Pathogenicity and transmissibility of 2019-nCoV—A quick overview and comparison with other emerging viruses

A zoonotic coronavirus, tentatively labeled as 2019-nCoV by the World Health Organization (WHO), has been identified as the causative agent of the viral pneumonia outbreak in Wuhan, China, at the end of 2019. Although 2019-nCoV can cause a severe respiratory illness like SARS and MERS, evidence from clinics suggested that 2019-nCoV is generally less pathogenic than SARS-CoV, and much less than MERS-CoV. The transmissibility of 2019-nCoV is still debated and needs to be further assessed. To avoid the 2019-nCoV outbreak turning into an epidemic or even a pandemic and to minimize the mortality rate, China activated emergency response procedures, but much remains to be learned about the features of the virus to refine the risk assessment and response. Here, the current knowledge in 2019-nCoV pathogenicity and transmissibility is summarized in comparison with several commonly known emerging viruses, and information urgently needed for a better control of the disease is highlighted.     

2018-2019年中国流行性腮腺炎流行特征和病毒基因特征分析

阐明中国(未包括香港、澳门特别行政区和台湾地区,下同)2018-2019年流行性腮腺炎(流腮)流行特征和病毒基因特征。对2018-2019年中国流腮流行病学和病毒学监测数据进行描述流行病学和分子流行病学分析。2018-2019年中国流腮年报告发病率分别为18.65/10万和21.48/10万,15岁以下儿童和青少年是我国流腮的高发人群,分别占总病例数的85.30%和82.56%。流腮的流行具有明显的季节性特征。全国各省、自治区、直辖市份均有流腮病例报告,西部和中部地区发病率高于东部地区。2018-2019年共获得160条腮腺炎病毒(Mumps virus,MuV)SH基因序列,其中150条(93.75%)序列鉴定为F基因型MuV,在我国11个省份检测到;10条(6.25%)序列为G基因型MuV,2019年在广东、湖北和新疆3个省份检测到。和我国既往流行MuV代表株相比,2018-2019年流行的F基因型MuV代表株序列在基因亲缘性关系树上相对集中。现阶段我国流腮的流行病学特征未发生明显改变,仍呈现病毒自然流行模式;F基因型作为优势流行基因型,在我国大部分地区持续流行,但毒株的遗传多态性有所降低,这可能和我国实施1剂次腮腺炎疫苗常规免疫策略有关。G基因型MuV主要在我国局部地区流行,但流行范围在逐渐扩大。建议进一步加强两剂次腮腺炎疫苗接种工作,降低我国腮腺炎易感人群。同时持续性开展MuV流行学和病毒学监测工作,为鉴别病毒的来源,确定病毒传播途径和评估腮腺炎疫苗免疫策略奠定重要的基础。     

Measures for diagnosing and treating infections by a novel coronavirus responsible for a pneumonia outbreak originating in Wuhan,China

On 10 January 2020, a new coronavirus causing a pneumonia outbreak in Wuhan City in central China was denoted as 2019-nCoV by the World Health Organization (WHO). As of 24 January 2020, there were 887 confirmed cases of 2019-nCoV infection, including 26 deaths, reported in China and other countries. Therefore, combating this new virus and stopping the epidemic is a matter of urgency. Here, we focus on advances in research and development of fast diagnosis methods, as well as potential prophylactics and therapeutics to prevent or treat 2019-nCoV infection.     

1990年和2019年中国心血管疾病负担及危险因素研究

摘要 目的：分析1990年和2019年中国心血管发病、死亡和疾病负担情况。方法：利用2019年全球疾病负担数据库,分析总人群、不同年龄组间1990年和2019年我国心血管发病、死亡、伤残调整寿命年（DALY）、过早死亡损失寿命年(YLL)和伤残损失寿命年(YLD)。并对心血管进行危险因素归因分析。结果：2019年中国心血管发病人数为1234.1万 ,发病率为867.65/10万,较1990年分别增长了132.82%和93.75% 。2019年死亡人数458.43万 ,死亡率为322.30/10万,较1990年分别上升了89.12%和57.39%。2019年中国心血管DALY、YLD和YLL分别为9193.31万人年、1038.39万人年和8154.93万人年。较1990年分别上升了50.07%、146.82%和45.48%。2019年发病率、死亡率和DALY率最高的年龄组均为＞70年龄组,分别为4646.78/10万、3057.82/10万和52696.68/10万。中国心血管归因于代谢危险导致的死亡人数、DALY和YLL最多,分别为3272924人、67112754人年和59934426人年。结论：我国心血管的疾病负担在1990-2019年间有较大增长,应采取积极的预防措施以减轻心血管的疾病负担。     

2019新型冠状病毒信息库

2019年12月在中国武汉开始爆发的新型肺炎已造成全球25个国家/地区的31516人感染、638人死亡(截止2020年2月7日16时),引起该肺炎的病毒被世界卫生组织命名为2019新型冠状病毒(2019-nCoV)。为促进2019-nCoV数据共享应用并及时向全球公众提供病毒的相关信息,国家生物信息中心(CNCB)/国家基因组科学数据中心(NGDC)建立了2019新型冠状病毒信息库(2019nCoVR,https://bigd.big.ac.cn/ncov)。该信息库整合了来自德国全球流感病毒数据库、美国国家生物技术信息中心、深圳(国家)基因库、国家微生物科学数据中心及CNCB/NGDC等机构公开发布的2019-nCoV核苷酸和蛋白质序列数据、元信息、学术文献、新闻动态、科普文章等信息,开展了不同冠状病毒株的基因组序列变异分析并提供可视化展示。同时,2019nCoVR无缝对接CNCB/NGDC的相关数据库,提供新测序病毒株系的基因组原始测序数据、组装后序列的在线汇交、管理与共享、国际数据库同步发布等数据服务。本文对2019nCoVR数据汇交、管理、发布及使用等进行全面阐述,以方便用户了解该信息库各项功能及数据状况,为加速开展病毒的分类溯源、变异演化、快速检测、药物研发以及新型肺炎的精准预防与治疗等研究提供重要基础。     

Old Weapon for New Enemy: Drug Repurposing for Treatment of Newly Emerging Viral Diseases

正Emerging and re-emerging viral diseases are a public health concern for the whole world and pose a major threat to human health and life. In last decades, numerous major outbreaks of emerging and re-emerging viral diseases with gross public concern were recorded in different regions,including Ebola in western Africa, Zika in South America,     

新型冠状病毒基因组结构与蛋白功能

2019年12月以来,武汉市暴发新型冠状病毒肺炎(coronavirus disease 2019,COVID-19)疫情并迅速蔓延全国,2020年1月30日被世界卫生组织(World Health Organization,WHO)列为“国际关注的突发公共卫生事件”(public health emergency of international concern,PHEIC)。核酸序列分析证明COVID-19由新型冠状病毒(2019 novel coronavirus,2019-nCoV)引起。2019-nCoV为正链单链RNA病毒,基因组长约30 kb,两端为非编码区,中间为非结构蛋白编码区和结构蛋白编码区。非结构蛋白编码区主要包括开放读码框架(open reading frame,ORF)1a和ORF1b基因,编码16个非结构蛋白(non-structural proteins,NSP),即NSP1～16。结构蛋白编码区主要编码刺突(spike,S)蛋白、包膜(envelope,E)蛋白、膜(membrane,M)蛋白和核衣壳(nucleocapsid,N)蛋白。深入了解2019-nCoV基因组的结构和蛋白功能,将为2019-nCoV相关的病毒溯源、复制增殖、致病免疫、药物与疫苗研发以及当前疫情的防控提供有力的支撑。     

A Mini Review on Discovery and Synthesis of Remdesivir as an Effective and Promising Drug against COVID-19

Russian Journal of Bioorganic Chemistry - The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) as a new human coronavirus has begun spreading over Wuhan City/China in December 2019, and...     

Potential small‐molecule drugs as available weapons to fight novel coronavirus (2019‐nCoV): A review

Since the new coronavirus known as 2019‐nCoV (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, SARS‐CoV‐2) has widely spread in Wuhan, China, with severe pneumonia, scientists and physicians have made remarkable efforts to use various options such as monoclonal antibodies, peptides, vaccines, small‐molecule drugs and interferon therapies to control, prevent or treatment infections of 2019‐nCoV. However, no vaccine or drug has yet been confirmed to completely treat 2019‐nCoV. In this review, we focus on the use of potential available small‐molecule drug candidates for treating infections caused by 2019‐nCoV.     

中国两栖、爬行动物更新名录

本文在2015年发表的爬行动物名录及同年《中国两栖类信息系统》发布的两栖动物名录的基础上, 通过整理新发表的分类学研究及先前名录遗漏的部分早期文献, 更新了截至2019年底中国现生本土两栖、爬行动物物种名录。2015-2019年间, 中国两栖动物新记录1科, 新描述2属, 恢复1属有效性, 新记录1属, 新描述或恢复有效种74种, 新增国家纪录18种; 另6属、8种的有效性未得到近年研究证据支持(在此视为次定同物异名而未做收录, 后同)。同期, 中国爬行动物新恢复5科, 新描述1亚科, 新描述1属, 恢复3属有效性, 新记录3属, 新描述、恢复或提升有效种43个, 新增国家纪录10种; 另有5属、4种的有效性未得到近年研究证据支持, 并移除1属、4种在我国的分布纪录。此外, 通过整理2015年前文献, 爬行动物增补3属, 提升3亚种至种级地位, 增补国家新纪录3种, 另有3属、2种的有效性未得到近年研究证据支持, 同时移除1种在我国的分布纪录。综上, 截至2019年底, 我国共记录现生本土两栖动物3目13科62属515种(蚓螈目1科1属1种, 有尾目3科14属82种, 无尾目9科47属431种), 爬行动物3目35科135属511种(鳄形目1科1属1种, 龟鳖目6科18属34种, 有鳞目蛇亚目18科73属265种、蜥蜴亚目10科43属211种)。此外, 本文还对先前名录中部分爬行动物的中文名提出了修改建议, 建议恢复部分物种的惯用中文名。2015-2019年, 新物种及新纪录已知物种数量占现两栖、爬行动物物种总数的17.1%和10.2%。近年来, 我国发表的两栖、爬行动物新物种和已知物种的新纪录数量持续增加, 分类体系也在研究中不断完善, 建议今后及时地进行阶段性总结, 同时对存在的问题提出讨论, 以推动中国两栖、爬行动物分类学研究工作的进一步开展。     

The Global Landscape of SARS-CoV-2 Genomes,Variants, and Haplotypes in 2019nCoVR

On January 22, 2020, China National Center for Bioinformation (CNCB) released the 2019 Novel Coronavirus Resource (2019nCoVR), an open-access information resource for the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). 2019nCoVR features a comprehensive integration of sequence and clinical information for all publicly available SARS-CoV-2 isolates, which are manually curated with value-added annotations and quality evaluated by an automated in-house pipeline. Of particular note, 2019nCoVR offers systematic analyses to generate a dynamic landscape of SARS-CoV-2 genomic variations at a global scale. It provides all identified variants and their detailed statistics for each virus isolate, and congregates the quality score, functional annotation, and population frequency for each variant. Spatiotemporal change for each variant can be visualized and historical viral haplotype network maps for the course of the outbreak are also generated based on all complete and high-quality genomes available. Moreover, 2019nCoVR provides a full collection of SARS-CoV-2 relevant literature on the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), including published papers from PubMed as well as preprints from services such as bioRxiv and medRxiv through Europe PMC. Furthermore, by linking with relevant databases in CNCB, 2019nCoVR offers data submission services for raw sequence reads and assembled genomes, and data sharing with NCBI. Collectively, SARS-CoV-2 is updated daily to collect the latest information on genome sequences, variants, haplotypes, and literature for a timely reflection, making 2019nCoVR a valuable resource for the global research community. 2019nCoVR is accessible at https://bigd.big.ac.cn/ncov/.     

基于红外相机的中国哺乳动物多样性观测网络建设进展

中国哺乳动物多样性观测网络(China BON-Mammal)为中国生物多样性观测网络(China BON)下属子网, 由生态环境部组织建设, 南京环境科学研究所为牵头单位。观测网络以陆生大中型哺乳动物为观测对象, 基于红外相机技术设置了统一的规程方案与技术标准, 2017-2019年在全国18个省区以县域为单元, 选择74个代表性保护地作为观测样区开展红外相机观测。截至2019年底, 观测网络共收集红外相机照片200多万张, 其中野生动物有效照片30万张, 共观测到哺乳动物11目28科132种、鸟类16目56科408种, 其中国家I级重点保护野生动物45种(兽类33种、鸟类12种), 并发现多个物种分布新记录和珍稀濒危物种。同时, 观测网络平台研发了哺乳动物观测数据库用于图像数据的存储和分析。最后, 本文对目前取得的成果及存在的问题进行分析, 计划将进一步加强数据的处理分析与共享, 进而更好地促进生物多样性保护工作。     

Initial detections and spread of invasive Spodoptera frugiperda in China and comparisons with other noctuid larvae in cornfields using molecular techniques

The fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda, is a species native to the Americas and has spread to many countries in Africa and Asia in recent years. Proactive actions for potential invasion of S. frugiperda to China coordinated by government agencies and agricultural extension systems resulted in timely detection in January 2019 in Yunnan province neighboring onto Myanmar. The extensive monitoring in southern provinces of China since February 2019 resulted in dynamic tracking of S. frugiperda spreading to 13 provincial regions in China within 4 months by May 10, 2019, which is crucial for timely management actions in the fields. The first detections of S. frugiperda (corn strain) in China were confirmed using cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (CO1) and triosephosphate isomerase (Tpi) genes molecular marker method. In addition to S. frugiperda, larvae of three other noctuid species with similar morphological appearance (S. litura, S. exigua and Mythimna separata) can occur simultaneously and cause similar damage in cornfields in southern China. Thus, we can use both morphological and molecular marker methods to compare larval stages of four noctuid species. Further, we discuss the risk of potential spread of invasive S. frugiperda to other regions and impact on corn production in China.     

An Inventory and Seasonal Changes in the Recent Benthic Flora of Coral Reefs of Wuzhizhou Island,Haitang Bay,South China Sea (China)

Russian Journal of Marine Biology - Intensive algal sampling was conducted from 2017 to 2019 in coastal waters of Wuzhizhou Island (South China Sea, China). In total, 183 species of marine...     

首次入侵广东的草地贪夜蛾迁入路径及天气背景分析

草地贪夜蛾 Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith)是联合国粮农组织全球预警的超级害虫,2019年1月入侵我国云南,并随季风远距离迁飞扩散,4月23日,广东省广州市增城区首次发现并确认该虫幼虫发生为害,对当地玉米等粮食作物构成严重威胁。本研究运用基于WRF模式的昆虫三维轨迹分析程序和GrADS气象图形软件,模拟了入侵广东的草地贪夜蛾的迁飞路径及天气背景场。结果表明:按照幼虫发育历期推算,首批草地贪夜蛾成虫迁入广东的时间可能为4月8日~13日;在此期间,越南北部及华南地区的西南低空急流可为草地贪夜蛾的迁飞提供运载气流,而风切变、降雨和下沉气流为草地贪夜蛾的迫降提供便利条件;4月9-10日存在草地贪夜蛾的有效迁飞路径,入侵广东省增城区草地贪夜蛾种群的有效虫源地分布在越南及老挝北部。本研究为华南地区草地贪夜蛾春季迁入种群的监测预警及防控提供了科学依据。     

Current development of COVID-19 diagnostics,vaccines and therapeutics

A novel coronavirus, designated as SARS-CoV-2, first emerged in Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China, in late December 2019. The rapidly increasing number of cases has caused worldwide panic. In this review, we describe some currently applied diagnostic approaches, as well as therapeutics and vaccines, to prevent, treat and control further outbreaks of SARS-CoV-2 infection.     

Integrating hardware, software and mindware for sustainable ecosystem development: Principles and methods of ecological engineering in China

Grounded in human ecological philosophy, ecological engineering in China seeks to find an alternative way to realize sustainable development at ecosystem level through total metabolism of resources, systematic coupling of technologies and cultivation of people's behavior. Here the key is integration of ‘hardware’, ‘software’ and ‘mindware’. Eight design principles of ecological engineering based on eco-cybernetics are discussed, which fall into three categories: competition, symbiosis and self-reliance. The fundamental tasks of ecological engineering are to develop a sustainable ecosystem through the integrative planning of its structure, function and processes by encouraging totally functioning technology, systematically responsible institutions and ecologically vivid culture. A campaign of ecological engineering development in China is introduced, including 29 national comprehensive experimental communities for sustainable development, 51 pilot studies of eco-county development, and 100 ecological demonstration districts. Some fruitful theoretical and applied results have been gained and the case of Dafeng eco-county development is introduced.     

四川省发现玉龙龙蜥

玉龙龙蜥Diploderma yulongense(Mathey, Denzer, HouWang 2012)于2012年根据Andrews R C等1914年在玉龙雪山采集的历史馆藏标本命名。至今对该物种尚未进行过研究,对其自然生活史资料和分布范围知之甚少。2019年7月,作者在四川省凉山彝族自治州木里县下麦地乡采集到2号龙蜥属物种标本(采集号:2019ML0037♂,2019ML0038♀),经形态学检视和线粒体ND2基因序列重建分子系统发育关系,确定该2号标本为玉龙龙蜥,该种是四川分布新记录种。该发现将对玉龙龙蜥在我国地理分布的认知向东北方向延伸了100余千米。     

新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情防控期间内镜诊疗相关感染防控建议

针对2019年底出现在我国的新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情,全国上下拼尽全力积极抗疫。目前全国疫情在得到良好控制的同时,各大医疗机构为防控疫情纷纷暂停的各项高风险诊疗项目也陆续开诊。由此根据国家卫生健康委员会最新发布的《新型冠状病毒肺炎诊疗方案(试行第八版)》及《新型冠状病毒肺炎防控方案(第七版)》等文件,结合相关国家规范对新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情防控期间消化内镜、支气管镜及喉镜(软镜)诊疗的感染防控措施进行梳理和总结,提出相关建议以供临床医务工作者参考。     

新型冠状病毒与系统损伤研究

自2019年12月全国及世界范围爆发了新型冠状病毒性肺炎(corona virus disease 2019,COVID-19),给中国和全球公共卫生安全带来了极大的挑战。研究发现,新型冠状病毒(severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2,SARS-CoV-2)不仅损伤呼吸系统,对心血管系统、泌尿系统、消化系统、中枢神经系统、免疫系统和生殖系统等均有不同程度损伤。因此,全面掌握SARS-CoV-2的基本情况、COVID-19的流行病学特征及引发的主要系统损伤,可为COVID-19的筛查、诊断、防治及预后提供依据。