污染土壤的生物修复治理技术研究进展

污染土壤的生物修复技术是一种极具潜力的土壤污染绿色修复治理方法,具有高效低耗、环境友好等特点。通过对动物修复、植物修复、微生物修复及联合修复等土壤生物修复治理技术进行分析,探讨了各种工艺技术对重金属、有机物等目标污染物的修复性能及优缺点,旨在为我国土壤污染修复治理技术的选择提供参考。     

生态修复过程中的若干问题——以POPs污染土壤为例

生态修复是在受污染土壤所在的区域环境条件下,以土壤生态系统自净能力为基础耦合其它修复技术,达到修复高效、安全和可靠的目的。以POPs污染土壤为例,总结了污染土壤生态修复的4个原则,分析了生态修复过程,对修复目标确立,修复过程控制,修复结果评估做了探讨。在分析耦合概念和生态修复过程的基础上,认为修复技术的耦合过程是生态修复的关键,总结了生态修复中的耦合原则、耦合策略和耦合方式。展望了生态修复的发展趋势和研究方向。     

污染土壤生态修复理论内涵的初步探讨

污染土壤修复的目的是转移或转化土壤中有毒有害污染物,消除或减弱污染物毒性,恢复或部分恢复土壤的生态服务功能.由于土壤污染大多属于复合污染,通常需要用多种方法联合修复污染土壤.用一种统一的方法涵盖多种修复方法,注重系统内在修复功能同外加修复功能的有机结合,以及土壤生态服务功能的全面恢复是污染土壤修复的发展趋势.本文据此提出了污染土壤生态修复的概念,并指出生态修复应该遵从生态学的3个原理和3个原则.在生态修复中,生物修复的作用十分重要,但不同方法之间的组合服从于工艺优化原则.人为强化、激活土壤系统的净化功能,并实现同外加净化功能的耦合,可使修复效率大大提高.生态因子调控是污染土壤修复的必要前提,是生态修复的基本特征,是强化修复效果的重要手段.生态修复应该具有协调性、高效性与稳定性特征.生态修复的最终目标是土壤生态功能的恢复,生态修复的基准应该根据土壤的生态功能建立.生态修复理论将在指导污染土壤修复的实践方面发挥重要作用.     

RNA修复研究进展

机体DNA损伤修复的机制目前已研究得比较全面,而RNA损伤修复的研究却没有引起广泛的认识.主要由于人们长期以来认为损伤的RNA会被机体特异性降解而不是修复.近年来,随着多个RNA损伤修复系统的相继发现,揭示机体对损伤RNA可能优先选择进行修复.本文从噬菌体型RNA修复系统、细菌型RNA修复系统、酵母型RNA修复系统和人类的RNA损伤修复系统四个方面对目前RNA损伤修复研究的最新进展做一综述.     

DNA损伤修复基本方式的研究进展

DNA损伤修复基因可修复由不同原因导致的DNA损伤．从而保护遗传信息的完整性。DNA损伤修复有3种基本形式,即碱基切除修复、核苷酸切除修复和错配修复。本文综述了DNA损伤修复3种基本形式的研究进展情况并讨论了DNA链断裂重组和重接合修复及DNA聚合酶绕道修复DNA损伤。     

紫外线诱导DNA损伤及修复研究的起因与发展

人类在DNA修复研究方面的重大突破主要来自紫外线诱导DNA损伤及修复研究,而该研究对于人类了解基因突变的机制、衰老和癌变的原因,以及应用于环境致癌因子的检测等方面具有重要意义。对以光修复为主的DNA直接修复和具有核苷酸切除修复、碱基切除修复、SOS修复3种基本形式的DNA切除修复的起因与发展历程进行综述。     

重金属污染土壤的植物仿生和植物修复比较研究

土壤是人类赖以生存和发展的重要物质基础,但是随着工业化、城市化的快速推进,我国面临的土壤环境安全问题日益严峻。探讨新型植物仿生修复技术修复重金属污染土壤的可行性,采用基于植物仿生的重金属污染土壤原位自持修复技术,研究该方法对重金属污染土壤的修复能力。研究不同填充材料(海泡石、高岭土、活性炭、硅藻土)的仿生修复装置修复同一种金属离子(铅、铬、镉或锌)的效果和同一填充材料的仿生修复装置对不同金属离子的修复效果,并首次将植物仿生修复与植物修复效果进行对比。结果显示,植物仿生修复装置对不同的重金属离子具有不同的降低效率,海泡石组Cr含量降低最多,4种填料均显著降低褐土Zn和Cd含量,含硅藻土的装置Pb去除率最高。这与重金属本身性质有一定关系,也与吸附填料类型相关,同时与重金属含量及饱和吸附位点密切相关。与单纯植物修复比较,仿生修复与植物修复联用,显著降低红土Cd和Pb含量,且对植物富集Cd和Pb无消极影响,同时海泡石+硅藻土+高岭土+活性炭组填料中Pb和Cd含量高于其它填料组合。该技术可以与植物修复技术、微生物修复技术、物理-化学修复技术等联用,构建污染土壤的复合修复技术。植物仿生修复作为一种新型修复技术可以有效降低土壤重金属含量。在同一条件下,植物仿生修复与植物修复相比,效率较高,吸附重金属的量较大。     

污染土壤植物修复效率影响因素研究进展

为提高植物修复技术对污染土壤的修复效率,根据当今植物修复技术在污染土壤修复中的应用现状及发展趋势,对近年来国内外植物修复技术的各种影响因素进行分析。首先从污染物的理化性质及其交互作用、土壤与气象因子、植物种类及其根际效应以及栽培措施等方面,系统论述影响土壤中重金属污染物及有机污染物植物修复效率的主要因素,阐述植物添加剂对植物修复效率的影响。最后指出植物修复今后研究的重点:营造促进植物生长发育的环境,针对影响植物修复效率的各个因素对植物修复技术进行改良及强化,并合理应用植物添加剂,提高植物修复效率。     

美国煤矿废弃地的生态修复

在对美国煤矿废弃地生态修复项目实地考察的基础上,结合相关文献资料,介绍了其煤矿废弃地生态修复的管理体系、资金来源及使用\\技术路线及保障措施。结合实例介绍了美国煤矿废弃地生态修复的工程措施,并重点介绍了"师法自然生态修复法"的新理念及其指导下的生态修复设计和生态修复工程建设。"师法自然生态修复法"是基于地形、地貌、水文、气象、气候等条件,模拟自然的生态修复过程。"师法自然生态修复法"将会对我国的生态修复产生积极而深远的影响。     

高生物量经济植物修复重金属污染土壤研究进展

植物修复是重金属污染土壤修复的重要方法之一。利用高生物量经济植物修复重金属污染土壤,能够兼顾生态和经济效益,具有很大的应用前景。本文系统分析了植物修复现状及存在的问题,提出利用高生物量经济植物修复重金属污染土壤的优势,总结了近年来利用高生物量经济植物吸收重金属的研究进展,探讨了改善高生物量经济植物修复重金属污染土壤效率的方法,以期为提高植物修复经济效益、促进植物修复广泛应用提供参考。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

Specificity of action of piperidylcholine derivatives as substrates of cholinesterases of various origin

The review deals with study of enzymologic properties of a novel highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate, N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium iodomethylate (“piperidylcholine”), and its 30 derivatives that were tested as effectors of cholinesterases of mammals and various species of Pacific squids. It was proven for the first time that responsible for specificity of action was structure of cyclic ammonium grouping of the alcohol part of molecule of the ester substrate. Analysis of specificity is performed based on enzymatic hydrolysis parameters—activity of catalytic center of cholinesterases and bimolecular constant of the reaction rate that are determined at optimal and low substrate concentrations. Among the specially synthesized group of thioester compounds there is revealed one more highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate—N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium.     

The effects of glutamine of the maintenance of embryogenic cultures of Cryptomeria japonica

Summary Embryogenic tissues of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) were induced on a modified Campbell and Durzan (CD) medium containing 1 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 600 mg l⁻¹ glutamine, and subcultured in the medium of the same composition for over 1 yr. This resulted in a mixed culture of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells. When embryogenic cells were isolated and cultured independently, their capacity to form embryogenic aggregates was lost. Thus, the non-embryogenic cells present within a mixed culture system were essential to the formation of embryogenic aggregates. When embryogenic tissues were isolated and cultured independently on a high glutamine-containing (2400 mg l⁻¹) medium, dry weights and endogenous levels of glutamine increased, and the tissue could generate a large number of embryogenic aggregates. Amino acid analysis of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells from the maintenance culture indicated a higher level of glutamine was present in the latter. The high endogenous level of glutamine in the non-embryogenic portion of mixed cell masses may be the supplier of glutamine for maintaining the embryogenic property of the tissues.     

医疗机构合理用药评价模型的构建研究

目的 针对医疗机构的合理用药水平进行评价研究。方法 根据医疗机构合理用药的具体要求,构建医疗机构合理用药评价指标体系,采用基于模糊群决策的方法和多指标评价分析法构建医疗机构合理用药评价模型。结果 构建了基于模糊群决策的医疗机构合理用药评价模型,并通过实例分析证明了评价模型的可行性。结论 建立的基于模糊群决策的医疗机构合理用药评价模型能够对医疗机构的合理用药水平进行科学评价,为提高医疗机构合理用药水平奠定基础。     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.