发展提出设想。     

香蕉基因工程研究进展

香蕉是世界上一种重要的作物.基因工程技术的发展为培育具有优良性状的香蕉品种提供了有效的手段.本文综述了近年来香蕉基因工程研究的最新进展,包括香蕉遗传转化受体系统的建立,香蕉作物中一些有益功能基因的克隆以及香蕉遗传转化的最新科研成果.并对各种香蕉遗传转化受体系统和目前主要的香蕉遗传转化进行了客观评价,提出了香蕉遗传转化研究中存在的问题,最后对通过基因工程手段改良香蕉品种进行了展望.     

香蕉抗病基因工程

长期以来,香蕉生产遭受病害的严重威胁,制约了其发展,目前,随着转基因抗病香蕉基因工程技术的日趋成熟,为培育抗病香蕉品种开辟了新途径。     

水肥一体化技术在海南干热香蕉种植区的应用

海南为我国栽培香蕉的主产区之一,西南部干热地区（昌江、东方、乐东、三亚）是海南省目前发展香蕉规模最大的区域,也是中国规模化反季节香蕉生产的主要基地之一。由于位处干热气候影响下的半干燥区,干旱较严重,加上施肥欠合理,对香蕉产业的可持续发展影响极大。发展节水灌溉是解决海南干热地区干旱缺水的必由之路,应用水肥一体化技术对香蕉实施节水灌溉, 根据作物需要进行施肥,在保证香蕉的产量和质量的前提下,实现节水、省肥、节省人工之效,从而达到产业增效目的。     

香蕉上的镰孢菌种类及其系统发育关系(英文)

镰孢菌属真菌是香蕉上的重要病原菌,主要引起香蕉枯萎病以及香蕉冠腐病,在我国已明确引起香蕉枯萎病的病原为尖孢镰孢古巴专化型 Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense(FOC)1号和4号生理小种,但是引起香蕉冠腐病的镰孢菌种类还未明确。为了解香蕉上镰孢菌在种间及种内水平上的多样性,2008–2011 年间作者从华南地区不同的水果市场及香蕉果园采集香蕉样品90份,分离得到143株镰孢菌。通过形态学观察及基于 EF-1α基因的系统进化分析鉴定出10种镰孢菌,即F. oxysporum、F. solani、F. camptoceras、F. pallidoroseum、F. stiloides、F. chlamydosporum、F.verticillioides、F. proliferatum、F. concentricum、F. sacchari,以及藤仓赤霉复合种(Gibberella fujikuroi species complex,GFC)中 3 个未定名的类群。轮纹镰孢 F. concentricum 及甘蔗镰孢 F.sacchari 是香蕉果实中最常见种,前菌为我国首次报道,后菌是首次报道与香蕉有关。对从香蕉上分离的藤仓赤霉复合种(GFC)及尖孢镰孢复合种(FOSC)的EF-1α序列进行了系统发育分析,其GFC中的27个菌株组成的单系群可分为7个不同的亚群,分别为 F.verticillioides、F. proliferatum、F. concentricum、F. sacchari 以及3个没有描述过的菌系 Fusarium sp. 1、Fusarium sp.2和 Fusarium sp.3;FOSC中的50个菌株形成2大分枝共12个谱系,分离自我国华南地区的21株尖孢镰孢形成7个谱系,其中 13株已知的香蕉枯萎病病原菌分布在3个谱系中,我国大陆的香蕉枯萎病病原菌菌株与来源于台湾地区及东南亚的菌株亲缘关系较近,FOC1号生理小种的遗传分化大于4号生理小种,FOC 1号生理小种与分离自香蕉果实上的尖孢镰孢菌的亲缘关系比与FOC 4号生理小种的亲缘关系更近。研究结果表明,我国香蕉上存在着丰富的镰孢菌种类,而且种内遗传多样性丰富。     

生物有机肥对连作蕉园香蕉生产和土壤可培养微生物区系的影响

以连续种植香蕉12年的枯萎病高发病蕉园为试验点,通过平板计数和可培养微生物群落变性凝胶电泳(CD PCR-DGGE)等方法研究田间条件下连续两年施用化肥、牛粪、猪粪和生物有机肥对香蕉枯萎病的抑制作用,以及对香蕉产量、品质和土壤中可培养微生物区系的影响.结果表明:相比于其他处理,连续两年施用生物有机肥能够有效降低香蕉枯萎病发病率,显著提高大田香蕉单株质量、小区产量、果实可溶性糖含量及可溶性糖与可滴定酸的比值(糖酸比).可培养微生物区系分析结果表明,施用生物有机肥能够显著提高土壤微生物生物量,增加可培养细菌、芽孢杆菌和放线菌数量及细菌与真菌比值,降低尖孢镰刀菌数量.CD PCR-DGGE聚类分析表明,连续两年施用生物有机肥明显改变了土壤可培养细菌群落结构,增加了其丰度和多样性.切胶测序结果表明,连续两年施用生物有机肥的香蕉园土壤增加了类芽孢杆菌、伯克氏菌、未培养疣微菌及Bacillus aryabhattai的丰度,降低了青枯菌、粘金黄杆菌、Fluviicola taffensis、肠杆菌及巨大芽孢杆菌的丰度.表明连续施用生物有机肥能够优化连作蕉园土壤可培养微生物群落结构,防控香蕉枯萎病的发生,提高香蕉产量并改善果实品质.     

华南地区香蕉、荔枝寒害的气候风险区划

基于华南地区（广东、广西、福建）224个气象站点1951—2006年气候资料和香蕉、荔枝历史灾情资料,采用日最低气温≤5.0 ℃、持续日数≥3 d寒害过程的积寒和表征香蕉、荔枝年度寒害的气候致灾风险信息,构建了基于气候变化背景下的寒害综合气候风险指标,编制了香蕉、荔枝寒害等级风险概率地理分布图和气候风险区划图,并评述了香蕉、荔枝寒害气候风险的区域分异规律.结果表明：随着气候变暖,研究区香蕉、荔枝抗寒性降低,寒害致灾风险增加;香蕉、荔枝寒害各等级气候风险概率均呈纬向分布.基于综合气候风险指数的大小将香蕉、荔枝寒害划分为高、中、低3个气候风险区,这为农业结构布局的调整提供了重要依据.     

Biotechnology of the Banana: A Review of Recent Progress

Abstract: A number of biotechnological tools have been developed which could help breeders to evolve new plant types to meet the demand of the food industry in the next century. Available techniques for the transfer of genes could significantly shorten the breeding procedures and overcome some of the agronomic and environmental problems which would otherwise not be possible through conventional methods. In vitro protocols have been standardized to allow commercially viable propagation of desired clones of Musa. An overview of the regeneration of banana by direct and indirect organogenesis, and somatic embryogenesis is presented in this article. In addition, the use of several other biotechnological techniques to enrich the genome of banana, such as selection of somaclonal variants, screening for various useful characteristics, cryopreservation, genetic transformation and molecular genetics are reviewed. In conclusion, the improvement of banana through modern biotechnology should help ensure food security by stabilizing production levels in sustainable cropping systems geared towards meeting domestic and export market demands.     

125 years of virology and ascent of biotechnologies based on viral expressio

The study of viruses lasts for more than a century since their discovery in 1892. In recent decades, viruses are also being actively exploited as a biotechnological tool. Plant-virus-driven transient expression of heterologous proteins is an actively developing production platform; it is the basis of several industrial processes that are currently being used for the production of multiple recombinant proteins. Viral vectors have also become useful tools for research. Viral vectors delivered by Agrobacterium (magnifection) provide for high protein yield, rapid scale up and fast manufacturing. In this review, we explore modern approaches for biotechnological production of recombinant proteins in plants using viral vectors.     

生物技术药物药代动力学研究的方法学和实验设计

生物技术药物由于自身具有的特点 ,使得其在体内的药代动力学机制比传统药物更为复杂。近年来 ,对于这类药物在体内的代谢机制的研究日趋增加 ,研究方法也日趋成熟。概述了生物技术药物的药代动力学研究方法以及实验设计的特点。     

Metagenomics,biotechnology with non-culturable microbes

Metagenomics as a new field of research has been developed over the past decade to elucidate the genomes of the non-cultured microbes with the goal to better understand global microbial ecology on the one side, and on the other side it has been driven by the increasing biotechnological demands for novel enzymes and biomolecules. Since it is well accepted that the majority of all microbes has not yet been cultured, the not-yet-cultivated microbes represent a shear unlimited and intriguing resource for the development of novel genes, enzymes and chemical compounds for use in biotechnology. However, with respect to biotechnology, metagenomics faces now two major challenges. Firstly, it has to identify truly novel biocatalysts to fulfil the needs of industrial processes and green chemistry. Secondly, the already available genes and enzymes need to be implemented in production processes to further prove the value of metagenome-derived sequences.     

From the genome sequence to the protein inventory of Bacillus subtilis

Owing to the low number of proteins necessary to render a bacterial cell viable, bacteria are extremely attractive model systems to understand how the genome sequence is translated into actual life processes. One of the most intensively investigated model organisms is Bacillus subtilis. It has attracted world-wide research interest, addressing cell differentiation and adaptation on a molecular scale as well as biotechnological production processes. Meanwhile, we are looking back on more than 25 years of B. subtilis proteomics. A wide range of methods have been developed during this period for the large-scale qualitative and quantitative proteome analysis. Currently, it is possible to identify and quantify more than 50% of the predicted proteome in different cellular subfractions. In this review, we summarize the development of B. subtilis proteomics during the past 25 years.     

Use of the λ Red-recombineering method for genetic engineering of Pantoea ananatis

Background  

Pantoea ananatis, a member of the Enterobacteriacea family, is a new and promising subject for biotechnological research. Over recent years, impressive progress in its application to L-glutamate production has been achieved. Nevertheless, genetic and biotechnological studies of Pantoea ananatis have been impeded because of the absence of genetic tools for rapid construction of direct mutations in this bacterium. The λ Red-recombineering technique previously developed in E. coli and used for gene inactivation in several other bacteria is a high-performance tool for rapid construction of precise genome modifications.     

Valuable products from biotechnology of microalgae

The biotechnology of microalgae has gained considerable importance in recent decades. Applications range from simple biomass production for food and feed to valuable products for ecological applications. For most of these applications, the market is still developing and the biotechnological use of microalgae will extend into new areas. Considering the enormous biodiversity of microalgae and recent developments in genetic engineering, this group of organisms represents one of the most promising sources for new products and applications. With the development of sophisticated culture and screening techniques, microalgal biotechnology can already meet the high demands of both the food and pharmaceutical industries.By continuing the works and ideas of Dr. Gross, that he could not proceed by himself due a tragic fate in the year 2003, we will keep his place in future not only in the research community but also among all colleagues and other persons who knew him.     

蒲公英研究进展和用生物技术培育耐盐蒲公英展望

蒲公英属(Taraxacum)植物种类多,分布广,是常见的农业杂草,还是重要的中药材.目前,蒲公英作为蔬菜食用得到了人们的充分重视,并逐渐成为时尚.近年来,人们深入研究了蒲公英的化学成分和药理作用,关于蒲公英的组织培养、核型与分子水平的研究也已开展,但蒲公英的生物技术培育工作鲜有报道.在对蒲公英的开发利用和研究现状作概述的同时,结合我们的工作提出生物技术培育抗盐、耐海水蒲公英的努力方向,以期为进一步开发利用蒲公英打下基础.     

蒲公英研究进展和用生物技术培育耐盐蒲公英展望

蒲公英属（Taraxacum）植物种类多,分布广,是常见的农业杂草,还是重要的中药材。目前,蒲公英作为蔬菜食用得到了人们的充分重视,并逐渐成为时尚。近年来,人们深入研究了蒲公英的化学成分和药理作用,关于蒲公英的组织培养、核型与分子水平的研究也已开展,但蒲公英的生物技术培育工作鲜有报道。在对蒲公英的开发利用和研究现状作概述的同时,结合我们的工作提出生物技术培育抗盐、耐海水蒲公英的努力方向,以期为进一步开发利用蒲公英打下基础。