肾病综合征合并肺栓塞的临床研究进展

肾病综合征是一种临床常见疾病,其患者体内常呈高凝状态,极易发生血栓栓塞事件,而其中以肾静脉血栓、肺动脉栓塞和 下肢深静脉血栓最为常见。由于肺动脉栓塞早期缺乏特征性的临床表现,病情隐匿,所以极易误诊或漏诊,发现时患者病情往往 已十分严重,致死率极高。目前,对于肾病综合征合并肺栓塞的发生率国内外报道不一,尚无准确的流行病学资料,而对于其发病 原因、危险因素、早期诊断及是否需要预防性抗凝治疗等均存在争议,本文主要结合文献对肾病综合征合并肺栓塞的流行病学、 病因及发病机制、诊断、高危因素和治疗进行了综述,尤其是对目前争议较大的肾病综合征合并肺栓塞患者是否需要早期抗凝治 疗。     

肾病综合征患者血清同型半胱氨酸、D-二聚体和B型钠尿肽水平表达及与血栓栓塞的关系分析

摘要 目的：探讨肾病综合征（NS）患者血清同型半胱氨酸（Hcy）、D-二聚体（D-D）和B型钠尿肽（BNP）水平及与发生血栓栓塞（TE）的关系。方法：选取2017年1月~2019年1月我院收治的241例NS患者,根据是否并发TE分为TE组56例,非TE组185例,另选取65名体检健康者为对照组,对比各组血清Hcy、D-D和BNP水平,多因素Logistics回归分析NS患者并发TE的影响因素,ROC曲线判断血清Hcy、D-D和BNP水平对NS患者并发TE的诊断价值。结果：三组血清Hcy、D-D和BNP水平比较差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。TE组血清Hcy、D-D和BNP水平明显高于非TE组,非TE组血清Hcy、D-D和BNP水平明显高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。TE组高血压史、利尿剂使用史、糖皮质激使用史比例和BUN、24hUPQ水平明显高于非TE组,差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。多因素Logistics回归分析显示,Hcy、D-D、BNP、24hUPQ为NS患者并发TE独立影响因素（P＜0.05）。ROC曲线显示,血清Hcy+D-D+BNP水平诊断NS患者并发TE的AUC明显大于血清Hcy、D-D和BNP单独诊断,敏感度和特异度也高于各指标单独诊断。结论：NS患者血清Hcy、D-D和BNP水平明显提升,合并TE后进一步提高,且血清Hcy、D-D和BNP水平为NS患者发生TE的危险因素,联合测定可提高诊断价值。     

中性粒细胞计数、D-二聚体及Caprini血栓评分对脑血管狭窄介入术后下肢深静脉血栓形成的预测价值及模型构建

摘要 目的：探讨中性粒细胞计数、D-二聚体及Caprini血栓评分对脑血管狭窄介入术后下肢深静脉血栓形成（DVT）的关系及预测模型构建。方法：选择2021年2月至2022年2月于我院神经外科行血管内介入治疗的281例脑血管狭窄患者,术前检测外周血中性粒细胞计数、D-二聚体,并采用Caprini血栓评分评估患者DVT风险,并根据术后是否发生DVT将患者分为DVT组（31例）和无DVT组（250例）。收集临床资料,采用多因素Logistic回归分析影响脑血管狭窄介入术后DVT的危险因素,构建预测模型,Hosmer-Lemeshow检验预测模型拟合度,受试者工作特征（ROC）曲线分析预测模型对脑血管狭窄介入术后DVT的预测价值。结果：DVT组中性粒细胞计数、D-二聚体、Caprini血栓评分高危和极高危比例高于无DVT组（P＜0.05）。且中心静脉导管、卧床时间超过72 h、高中性粒细胞计数、高D-二聚体、Caprini血栓评分分级高危和极高危是脑血管狭窄介入术后DVT的危险因素（P＜0.05）。由上述指标构建的预测模型,其预测脑血管狭窄介入术后DVT的曲线下面积AUC（0.95CI）为0.871（0.779～0.938）,灵敏度为0.871（27/31）,特异度为0.832（208/250）。经Hosmer-Lemeshow检验模型拟合效果良好（P＞0.05）。结论：中心静脉导管、卧床时间超过72 h、高中性粒细胞计数、高D-二聚体、Caprini血栓评分分级高危和极高危是脑血管狭窄介入术后DVT的危险因素,根据回归分析构建预测模型对脑血管狭窄介入术后DVT的预测能效较好。     

骨科术后下肢深静脉血栓形成与超声弹性成像参数的相关性

摘要 目的：探讨骨科术后下肢深静脉血栓形成与超声弹性成像参数的相关性。方法：选取2021年6月~2022年6月在我院骨科进行诊治的术后下肢深静脉血栓患者80例为观察组,再选择同期术后健康者60例为对照组。比较两组超声弹性评分、应变值;采用Pearson检验分析超声弹性评分、应变值与肢深静脉血栓形成之间的相关性;采用多因素Logistic回归分析影响下肢深静脉血栓形成的独立危险因素;采用受试者工作特征曲线（ROC）分析超声弹性评分、应变值预测下肢深静脉血栓形成的价值。结果：观察组超声弹性评分、应变值均高于对照组（P＜0.05）。Pearson相关性检验显示,超声弹性评分、应变值与下肢深静脉血栓形成均呈正相关（r=0.785、0.826,P<0.05）。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,超声弹性评分、应变值是影响下肢深静脉血栓形成的独立危险因素（OR=4.632、4.768,P<0.05）。ROC曲线分析结果显示,超声弹性评分、应变值在预测下肢深静脉血栓形成中具有极高的价值。结论：随着下肢深静脉血栓的形成,患者超声弹性评分、应变值升高,该两项指标在预测下肢深静脉血栓形成中具有极高的价值,临床上可借助该两项指标的参数值对骨科术后下肢深静脉血栓形成进行预判。     

IgA肾病合并高尿酸血症患者的危险因素分析

摘要 目的：探讨IgA肾病合并高尿酸血症患者的危险因素。方法：回顾性分析2018年1月至2021年1月于我院进行治疗的IgA肾病患者149例的病理资料,根据高尿酸血症发生情况分为高尿酸血症组（n=65）,正常尿酸组（n=84）。比较两组病理特征,收集患者年龄、性别、BMI、性别、高血压、血肌酐、尿素氮、血白蛋白、血胆固醇、甘油三酯、24 h尿蛋白定量、IL-6、IL-1及胱抑素C及CRP等资料,分析高尿酸血症发生的危险因素。结果：两组患者年龄、BMI、CRP差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）;性别、高血压、血肌酐、尿素氮、血白蛋白、血胆固醇、甘油三酯、24 h尿蛋白定量、IL-6、IL-1及胱抑素C与IgA肾病患者发生高尿酸血症相关（P<0.05）;高尿酸组患者球性硬化、节段硬化、新月体形成、小管萎缩、间质炎性浸润及间质纤维化发生率均显著高于正常尿酸组,差异显著（P<0.05）;多因素非条件Logistic分析显示,性别、高血压、血肌酐、尿素氮、血白蛋白、血胆固醇、甘油三酯、24 h尿蛋白定量、IL-6、IL-1及胱抑素C均是IgA肾病患者发生高尿酸血症的独立危险因素（P<0.05）。结论：患者性别、高血压、血肌酐、尿素氮、血白蛋白、血胆固醇、甘油三酯、24 h尿蛋白定量、IL-6、IL-1及胱抑素C均是IgA肾病患者发生高尿酸血症的危险因素,临床上对于具有危险因素的患者引起重视,提高治疗效果。     

D-二聚体、P-选择素及血管内皮生长因子与下肢骨折患者深静脉血栓形成的关系

摘要 目的：探究D-二聚体(D-D)、P-选择素及血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)与下肢骨折患者深静脉血栓(DVT)形成的关系。方法：选取2017年2月至2019年10月期间我院诊治的80例下肢骨折并发DVT患者作为DVT组,选择同期治疗的95例下肢骨折但未并发DVT患者作为无DVT组。比较两组患者的各项临床资料,采用多因素Logistic回归分析下肢骨折患者DVT发生的危险因素,采用受试者工作特征（ROC）曲线分析血清D-D、P-选择素、VEGF对下肢骨折患者DVT的诊断价值。结果：与无DVT组相比,DVT组血清D-D、P-选择素和VEGF水平明显升高（P<0.05）。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示血清D-D、P-选择素、VEGF是下肢骨折患者DVT发生的危险因素（OR=1.996、2.335、1.743,P<0.05）。ROC曲线分析结果显示血清D-D、P-选择素、VEGF诊断下肢骨折患者DVT的曲线下面积（AUC）分别为0.771、0.790、0.812,血清D-D、P-选择素、VEGF联合诊断下肢骨折患者DVT的AUC为0.945。结论：下肢骨折合并DVT患者血清D-D、P-选择素、VEGF水平明显升高,并且血清D-D、P-选择素和VEGF是下肢骨折患者发生DVT的危险因素,三者联合检测在下肢骨折患者发生DVT的诊断和预测中具有一定临床意义。     

肾病综合征患者血浆leptin、IL-4、IL-18及TNF-α水平变化及其临床意义

摘要 目的：探究肾病综合征患者血浆瘦素（leptin）、白介素-4（IL-4）、白介素-18（IL-18）及肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）水平变化及其临床意义。方法：选择2018年2月至2019年10月我院诊治的110例肾病综合征患者作为观察组,选择同期在我院体检的110名健康者作为对照组。检测并比较两组的血浆leptin、IL-4、IL-18、TNF-α水平及24 h蛋白尿、血浆白蛋白水平,采用Pearson法分析血浆leptin、IL-4、IL-18和TNF-α与24 h蛋白尿、血浆白蛋白的相关性,采用受试者工作特征曲线（ROC）分析各指标对肾病综合征的诊断价值。结果：与对照组相比,观察组的血浆leptin、IL-4、IL-18及TNF-α水平明显升高（P<0.05）。与对照组相比,观察组的24 h蛋白尿明显升高,血浆白蛋白水平明显下降（P<0.05）。血浆leptin、IL-4、IL-18和TNF-α水平与24 h蛋白尿均呈正相关性,而与血浆白蛋白均呈负相关性（P<0.05）。血浆leptin、IL-4、IL-18和TNF-α联合检测对肾病综合征的诊断价值明显高于各项指标单独检测。结论：肾病综合征患者血浆leptin及炎症因子水平明显升高,并且与患者24h蛋白尿以及血浆白蛋白具有相关性,血浆leptin和IL-4、IL-18、TNF-α联合检测对肾病综合征具有较高的诊断价值。     

导管接触性溶栓同期球囊扩张+支架治疗血栓性髂静脉压迫综合征的疗效

摘要 目的：为提高治疗效率,本研究对髂静脉压迫综合征合并下肢深静脉血栓患者的导管接触溶栓同期球囊扩张+支架治疗方案和分期治疗方案进行比较。方法：以65例髂静脉压迫综合征合并下肢深静脉血栓患者为研究对象,根据治疗方法分为研究组和对照组,研究组32例,进行导管接触溶栓同期球囊扩张+支架治疗,对照组33例,进行导管接触溶栓分期球囊扩张+支架治疗。以治疗前后患者大腿围、小腿围、血管通畅评分,手术指标（住院时间、住院次数、溶栓时间及穿刺次数）,并发症（血栓复发、出血以及肺栓塞）及深静脉血栓后遗症为指标,考察两组疗效。结果：两组患者大腿围、小腿围和静脉畅通评分在治疗前均无显著差异（P＞0.05）,经过治疗,两组大腿围、小腿围和静脉畅通评分均显著改善（P＜0.05）,但两组间各项指标无显著差异（P＞0.05）。研究组患者住院时间、住院次数、溶栓时间及穿刺次数均显著低于对照组（P＜0.05）。研究组血栓复发0例,对照组血栓复发4例,有显著差异（P＜0.05）;研究组出血1例,肺栓塞0例,对照组出血2例,肺栓塞0例,两组出血和肺栓塞情况比较,无显著差异（P＞0.05）。研究组PTS发生率为6.25 %,显著低于对照组的18.18 %（P＜0.05）。结论：导管接触溶栓同期球囊扩张+支架治疗方案对髂静脉压迫综合征合并下肢深静脉血栓有良好的疗效。     

基于控制营养状况评分的2型糖尿病住院患者营养状况评价及其危险因素的多因素Logistic回归分析

摘要 目的：应用控制营养状况（CONUT）评分评价2型糖尿病（T2DM）住院患者营养状况并通过多因素Logistic回归分析营养不良的危险因素。方法：选取2021年1月～2022年1月在我院住院的454例T2DM患者,根据CONUT评分分为营养不良组68例和营养正常组386例。收集患者基线资料,采用多因素Logistic回归分析T2DM住院患者营养不良的危险因素。结果：454例T2DM住院患者营养不良发生率为14.98％（68/454）。单因素分析显示,两组患者糖化血红蛋白A1c（HbA1c）、年龄、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL-C）、体质指数（BMI）、C反应蛋白（CRP）、病程、淋巴细胞计数、吸烟、血红蛋白、白蛋白、餐后2 h血糖比较,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。多因素Logistic回归分析显示,白蛋白降低、年龄≥60岁、血红蛋白降低、BMI降低、HDL-C降低、病程延长、吸烟、CRP升高为T2DM住院患者营养不良的独立危险因素（P＜0.05）。结论：T2DM住院患者营养不良发生率较高,年龄、BMI、病程、吸烟、白蛋白、血红蛋白、HDL-C、CRP为T2DM住院患者营养不良的独立影响因素,CONUT评分能快速筛查T2DM住院患者营养状况,有助于指导临床及时采取干预措施。     

不同危险分层急性肺栓塞患者D-二聚体与纤维蛋白原比值、中性粒细胞与淋巴细胞比值、白蛋白的变化及其与预后的关系研究

摘要 目的：探讨不同危险分层急性肺栓塞（APE）患者D-二聚体与纤维蛋白原比值（DFR）、中性粒细胞与淋巴细胞比值（NLR）、白蛋白（Alb）的变化及其与预后的关系。方法：选择2019年3月至2021年12月我院收治的APE患者154例作为APE组,根据《肺血栓栓塞症的诊断与治疗指南(2015)》分为低危组48例、中危组69例和高危组37例,另选择同期我院体检健康志愿者40例作为对照组,比较各组DFR、NLR、Alb水平。根据不同预后将APE患者分为存活组125例,死亡组29例,比较两组DFR、NLR、Alb水平。应用受试者工作特征（ROC）曲线分析DFR、NLR、Alb对APE预后的预测价值。结果：APE组DFR、NLR显著高于对照组,Alb水平显著低于对照组（P<0.05）。随着危险分层增加,APE患者DFR、NLR逐渐升高,Alb水平逐渐降低,不同危险分层APE患者DFR、NLR、Alb水平比较有统计学意义（P<0.05）。死亡组DFR、NLR显著高于存活组,Alb水平显著低于存活组（P<0.05）。ROC曲线分析显示,DFR、NLR、Alb对APE死亡预测具有较高的敏感度、特异度,其中DFR、NLR、Alb联合检测对APE死亡预测的曲线下面积（AUC）、敏感度、特异度最高。结论：APE患者DFR、NLR异常升高,Alb异常降低与APE危险分层增加及不良预后相关,DFR、NLR、Alb联合检测对APE患者预后不良的预测价值更高。     

A botanical medicine dragon’s blood exhibited clinical antithrombosis efficacy similar to low molecular weight heparin

Deep vein thrombosis(DVT) is a common complication following traumatic fracture with a 0.5%–1% annual incidence. Low molecular weight heparin(LMWH) is the most commonly used anticoagulation drug for DVT prevention, but treatment with LMWH is invasive. Our aim is to compare the antithrombotic effect of dragon's blood, an oral botanical anticoagulant medicine approved by the Chinese FDA, with LMWH in patients undergoing hip fracture surgery and to explore the molecular mechanisms of anticoagulation treatment. Our study recruited patients and divided them into LMWH and dragon's blood treatment group. Coagulation index tests, Doppler ultrasound and m RNA sequencing were performed before and after anticoagulation therapy. There was no significant difference in postoperative DVT incidence between the two groups(23.1% versus 15.4%,P=0.694). D-dimer(D-D) and fibrinogen degradation product(FDP) showed significant reductions in both groups after anticoagulation treatments. We identified SLC4 A1, PROS1, PRKAR2 B and seven other genes as being differentially expressed during anticoagulation therapy in both groups. Genes correlated with coagulation indexes were also identified. Dragon's blood and LMWH showed similar effects on DVT and produced similar gene expression changes in patients undergoing hip fracture surgery, indicating that dragon's blood is a more convenient antithrombosis medicine(oral) than LMWH(hypodermic injection).     

血浆D- 二聚体检测在下肢深静脉血栓诊断中的价值

目的:探讨血浆D-二聚体在下肢深静脉血栓形成(DVT)中的诊疗价值。方法:用SYS MEX CA2 1500全自动血凝分析仪检测185例可疑为DVT患者及60例健康体检者血浆中纤维蛋白降解产物D-二聚体水平,比较其D-二聚体水平与健康体检组的差别。结果:60例健康体检者及185例疑似DVT患者中18例患者血浆D-二聚体含量<临界值,经下肢彩色多普勒超声检查证实无一例患有DVT;167例患者血浆D-二聚体含量≥临界值,经下肢彩色多普勒超声检查证实DVT患者150例,D-二聚体检测DVT的敏感性、特异性、阳性预期值、阴性预期值分别为100%、51.43%、89.82%、100%。结论:血浆D-二聚体检测具有快速、经济、无创、可动态监测等优点,可以作为DVT诊断的排除试验,值得在临床检验诊断中推广应用。     

不同剂量利伐沙班对老年髋关节置换术患者凝血功能及下肢深静脉血栓的影响

目的:探讨不同剂量利伐沙班对老年髋关节置换术患者凝血功能及下肢深静脉血栓(DVT)的影响。方法:选择2013年6月~2016年6月期间我院收治的200例老年髋关节置换术患者,按随机数字表法分为两组各100例,术后分别予利伐沙班5 mg、10mg口服以预防DVT。术前及术后1d、7d检测纤维蛋白原(Fbg)、凝血酶原时间(PT)、凝血酶时间(TT)、活化部分凝血酶原时间(APTT)及D-二聚体(D-D),同时行下肢彩色多普勒超声检查判断DVT发生情况,观察临床出血事件。结果:术后1d两组Fbg水平明显降低,PT明显延长(均P0.05);术后7d两组Fbg水平与术后1d相比明显回升,PT明显缩短(均P0.05)。两组各时期的Fbg与PT均无明显差异(P0.05)。术后1d两组D-D水平均明显升高(P0.05),且利伐沙班5 mg组明显高于利伐沙班10 mg组(P0.05);术后7d两组D-D水平均较术后1d明显降低(P0.05),且利伐沙班10 mg组明显低于利伐沙班5 mg组(P0.05)。利伐沙班10 mg组术后早期DVT发生率明显低于利伐沙班5 mg组(P0.05)。两组预防性抗凝后临床出血事件的发生率比较无统计学差异(P0.05)。结论:老年髋关节置换术后口服大剂量(10 mg)利伐沙班,可有效改善血液高凝状态,降低DVT发生率,且不会明显增加临床出血事件,值得推广。     

Postural Abnormality as a Risk Marker for Leg Deep Venous Thrombosis in Parkinson’s Disease

Background

Pulmonary thromboembolism is a common cause of death in patients with autopsy-confirmed Parkinsonism. This study investigated the incidence of leg deep vein thrombosis in Parkinson’s disease and relationships between deep vein thrombosis and clinical/laboratory findings, including postural abnormalities as assessed by photographic measurements.

Methods

This cross-sectional study assessed the presence of deep vein thrombosis using bilateral leg Doppler ultrasonography in 114 asymptomatic outpatients with Parkinson’s disease.

Results

Deep vein thrombosis was detected in 23 patients (20%) with Parkinson’s disease. Deep vein thrombosis was located in the distal portion in 18 patients and in the proximal portion in 5 patients. No significant differences in age, sex, body mass index, disease duration, Hoehn-Yahr stage, anti-Parkinson’s drugs, or daily levodopa-equivalent dose were seen between deep vein thrombosis-positive and -negative groups. Univariate analysis for developing deep vein thrombosis in patients with Parkinson’s disease identified the following markers: long-term wheelchair use, bent knee, bent spine, and D-dimer elevation. Bending angles were significantly greater in the deep vein thrombosis-positive group at the knee and spine than in the deep vein thrombosis-negative group. Half of Parkinson’s disease patients with camptocormia had deep vein thrombosis. Among diabetes mellitus cases, long-term wheelchair use, bent knee over 15°, camptocormia, D-dimer elevation, the more risk markers were associated with a higher incidence of DVT. The presence of risk markers contributed to the development of deep vein thrombosis. On multivariate logistic regression analysis, a bent knee posture was strongly associated with an increased risk of deep vein thrombosis.

Conclusion

Presence of leg deep vein thrombosis correlated with postural abnormalities in Parkinson’s disease. We recommend non-invasive ultrasonographic screening for leg deep vein thrombosis in these high-risk patients with Parkinson’s disease.     

血浆D-二聚体检测在下肢深静脉血栓诊断中的价值

目的：探讨血浆D-二聚体在下肢深静脉血栓形成（DVT）中的诊疗价值。方法：用SYSMEXCA21500全自动血凝分析仪检测185例可疑为DVT患者及60例健康体检者血浆中纤维蛋白降解产物D-二聚体水平,比较其D-二聚体水平与健康体检组的差别。结果：60例健康体检者及185例疑似DVT患者中18例患者血浆D-二聚体含量〈临界值,经下肢彩色多普勒超声检查证实无一例患有DVT;167例患者血浆D-二聚体含量≥临界值,经下肢彩色多普勒超声检查证实DVT患者150例,D-二聚体检测DVT的敏感性、特异性、阳性预期值、阴性预期值分别为100％、51．43％、89．82％、100％。结论：血浆D-二聚体检测具有快速、经济、无创-可动态监测等优点。可以作为DVT诊断的排除试验,值得在临床检验诊断中推广应用。     

血栓通注射液联合利伐沙班预防下肢骨折术后下肢深静脉血栓形成疗效及对患者血液流变学的影响

目的:探讨血栓通注射液联合利伐沙班预防下肢骨折术后下肢深静脉血栓(DVT)形成的疗效及对患者血液流变学的影响。方法:选取2012年4月到2015年7月西安医学院第一附属医院收治的125例下肢骨折术后患者,随机分为对照组63例和观察组62例,对照组患者给予血栓通治疗,观察组患者在对照组的基础上给予利伐沙班治疗。观察两组治疗前后DVT发生率、血清D-二聚体(DD)、同型半胱氨酸(Hcy)以及高敏C-反应蛋白(hs-CRP)、血液流变学指标包括红细胞压积(HTC)、全血黏度(WBV)和纤维蛋白原的变化以及用药安全性。结果:术后3周,观察组DVT的总发生率为9.7%(6例),显著低于对照组的44.4%(28例),差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。治疗后,两组患者的血清DD、Hcy、hs-CRP、HTC、WBV以及纤维蛋白原水平均较治疗前明显降低(P0.05),且观察组该6个指标显著低于对照组,差异均具有统计学意义(P0.05)。此外,观察组的不良反应发生率为9.68%,对照组为7.94%,两组间比较无明显差异(P0.05)。结论:血栓通注射液联合利伐沙班可有效减少DVT的发生并改善患者的血液高凝状态,是一种预防下肢骨折术后DVT形成的有效方案。     

术前血浆D-二聚体水平及血小板计数与局部晚期食管鳞癌临床病理特征的关系

目的:探讨术前D-二聚体(D-dimer)和血小板(PLT)计数与局部晚期食管鳞状细胞癌(esophageal squamous cell carcinoma,ESCC)临床病理特征的相关性及预后价值。方法:测定99例局部晚期ESCC患者(食管癌组)及30例健康体检者(对照组)血浆D-dimer和PLT水平并进行比较,并分析其与ESCC临床病理因素之间关系及预后价值。结果:食管癌组血浆D-dimer、PLT水平高于健康对照组(P0.05)。食管癌组D-dimer与淋巴结转移、TNM分期有关,而PLT与ESCC临床病理特征无关。单因素分析提示D-dimer、淋巴结转移、TNM分期与无疾病进展时间(disease free survival,DFS)和总体生存时间(overall survival,OS)相关,而多因素分析仅提示D-dimer是局部晚期ESCC患者的独立危险预后因素。结论:D-dimer增高与淋巴结转移和TNM分期有关,D-dimer可作为评判局部晚期ESCC预后的独立指标,为ESCC个体化治疗提供参考价值。     

Extended Anticoagulant and Aspirin Treatment for the Secondary Prevention of Thromboembolic Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Background

Patients who have had an unprovoked deep venous thrombosis (DVT) or pulmonary embolus (PE) are at a high risk for recurrent venous thromboembolism (VTE). Extended “life-long” anticoagulation has been recommended in these patients. However, the risk benefit ratio of this approach is controversial and the role of the direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) and aspirin is unclear. Furthermore, in some patients with a “weak provoking factor” there is clinical equipoise regarding continuation or cessation of anticoagulant therapy after treatment of the acute VTE event.

Objective

A systematic review and meta-analysis to determine the risks (major bleeding) and benefits (recurrent VTE and mortality) of extended anticoagulation with vitamin k antagonists (VKA), DOACs and aspirin in patients with an unprovoked VTE and in those patients with clinical equipoise regarding continuation or cessation of anticoagulant therapy. In addition, we sought to determine the risk of recurrent VTE events once extended anti-thrombotic therapy was discontinued.

Data Sources

MEDLINE, Cochrane Register of Controlled Trials, citation review of relevant primary and review articles.

Study Selection

Randomized placebo-controlled trials (RCTs) that compared the risk of recurrent VTE in patients with an unprovoked DVT or PE who had been treated for at least 3 months with a VKA or a DOAC and were then randomized to receive an oral anti-thrombotic agent or placebo for at least 6 additional months. We included studies that included patients in whom clinical equipoise existed regarding the continuation or cessation of anticoagulant therapy.

Data Extraction

Independent extraction of articles by both authors using predefined data fields, including study quality indicators. Data were abstracted on study size, study setting, initial event (DVT or PE), percentage of patients where the initial VTE event was unprovoked, the number of recurrent VTE events, major bleeds and mortality during the period of extended anticoagulation in the active treatment and placebo arms. In addition, we recorded the event rate once extended treatment was stopped. Meta-analytic techniques were used to summarize the data. Studies were grouped according to the type of anti-thrombotic agent.

Data Synthesis

Seven studies which enrolled 6778 patients met our inclusion criteria; two studies evaluated the extended use of Coumadin, three studies evaluated a DOAC and two studies evaluated the use of aspirin. The duration of followup varied from 6 to 37 months. In the Coumadin and aspirin studies 100% of the randomized patients had an unprovoked VTE, while in the DOAC studies between 73.5% and 93.2% of the VTE events were unprovoked. In the control group recurrent VTE occurred in 9.7% of patients compared to 2.8% in the active treatment group (OR 0.21; 95% CI 0.11–0.42, p<0.0001). VKA, DOACs and aspirin significantly reduced the risk of recurrent VTE, with VKA and DOACs being significantly more effective than aspirin. Major bleeding events occurred in 12 patients in the control group (0.4%) and 25 of 3815 (0.6%) patients in the active treatment group (OR 1.64; 95% CI 0.69–3.90, NS). There were 39 (1.3%) deaths in control patients and 33 (0.9%) deaths in the anti-thrombotic group during the treatment period (OR 0.73; 95% CI 0.40–1.33, NS). Patients whose initial VTE event was a PE were more likely to have a recurrent PE than a DVT. The annualized event rate after discontinuation of extended antithrombotic therapy was 4.4% in the control group and 6.5% in the active treatment arm.

Conclusions

VKA, DOACs and aspirin significantly reduced the risk of recurrent VTE, with DOACs and VKA being more effective than aspirin. The decision regarding life-long anticoagulation following an unprovoked DVT or PE should depend on the patients’ risk for recurrent PE as well as the patients’ values and preferences.     

Bed Rest versus Early Ambulation with Standard Anticoagulation in The Management of Deep Vein Thrombosis: A Meta-Analysis

Introduction

Bed rest has been considered as the cornerstone of management of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) for a long time, though it is not evidence-base, and there is growing evidence favoring early ambulation.

Methods

Electronic databases including Medline, PubMed, Cochrane Library and three Chinese databases were searched with key words of “deep vein thrombosis”, “pulmonary embolism”, “venous thrombosis”, “bed rest”, “immobilization”, “mobilization” and “ambulation”. We considered randomized controlled trials, prospective or retrospective cohort studies that compared the outcomes of acute DVT patients managed with early ambulation versus bed rest, in addition to standard anticoagulation. Meta-analysis pertaining to the incidence of new pulmonary embolism (PE), progression of DVT, and DVT related deaths were conducted, as well as the extent of remission of pain and edema.

Results

13 studies were included with a total of 3269 patients. Compared to bed rest, early ambulation was not associated with a higher incidence of new PE, progression of DVT, or DVT related deaths (RD −0.03, 95% CI −0.05∼ −0.02; Z = 1.24, p = 0.22; random effect model, Tau² = 0.01). Moreover, if the patients suffered moderate or severe pain initially, early ambulation was related to a better outcome, with respect to remission of acute pain in the affected limb (SMD 0.42, 95%CI 0.09∼0.74; Z = 2.52, p = 0.01; random effect model, Tau² = 0.04). Meta-analysis of alleviation of edema cannot elicit a solid conclusion because of significant heterogeneity among the few studies.

Conclusions

Compared to bed rest, early ambulation of acute DVT patients with anticoagulation was not associated with a higher incidence of new PE, progression of DVT, and DVT related deaths. Furthermore, for the patients suffered moderate or severe pain initially, a better outcome can be seen in early ambulation group, regarding to the remission of acute pain in the affected limb.