Cloning and sequence analysis of full length of mulberry (Morus alba ) actin gene

肌动蛋白在植物的各种生理活动中起着重要作用,是研究基因表达与调控模式的内标参考.通过染色体步移方法获得了桑树肌动蛋白actin基因1 612 bp的序列,该基因CDS长1 312 bp(GenBank登录号:HM623866),编码377个氨基酸残基,与水稻、葡萄等的同源基因的序列一致性在90％以上.基因内含子的数目及其在基因组上的位置也与水稻、葡萄等的相似.对来自不同物种的24个肌动蛋白基因进行聚类分析的结果显示,基因被分为Class Ⅰ和ClassⅡ两个明显的亚群.     

千里光肌动蛋白基因（Actin）的生物信息学及功能分析

肌动蛋白（Actin）是广泛存在于高等植物中的组成型表达蛋白质,与细胞分裂、细胞运动、细胞信号转导等功能密切相关。为明确肌动蛋白性质与功能的关系,本研究从千里光全长cDNA文库中分离得到Actin基因。序列分析结果表明：该基因长度为1 481 bp,编码360个氨基酸残基的多肽,与甘草Actin基因编码的氨基酸序列（GenBank登录号：ABW71681.1）的同源性最高,达96%;预测蛋白质的分子量为40.02 kDa,理论等电点为5.85;结构分析发现,螺旋结构和无规则卷曲构成Actin二级结构的主要组分;三级结构预测发现,Actin具有4个结构域;蛋白系统发生树发现,与甘草和鹰嘴豆的亲缘关系较近。本研究认为,高等植物Actin可能参与基因的转录调控,其氨基酸突变位点未对功能结构域产生影响。     

葡萄TST基因家族鉴定及表达分析

【目的】液泡膜糖转运蛋白（tonoplast sugar transporter,TST或者TMT）是植物发育过程中发挥重要作用的一种糖转运蛋白。为探究该基因家族在葡萄生长发育中的作用,并进一步为阐明TST基因功能提供坚实的基础。【方法】通过同源分析法从葡萄基因组中鉴定出13个TST基因,对基因的结构和编码蛋白质进行生物信息学分析;利用qRT-PCR技术分析‘鄞红’葡萄发育过程中不同组织的TST表达水平,并与不同时期葡萄果肉中可溶性糖含量进行相关性分析。【结果】结果表明：该基因家族分布在6条染色体上,存在3对片段重复和3对串联重复基因;根据系统发育将其分为3个亚家族,各亚族家族成员结构相似;顺式作用元件表明TST基因含有大量与激素、光和胁迫响应相关的顺式作用元件;蛋白质结构均显示该家族由α-螺旋和无规则卷曲组成,各亚族蛋白模型相似;qRT-PCR结果显示,VvTST在不同组织中均有表达,并存在时空表达特异性;对葡萄果肉中基因表达量变化与可溶性糖含量变化进行相关性分析发现,4个VvTST（VIT_18s0001g12560、VIT_18s0122g00850、VIT_04s0023g01860和VIT_03s0038g03940）的表达水平与葡萄果肉中可溶性糖的积累呈现相似趋势。【结论】上述研究结果表明,VvTST可能对葡萄果肉中可溶性糖积累起到至关重要的作用。     

桑树肌动蛋白actin基因全长序列的克隆与分析

肌动蛋白在植物的各种生理活动中起着重要作用,是研究基因表达与调控模式的内标参考。通过染色体步移方法获得了桑树肌动蛋白actin基因1612bp的序列,该基因CDS长1312bp(GenBank登录号:HM623866),编码377个氨基酸残基,与水稻、葡萄等的同源基因的序列一致性在90%以上。基因内含子的数目及其在基因组上的位置也与水稻、葡萄等的相似。对来自不同物种的24个肌动蛋白基因进行聚类分析的结果显示,基因被分为ClassⅠ和ClassⅡ两个明显的亚群。     

丹参转录因子SmMYB52的基因克隆、表达分析和亚细胞定位

MYB转录因子家族是植物界最大的转录因子家族之一,在植物生长发育、响应生物、非生物胁迫方面发挥重要作用.本研究分别从gDNA和cDNA水平上克隆得到丹参R2R3-MYB转录因子亚家族第24亚组的基因SmMYB52的全长序列,该基因序列全长1 041 bp,包含2个内含子序列和879 bp完整的CDS(Gen-Bank登录号:KF059406),编码292个氨基酸.运用生物信息学软件对该基因及其编码蛋白进行结构和理化性质分析以及生物信息学分析发现,SmMYB52与拟南芥MYB转录因子AtMYB93亲缘关系最近.利用RT-qPCR测定SmMYB52基因在各器官中的表达,结果显示该基因在根、茎、叶和花中均有表达,根中表达量最高,茎中最低.构建融合表达载体分析SmMYB52蛋白的亚细胞定位,结果显示SmMYB52在细胞核和细胞膜中均有分布.本实验为进一步研究SmMYB52在丹参中的生物学作用提供了科学依据.     

丹参转录因子SmMYB52的基因克隆、表达分析和亚细胞定位

MYB转录因子家族是植物界最大的转录因子家族之一,在植物生长发育、响应生物、非生物胁迫方面发挥重要作用.本研究分别从gDNA和cDNA水平上克隆得到丹参R2R3-MYB转录因子亚家族第24亚组的基因SmMYB52的全长序列,该基因序列全长1 041 bp,包含2个内含子序列和879 bp完整的CDS(Gen-Bank登录号:KF059406),编码292个氨基酸.运用生物信息学软件对该基因及其编码蛋白进行结构和理化性质分析以及生物信息学分析发现,SmMYB52与拟南芥MYB转录因子AtMYB93亲缘关系最近.利用RT-qPCR测定SmMYB52基因在各器官中的表达,结果显示该基因在根、茎、叶和花中均有表达,根中表达量最高,茎中最低.构建融合表达载体分析SmMYB52蛋白的亚细胞定位,结果显示SmMYB52在细胞核和细胞膜中均有分布.本实验为进一步研究SmMYB52在丹参中的生物学作用提供了科学依据.     

葡萄VvSUN基因的克隆及其控制果形功能初探

SUN基因是控制番茄果实形状的主效基因。该研究从NCBI中查找与番茄SUN相似性最高的葡萄序列,设计特异性引物,采用RT-PCR技术从‘天山’葡萄花穗中克隆出该序列,命名为VvSUN基因。序列分析表明,VvSUN基因开放阅读框长度为1 278bp,共编码425个氨基酸;预测蛋白质分子量为48.11kD,理论等电点为10.63。VvSUN蛋白不具有信号肽,为非跨膜蛋白,可能定位于细胞核和线粒体膜上,属于亲水性蛋白;二级结构分析表明α螺旋和无规则卷曲是VvSUN蛋白中主要的结构元件。VvSUN基因编码的氨基酸具有IQ保守结构域,与NCBI中其他7种植物IQD家族成员基因序列相似性在43%~53%;系统进化树分析表明,VvSUN基因与拟南芥IQD12基因亲缘关系最近;推测葡萄VvSUN蛋白质与番茄SUN蛋白质具有相似的功能。荧光定量PCR分析表明,VvSUN基因在两个葡萄品种中均在盛花期表达量最高,花后果实中的表达量均较低;GA3处理后果实果形指数显著增大,且幼果中VvSUN基因表达量明显上升。研究推测葡萄VvSUN基因可能参与果形拉长的调控。     

葡萄果实(E)-β-丁香烯合酶基因的克隆及其表达分析

利用生物信息学方法,通过电子克隆获得葡萄(Vitis vinifera Linn.) (E)-β-丁香烯合酶基因的cDNA序列;以从葡萄品种‘德引84-1’(‘Deyin 84-1’)果肉中提取的mRNA为cDNA模板,利用特异PCR技术克隆得到1个全长1 880 bp的基因,被命名为Vv-ECar(GenBank登录号JF808010),该基因序列包括开放阅读框1 674 bp、3’非翻译编码区209 bp和poly+ (A) 28 bp,可编码557个氨基酸.比对结果显示:葡萄Vv-ECar基因的核苷酸序列与葡萄VvGwECar2基因的同源性达93％,二者编码的氨基酸序列同源性达90.8％,均含有植物萜类合酶家族共有的保守域DDXXD;葡萄Vv-ECar与茶[Camellia sinensis (Linn.)0.Kuntze]和杨(Populus balsamifera subsp.trichocarpa×P.deltoids)的萜类合酶相关基因同源性均在73％以上;分子进化树的分析结果也显示葡萄Vv-ECar基因编码的氨基酸序列与其他植物的同源序列具有高度保守性.半定量RT-PCR和荧光定量PCR分析结果显示:在葡萄果实发育的不同阶段均有Vv-ECar基因的表达,但其相对表达量随果实的发育呈先低后高的趋势,其中在幼果期相对表达量最高.     

菠萝花发育相关基因AcMADS1的克隆与组织表达特性分析

MADS-box转录因子在植物的发育过程特别是控制花器官的诱导与发育中起关键作用。利用同源克隆结合RACE技术, 从菠萝(Ananas comosus)花中分离出1个新的菠萝MADS-box基因, 命名为AcMADS1(GenBank登录号为KC257408)。AcMADS1基因的编码区为726 bp, 编码241个氨基酸, 蛋白质分子量为27.50 kDa, 等电点为9.26。序列比对和系统进化树分析表明, AcMADS1具有保守的MADS-box及半保守的K区, 属于AGL6亚家族MADS-box蛋白。生物信息学分析表明, AcMADS1是亲水碱性蛋白, 二级结构主要以α-螺旋、无规则卷曲和折叠延伸链为蛋白质骨架, 三级结构中蛋白核心结构符合转录因子与DNA结合的常见功能域MADS-box, 而且作为转录因子定位于细胞核中。组织特异性表达分析表明, AcMADS1基因在菠萝果肉以及花器官的雌蕊、花瓣和萼片中均有表达, 但在雄蕊以及营养器官的根、茎和叶中几乎不表达; 且在花器官早期发育过程中大量表达, 后期呈下降趋势。因此推测这个基因可能在菠萝花器官发育和开花诱导过程中起重要作用。     

建兰Actin基因cDNA全长的克隆及其表达分析

根据单子叶植物的肌动蛋白基因(Actin)的保守区序列设计引物,采用RT-PCR和RACE技术从建兰(Cymbidium ensifolium)中分离出Actin基因cDNA全长.序列分析结果表明,建兰Actin基因长度为1 434 bp,编码区长度为1 134 bp,编码377个氨基酸,将其命名为CeActin,GenBank登录号为JN613147.CeActin推导的氨基酸序列与其他植物的同源性都较高,具有高度的保守性.采用半定量RT-PCR技术分析CeActin在建兰各组织及花不同发育时期的表达情况,结果表明,表达量没有明显差异,表明CeActin基因可作为内参基因.     

草菇GH61家族基因的生物信息学分析及金属离子对其表达水平的影响

在前期工作中发现草菇含有30个GH61家族基因同源物（Vv_gh61_1至Vv_gh61_30）,进一步分析了这些基因的结构特点以及其编码蛋白基本性质和系统进化关系,并研究了Cu2+和Mn2+对基因表达水平的影响。分析表明有17个草菇GH61基因串联成6个基因簇,存在明显的串联重复现象,系统发育树与基因外显子位置分析表明串联重复基因分布在同一进化分枝上并具有相似的基因结构,串联重复基因编码序列一致性在71%–94%之间。草菇GH61编码蛋白的氨基酸数目在217–442aa之间,分子量和等电点分别介于22.4–45.4kDa和5.2–9.3之间,绝大多数都含有信号肽并定位在细胞外,都含有Glyco_hydro_61功能域以及CBM1、peroxidase等多样化的功能域,系统进化树表明草菇GH61家族基因具有3个主要进化分枝,与灰盖鬼伞等的GH61基因有较近的进化关系。金属离子诱导作用显示,Mn2+对草菇GH61家族基因的表达水平存在诱导作用而Cu2+的诱导作用不明显。     

Identification of the dehydrin gene family from grapevine species and analysis of their responsiveness to various forms of abiotic and biotic stress

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: Dehydrins (DHNs) protect plant cells from desiccation damage during environmental stress, and also participate in host resistance to various pathogens. In this study, we aimed to identify and characterize the DHN gene families from Vitis vinifera and wild V. yeshanensis, which is tolerant to both drought and cold, and moderately resistant to powdery mildew. RESULTS: Four DHN genes were identified in both V. vinifera and V. yeshanensis, which shared a high sequence identity between the two species but little homology between the genes themselves. These genes were designated DHN1, DHN2, DHN3 and DHN4. All four of the DHN proteins were highly hydrophilic and were predicted to be intrinsically disordered, but they differed in their isoelectric points, kinase selectivities and number of functional motifs. Also, the expression profiles of each gene differed appreciably from one another. Grapevine DHN1 was not expressed in vegetative tissues under normal growth conditions, but was induced by drought, cold, heat, embryogenesis, as well as the application of abscisic acid (ABA), salicylic acid (SA), and methyl jasmonate (MeJA). It was expressed earlier in V. yeshanensis under drought conditions than in V. vinifera, and also exhibited a second round of up-regulation in V. yeshanensis following inoculation with Erysiphe necator, which was not apparent in V. vinifera. Like DHN1, DHN2 was induced by cold, heat, embryogenesis and ABA; however, it exhibited no responsiveness to drought, E. necator infection, SA or MeJA, and was also expressed constitutively in vegetative tissues under normal growth conditions. Conversely, DHN3 was only expressed during seed development at extremely low levels, and DHN4 was expressed specifically during late embryogenesis. Neither DHN3 nor DHN4 exhibited responsiveness to any of the treatments carried out in this study. Interestingly, the presence of particular cis-elements within the promoter regions of each gene was positively correlated with their expression profiles. CONCLUSIONS: The grapevine DHN family comprises four divergent members. While it is likely that their functions overlap to some extent, it seems that DHN1 provides the main stress-responsive function. In addition, our results suggest a close relationship between expression patterns, physicochemical properties, and cis-regulatory elements in the promoter regions of the DHN genes.     

Three classes of proteinase inhibitor gene have distinct but overlapping patterns of expression in Pisum sativum plants

Genes representative of three gene classes encoding proteinase inhibitor proteins, with distinct spatial expression patterns, were isolated and characterized from Pisum.Under standard plant growth conditions, one class is expressed exclusively in seeds, whereas the other two make minor contributions to seed inhibitor proteins but are also expressed in other organs, predominantly in root endodermal and floral reproductive tissues. Two of the gene classes contain few genes and are genetically linked at the Tri locus, whereas the third class displays complex hybridization patterns to genomic DNA and maps to diverse genetic loci. Expression analysis of this last class suggests that only a small number of these genes are expressed. The quantitative effect of the Tri locus on root and floral inhibitor gene expression was examined in near-isogenic lines of pea. The proteins encoded by the three classes are all members of the same family (Bowman-Birk) of enzyme inhibitors but are distinct in terms of overall sequence, active site sequences and inhibitor function.     

葡萄基因电子表达分析平台的验证与应用

为了验证作者建立的葡萄(Vitis vinifera L.)基因电子表达分析平台在葡萄果实发育相关基因的表达预测及特定序列快速检索等方面的应用效果,利用NCBI上公布的大量葡萄EST序列及半定量PCR和RT-PCR技术,对葡萄不同器官中VvANR、VvCHI、VvCHS2和VvDFR基因的表达分析预测结果进行验证,并对该平台具有的特定序列快速检索功能进行了简介.预测结果表明:葡萄各器官中VvANR、VvCHI、VvCHS2和VvDFR基因的无冗余EST序列数量均较多,分别为33条、36条、55条和46条;4个基因的表达量有一定差异,VvANR在花序和芽中表达量较高,VvCHI在花序、果实和芽中表达量较高,VvCHS2在果实、芽、花序和花中表达量较高,VvDFR在花序、芽、花、果实和根中表达量均较高.半定量PCR和RT-PCR实验结果显示:VvANR主要在花序、花和小果中表达;VvCHI主要在小果、花、茎和花序中表达;VvCHS2主要在茎、花序、花和小果中表达;VvDFR在各组织中表达量从高至低依次排序为花、花序、茎、叶、小果、中果、大果.验证结果表明:采用葡萄基因电子表达分析平台识别表达量较高的组织时,平台的预测结果与实验结果基本一致;而在预测一些表达量较低的组织时效果较差.应用该平台、通过5个步骤,可以简便、快速检索出特定组织或特定状况下的特定cDNA文库信息.     

Gene-specific expression of the actin multigene family of Dictyostelium discoideum

We have investigated the expression of 14 cloned genes of the 20-member actin multigene family of Dictyostelium discoideum using gene-specific mRNA complementary probes and an RNase protection assay. Actin gene expression was studied in vegetative cells and in cells at a number of developmental stages chosen to represent the known major shifts in actin mRNA and protein synthesis. At least 13 of these genes are expressed. A few genes are expressed very abundantly at 10% or more of total actin mRNA; however, the majority are maximally expressed at 1 to 5% of actin message. Although all of the genes are transcribed in vegetative cells, most genes appear to be independently regulated. Actin 8 appears to be transcribed at constant, high levels throughout growth and development. Actin 12 mRNA is maximally expressed in vegetative cells but the level is reduced appreciably by the earliest stage of development examined, while Actin 7 mRNA is specifically induced approximately sevenfold at this time. The rest of the genes appear to be induced 1.5 to 2-fold early in development, coincident with the increase in total actin mRNA. Since 12 of the genes code for extremely homologous proteins, it is possible that the large number of actin genes in Dictyostelium is utilized for precise regulation of the amount of actin produced at any stage of development, even though individual gene expression appears in some cases to be very stage-specific. In addition to these 13 actin genes, at least two and possibly four more genes are known to be expressed, because they are represented by complementary DNA clones, and an additional one or two expressed genes are indicated by primer extension experiments. Only one known gene, Actin 2-sub 2, is almost certainly a pseudogene. Thus the vast majority of Dictyostelium actin genes are expressed.     

巨桉SuSy基因家族的生物信息学分析

为了解EgrSuSy基因家族的生物学功能,从巨桉(Eucalyptusgrandis)基因组数据库中筛选出18个SuSy基因家族成员(EgrSuSy1～EgrSuSy18),采用生物信息学方法对其基因特征与表达模式进行分析。结果表明,EgrSuSy基因分布在7条染色体上,EgrSuSy蛋白均定位在细胞质膜上,EgrSuSy家族成员均不具备信号肽。EgrSuSy蛋白质由α-螺旋、延伸链、无规则卷曲、β-转角组成。EgrSuSy蛋白与毛果杨(Populustrichocarpa)的SuSy蛋白亲缘关系相近。18个EgrSuSy基因在巨桉未成熟木质部、成熟叶片、韧皮部、茎尖、木质部以及幼叶组织中的表达模式不同。因此,EgrSuSy在巨桉不同组织和发育时期的功能可能存在差异。     

Nucleotide sequences of liver, lachrymal, and submaxillary gland mouse major urinary protein mRNAs: mosaic structure and construction of panels of gene-specific synthetic oligonucleotide probes.

The mouse major urinary proteins (MUPs) are encoded by a gene family of about 35 to 40 members. MUPs are synthesized in at least six secretory tissues under a variety of developmental and endocrine controls, but the identities of the individual genes expressed in each tissue have not previously been established. In this article, we present the nucleotide sequences of five MUP mRNAs which we designate MUP I through V. MUPs I, II, and III are the most abundant MUP mRNA species in the liver, and MUPs IV and V are the most abundant MUP mRNA species in the lachrymal gland and the submaxillary gland, respectively. The sequence data show that each of the five mRNAs is encoded by a distinct member of the gene family. The structures of the MUP mRNA consist of interspersed segments of variable and conserved sequences. On the basis of the sequences of the variable segments, gene-specific panels of synthetic oligonucleotide probes were prepared. The gene-specific panels were used to identify cloned genes and, as described in the accompanying paper (K. Shahan, M. Denaro, M. Gilmartin, Y. Shi, and E. Derman, Mol. Cell. Biol. 7:1947-1954, 1987), to characterize the expression of MUP genes I through V.     

红树林植物木榄水通道基因的克隆和表达

根据植物水通道基因保守区设计简并引物,采用RT-PCR方法,从木榄树叶中分离出水通道基因的cDNA片段;3′RACE获得3′端cDNA序列;再经5′RACE获得5′端部分cDNA序列,命名为PIP2,GenBank登录号为EF126757。该基因全长843个碱基,编码281个氨基酸,具有典型的植物水通道基因结构。该基因编码的蛋白质与含羞草(PIP2;5)、欧洲葡萄(PIP)、拟南芥(PIP3)等水通道蛋白的同源性分别为90%、91%、88%。Northern杂交分析表明,该基因在木榄树不同器官中的表达差异明显:根部有较高的表达水平,茎部较弱,而在叶中只能检测到微弱的信号。     

番杏Actin基因片段的克隆及生物信息学分析

本实验为研究番杏(Tetragonia tetragonioides)功能基因表达模式提供内参基因,根据登录在NCBI上植物的Actin基因的保守区域设计简并性引物,通过RT-PCR克隆获得番杏的Actin基因片段,将该片段连接于载体pGEM-T后进行测序,并将该基因序列通过生物信息学软件进行分析。结果显示,克隆所得基因片段大小为598 bp,编码198个氨基酸;该序列与登录在NCBI上的其他植物的Actin基因的核苷酸序列的同源性最大可达86%以上,编码蛋白的氨基酸序列同源性在88%以上。结果表明,本研究克隆所得的基因序列为番杏Actin基因片段。该基因命名为TtActin1,在Gen Bank的登录号为MH33308。