贵州木油厂汞矿区4种藓类植物及其基质中重金属元素分析

通过对贵州木油厂汞矿区4种藓类植物(真藓、卵蒴真藓、羽枝青藓和圆枝粗枝藓)及其生长基质中的Cu、Zn、Ca、Mg、Cd、Pb、Hg、As 8种元素进行测定分析,以揭示藓类植物与生长基质中重金属元素及其污染程度的关系.结果表明:(1)贵州木油厂汞矿区藓类植物生长基质中Cu、Hg和As元素的平均含量分别是相应国标值的1.29倍、300倍和1.69倍,说明该矿区已受到Cu、Hg和As的污染,且Hg污染特别严重.(2)羽枝青藓的As、Zn、Cd和Pb含量均最高,圆枝粗枝藓的Cu、Ca、Mg和Hg含量均最高,对重金属具有较强的耐受性.(3)羽枝青藓和圆枝粗枝藓对Zn均强烈富集,其富集系数分别为6.14和3.364;羽枝青藓、卵蒴真藓和真藓对Pb均强烈富集,其富集系数分别为13.769、9.547和3.004;表明羽枝青藓对Zn和Pb的富集能力最强,可用于土壤Zn和Pb的污染治理.(4)4种藓类植物对Cu 的富集系数为0.915～1.184,卵蒴真藓和圆枝粗枝藓对Hg的富集系数分别为0.542和0.682,圆枝粗枝藓对As的富集系数为0.74,均为同一水平,表明4种藓类植物可指示其生长基质中Cu、Hg和As的含量.(5)元素间的相关分析显示,木油厂汞矿的Cd和As之间呈显著负相关(P＜0.05),表明两元素间有拮抗作用.     

黔西北两铜矿4种藓类植物重金属元素分析

坝口铜矿和长箐沟铜矿是峨眉山玄武岩型铜矿。利用3种光谱仪对卷叶丛本藓（Anoectangium thomso-niiMitt.）、酸土藓[Oxystegus cylindricus（Brid.）Hilp.]、硬叶扭口藓[Barbula rigidula（Hedw.）Mild.]和齿边异齿藓[Regmatodon serrulatus（Dozy et Molk.）Bosch et Lac.]及其基质中的Cu、Zn、Ca、Mg、Cd、Pb、Hg和As8种元素进行测定及分析,并计算出富集系数。结果表明,两铜矿Cu、Zn、Cd和Hg的背景值均超标,特别是Hg和Cu的平均含量分别是其标准值的10.28倍和2.33倍。长箐沟铜矿受Hg污染较重,坝口铜矿比长箐沟铜矿含Cu高。Cu-Cd、Zn-Ca、Ca-Pb和Hg-As均在0.05水平显著相关,Zn-Pb在0.01水平显著相关。Cu-Cd、Zn-Pb和Hg-As均产生协同效应。Zn-Ca和Ca-Pb均产生拮抗效应。富集系数有显著意义。4种藓类植物对Cu、Cd和Pb的吸收能力均是同一水平,可以作为指示植物,构成藓类植物组合来鉴别富集Cu、Cd和Pb的矿区。可利用卷叶丛本藓作为特征植物降低矿区As的污染。     

喀斯特山区公路石漠化边坡苔藓生态功能

苔藓植物是喀斯特山区公路石漠化边坡的主要植物,其水分保持及重金属富集研究较少。选取黔S305省道石漠化边坡典型路段久长-开阳路段苔藓及其基质样品,研究苔藓对石漠化边坡水土保持能力及其对大气重金属(Pb、Zn、Cd)富集能力。结果显示:研究区内记录藓类植物5科12属33种,优势种为真藓、北地对齿藓、芽胞银藓、小酸土藓和缺齿小石藓,苔藓相对丰富度与石漠化边坡面积呈负相关。5种优势苔藓植物饱和吸水率为849%～1474%,成土率为464%～1025%,饱和吸水量是4.56×104～2.63×105kg·hm-2,成土量为4.01×104～2.45×105kg·hm-2。Pb、Zn、Cd在苔藓中的含量分别是基质中含量的2.25、3.98和2.49倍。基质中Pb、Zn、Cd的含量为16.86、54.58和0.30 mg·kg-1,均低于贵州省土壤环境背景值。相关分析显示,苔藓内Pb、Zn、Cd 3种元素与基质间相关性不显著(P0.05)。喀斯特石漠化边坡苔藓不仅具有较强的水土保持能力,而且对汽车尾气中重金属元素富集能力强,对喀斯特山区公路两侧生态环境及其环境净化具有重要作用。     

四种金花茶组植物叶片金属元素含量及富集特性研究

以四种金花茶组植物为研究对象,采用原子吸收光谱法和原子荧光法,测定其嫩叶、老叶及对应土壤中Mg、Ca、Mn、Fe、Zn、Ni、Se、Pb、Cd、Hg、As共11种元素的含量,并分别计算嫩叶和老叶对土壤金属元素的富集系数.结果表明:(1)4种金花茶组植物叶片富含Mg、Ga、Mn、Fe、Zn、Ni等营养元素,各元素在叶片中含量为Ca>Mg>Mn>Fe>Zn>Ni>Se;Pb、Cd、As、Hg等重金属元素含量较低,均达到无公害茶叶标准.(2)老叶和嫩叶中各金属元素含量差异较大,老叶中的Ca、Mn、Fe、Zn、Pb、Cd、Hg、As、Se元素含量均大于嫩叶,尤以Ca、Mn、Fe差异显著;嫩叶中的Mg和Ni含量大于老叶.(3)金花茶组植物对不同金属元素的富集能力不同,对各元素富集能力强弱为Ca、Mn、Mg>Zn、Ni、Hg>Pb、Se>Fe、As,老叶和嫩叶的富集规律存在差异.(4)不同金花茶组植物对金属元素的富集能力有较大差异,龙州金花茶(Camellia longzhouensis)和黄花抱茎茶(C.murauchii)对Mg、Ca、Mn、Zn、Ni、Se、Pb的富集能力均大于金花茶(C.nitidissima)和毛籽金花茶(C.ptilosperma).其中,龙州金花茶对Mg、Mn、Se的富集能力最强,黄花抱茎茶对Ca、Pb、Hg富集能力最强,金花茶对Hg的富集能力较强,对其它元素的富集能力均较弱;毛籽金花茶对Ca、Mn、Ni、Zn的富集能力均最弱.该研究结果为金花茶组植物的进一步开发和利用提供了理论依据.     

黔西南红土型金矿硬叶小金发藓对几种金属元素的吸收、富集特征

利用原子吸收法测定黔西南红土型金矿硬叶小金发藓(Pogonmon neesii(C.Muell)Dozy)植株及其土壤中的Au、Pb、Cu、、Zn、Ca、Mg、Hg和As等8种金属元素含量,并分析它们之间的相关性及植物对金属的富集能力.结果表明:硬叶小金发藓体内的金属元素含量普遍较高,对不同金属元素的吸收、富集具有较大的差异,Ca-Mg呈极显著正相关,Cu-Zn、Hg-As呈显著正相关.该植物对Hg和As均具有强烈的富集作用.     

张家湾子金矿苔藓植物物种多样性及其对重金属污染的监测

调查了贵州省张家湾子金矿苔藓植物,并利用原子荧光光谱仪AF-640和AAnalyst800原子吸收光谱仪,对重污染区、相对污染区和清洁区苔藓植物优势种及土壤基质6种重金属元素(Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb、Hg、As)含量进行测定.在该金矿共采集苔藓样品75份,鉴定为9科16属23种.优势科为丛藓科和真藓科,生活型主要有4种:矮丛集型、高丛集型、交织型和平铺型,矮丛集型以80.3％占绝对优势.重金属含量测定结果表明,该矿区受Hg、As、Cd污染严重;硬叶净口藓对Cd的富集系数为5.58,属于强烈富集;匐灯藓对Cd富集系数为1.64,属于相对富集.苔藓与土壤重金属含量呈正相关,苔藓植物能监测该矿区重金属污染.     

干旱半干旱地区生物结皮层藓类植物氨基酸和营养物质组成特征及适应性分析

通过对生长在干旱-半干旱地区的藓类体内的氨基酸组成及含量变化、营养元素含量变化和可溶性糖含量变化及藓类结皮土壤相应营养元素含量变化的分析,以揭示藓类的营养组成特征及对环境的适应性机制。研究样地选择在内蒙古鄂尔多斯高原的典型草原区和宁夏腾格里沙漠南缘的草原化荒漠区。通过实验,从藓类植物体内检测出17种氨基酸,表明其体内的氨基酸组成大部分与高等植物相同,其中天门冬氨酸、谷氨酸、丙氨酸、亮氨酸和精氨酸的含量最高,约占总氨基酸的50%。脯氨酸含量在所有氨基酸中处于较低水平,平均只占氨基酸总量的3.12%。草原化荒漠区与典型草原区分布真藓平均总氨基酸含量均大于土生对齿藓,两地区间真藓有10种氨基酸(包括脯氨酸)含量有显著性均数差异(p<0.05),而土生对齿藓只有脯氨酸有显著性差异(p<0.05)。赖氨酸、精氨酸含量在两个地区各种藓类体内有相对稳定的含量,没有显著差异,而脯氨酸的含量在同一地区没有显著的差异,但在不同地区却有显著性差异。藓类体内营养元素显著高于结皮层土壤,表明苔藓植物有很强的元素富集能力,其中N含量最高,P含量最低。不同种类植物体内营养元素Ca、Mg、K的含量存在差异,表明藓类植物对金属营养元素有很强的选择吸收能力。元素相对利用能力(植物/土壤),K最大,P最小,Ca、Mg因种类不同存在差异。N/P比率在草原化荒漠区分别为真藓10.25,刺叶赤藓13.59,土生对齿藓15.78;在典型草原区分别为真藓11.91,土生对齿藓10.55,盐土藓11.37,可知N、P在干旱区不是藓类植物生长的限制因子。元素之间的相关分析表明N和P,Ca和Mg明显相关(p<0.05),而K和Ca、Mg之间则显著负相关(p<0.01),表明K和Ca、Mg之间存在制约关系。可溶性糖和脯氨酸含量分析表明,随降雨量增加二者含量明显呈现递减趋势,说明脯氨酸、可溶性糖的含量与苔藓植物的抗旱性有一定的关系。     

不同土壤生境下斑茅对重金属的富集特征

为了筛选Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd多重金属离子的富集植物,对不同土壤生境(铜铁矿、钨矿、铅锌矿和无矿场污染)的优势种斑茅(Saccharum arundinaceum(Retz.)Jeswiet)对Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd离子富集情况进行了调查。结果表明,斑茅对Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd离子有富集优势并以Cu富集显著,斑茅根系土壤与斑茅地上部Cu含量存在相关性(P<0.05),斑茅对Pb和Cd的富集与转运存在极显相关性(P<0.01);在强酸、多金属污染弃耕农田土壤中,斑茅不仅符合Cu超富集植物的特征,而且其对Zn、Pb和Cd3种重金属的富集系数和转运系数均>1。在Cd、Cu、Pb和Zn均低于国家土壤环境质量二级标准(GB15618-1995)的弃耕农田中,斑茅对Cu、Zn和Cd的富集系数均>1。研究表明,斑茅可以作为Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd多金属污染土壤的富集植物进行人工修复。     

深圳福田红树植物群落特征及金属元素分布状况

通过对深圳福田红树林群落特征的研究,对红树植物的区系组成、群落的外貌和结构、群落的主要类型和分布进行了概述,并对该红树林中的桐花树+秋茄+白骨壤+老鼠簕+海漆混交群落林地土壤和红树植物的金属元素分布进行分析。结果发现,该林地土壤金属元素含量分布具有一定规律性,元素K、Na、Ca、Mg在各层土壤中分布均匀;必需金属元素Fe、Mn在各层土壤中含量变化不明显;非必需重金属元素Cr、Ni、Pb、Hg、Cd和必需元素Zn、Cu含量从底层至表层逐步提高;金属元素在该林地红树植物中分布也具有一定规律性,元素K、Na、Ca、Mg在五种红树植物的不同部位均大量存在;必需金属元素Fe、Mn、Zn、Cu在各种红树植物中含量FeMnZnCu;非必需重金属元素Cr、Ni、Pb、Hg、Cd在各种红树植物中含量表现出差异性,秋茄和海漆中Ni含量较大,白骨壤中Pb含量最大,桐花树中Cr含量最大,老鼠簕Cu含量最大,Cd和Hg在五种红树植物中含量都最低;植物中金属元素含量分布和土壤中金属元素含量分布具有相关性。     

公路绿化植物油松(Pinus tabulaeformis)和小叶杨(Populus simonii)对重金属元素的吸收与积累

对内蒙古西部公路绿化植物油松（Pinus tabulaeformis）、小叶杨（Populus simonii）及其根际土壤中重金属元素（Cd、Hg、Pb、Cu、Zn、Ni、Cr）和类金属元素（As和Se）含量以及根际土壤重金属（Cu、Zn、Pb、Ni和Cr）形态、土壤pH值进行了测定。对比分析了公路沿线不同绿化植物及其不同器官对重金属元素的吸收与积累特征。结果表明：绿化植物根际土壤对重金属元素的吸附及污染程度以Cd为最高。随原子序数的递增,小叶杨和油松两种植物的根部和茎叶两种营养器官中重金属的含量均表现出“N”字形变动趋势。而且重金属元素在不同植物不同器官中的含量具有Zn〉Cu〉Ni,Cr,As,Pb〉Cd〉Hg的基本规律。小叶杨茎叶对重金属元素Cr、Ni和Pb的富集能力较根部为强,油松茎叶对重金属元素Cr、Ni、Cu和Pb的富集能力较根部为强。绿化植物根际土壤重金属元素有效态占总量百分比的大小序列为Zn〉Pb〉Ni、Cr〉Cu,与重金属元素在不同植物不同器官中的含量大小序列Zn〉Cu〉Ni、Cr、As、Pb〉Cd〉Hg并非趋于一致。公路绿化植物对根际土壤中重金属元素的吸收和积累与重金属元素有效态所占的比例有关。     

Distribution of N,P, K,Ca, Mg,S, Zn,Fe, Mn and Cu in groundnut

Summary Concentration of N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S in summer groundnut crop was higher than in kharif while Zn, Fe, Mn and Cu contents were higher in summer crop. Kernel's N, P and Zn; Leaflet's Ca and Mn; Stem's K and Fe; Root's S and Cu and Petiole's Mg contents were highest. Shell's N, P, K, Mg, S, Zn and Cu; Kernel's Ca, Fe and Mn contents were the least. N, P, K, S, Zn and Cu concentrations decreased linearly as the crop grew. Ca, Mg, Fe and Mn concentrations did not display any distinct pattern. Ca concentration was positively correlated with pod yield in both the seasons.     

Uniform hypothesis of cell behavior--movement, contact inhibition of movement, adhesion, chemotaxis, phagocytosis, pinocytosis, division, contact inhibition of division, fusion.

The cell has been represented as a charged liquid drop. Contrary to the DLVO-theory, the effect of the surface potential upon the value of the interfacial tension of the cell membrane has also been taken into consideration. The cell membrane has visco-elastic properties and its constituents may move against each other. Cell movement is caused by the appearance of a small number of the electrically charged constituents of the cell membrane on the leading edge of the cell. This produces a local decrease in the surface tension and the cell membrane expansion. At the moment of contact between two cells proton transfers occur between the strongly negatively charged microvilli of one cell and the body of the other, analogous to a condenser breakdown. This, through the effect on the surface tension, causes contact inhibition of movement. The distribution of the proton dissociable groups modifies the interaction between the cells (differentiation) and between the cell and the substratum (adhesion). Adsorption of the charged compounds at the surface of the cell membrane, decreasing the surface potential and increasing the surface tension, causes the phenomena of chemotaxis, phagocytosis and pinocytosis. Cell division, considered in the terms of the surface energy, requires an adequate supply of considerable quantities of energy inversely proportional to the surface potential value. In case of a reduction of the distance between the cells, their surface potential and the energetic barrier of the cell division processes increases, and causes contact inhibition of cell division. Due to their high charge, division of neoplastic cells is inhibited much later than division of normal cells, or is completely ininhibited due to geometric conditions. Fusion of the cell membrane in the intra-cellular and intercellular processes is a reverse process in relation to the cell division.     

The effect of malathion,diazinon, and various concentrations of zinc,copper, nickel,lead, iron,and mercury on fish

Acute and chronic toxicity tests for malathion, diazinon, copper (Cu), mercury (Hg), lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), nickel (Ni), and iron (Fe) were conducted. Mortalities ofBarilius vagra andCyprinus carpio (common carp) were variable but LC50-96 hr were similar for pesticides. AdultB. vagra seem to be more sensitive to malathion than juvenile carp. Both juvenile carp and adultB. vagra were extremely sensitive to diazinon. Long-term exposure to pesticides modified morphology and behavior. The LC50-96 values for Cu, Hg, and Pb were 0.3, 0.16, and 0.44, respectively, for smaller fish and 1.0, 0.77, and 1.33, respectively, for larger fish. Replicate LC50 values for Zn, Ni, and Fe were somewhat variable, and for these metals, the size of the fish seemed to affect response because LC50 values increased as fish size increased. Cooper, Pb, Zn, and Fe residues following exposure to sublethal concentrations of these metals for 15 d were significantly greater in whole juvenile common carp than in controls.     

The Effect of Age and Gender on Al, B, Ba, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Mn, Na, P, S, Sr, V, and Zn Contents in Rib Bone of Healthy Humans

The effect of age and gender on major, minor, and trace element contents in the intact rib bone of 80 relatively healthy 15–55-year-old women and men was investigated. Contents or upper limit of contents of 16 chemical elements in the rib bone were determined by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). Mean values (M?±?SΕΜ) for the mass fraction of Ba, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Na, P, S, Sr, and Zn (milligram per kilogram of dry bone) were as follows: 2.54?±?0.16, 171,400?±?4,050, 1.35?±?0.22, 140?±?11, 1,874?±?71, 0.049?±?0.011, 2,139?±?38, 5,378?±?88, 75,140?±?1,660, 1,881?±?51, 291?±?20, and 92.8?±?1.5, respectively. The upper limits of contents of Al, B, Mn, and V were <7.20, <0.65, <0.36, and <0.03, respectively. Statistically significant tendency for the Ca, Mg, and P content to decrease with age was found in the human rib bone, regardless of gender. The mass fraction of Fe in the male rib bone increases with age. It was shown that higher Ca, Mg, Na, P, and Sr mass fractions as well as lower Fe content were typical of female ribs as compared to those in male ribs.     

Further studies of the sieve-element plastids of theCaryophyllales includingBarbeuia,Corrigiola, Lyallia,Microtea, Sarcobatus,andTelephium

The sieve-element plastids of 69 species of theCaryophyllales were investigated by transmission electron microscopy. All contained the specific subtype-P3 plastids characterized by a peripheral ring of protein filaments. The presence or absence of an additional central protein crystal and their shape being either polygonal or globular as well as the average sizes of the sieve-element plastids are useful features in the characterization of some families.—Barbeuia contains sieve-element plastids that confirm its placement within thePhytolaccaceae. Lyallia differs fromHectorella by including small starch grains in their sieve-element plastids, which otherwise by their globular crystals negate a closer connection to theCaryophyllaceae. The lack of a central protein crystal in its form-P3fs plastids placesMicrotea best within theChenopodiaceae. Sarcobatus, a so far uncontested member of theChenopodiaceae, contains form-P3cf plastids, i.e., including a central crystal not found elsewhere in this family.Telephium andCorrigiola, shifted back and forth betweenMolluginaceae andCaryophyllaceae, have form-P3cf(s) plastids with a polygonal crystal which favor their placement within theCaryophyllaceae.     

Translocation of radionuclides of Co, Zn, Se, Rb, Y, Tc, and Re into organs of tomato plant via roots

The translocation of the radionuclides of Co, Zn, Se, Rb, Y, Tc, and Re into red and green fruits, flesh, seeds, rind, calyxes, flower, leaves, and stems via the root of the tomato plant at two different growth stages was studied by a multitracer technique. The contents (%/g) of Co, Zn, Se, and Y in the roots were the highest among the organs, but only small amounts of them were translocated into the aerial parts after 5 d cultivation with a multitracer. In contrast, Rb, Tc, and Re showed rapid translocation into the stems and leaves from the root. In the plants cultivated for 95 d with a multitracer, Zn, Se, and Rb distributed in all of the organs, Co in the organs except for flowers, and Y, Tc, and Re in the limited organs. The translocation ratio of the elements for the edible part of the plants cultivated for 95 d decreased in the order of Rb>Zn>Co≈Se>Tc≈Y>Re. The transfer factor of the elements for tomato fruit was determined to be in the range of 10⁻⁵–10⁻². The characteristic translocation behavior of the elements gives us fundamental information on the assessment of pollutant uptake by the tomato plant.     

Simultaneous measurement of the trace elements Al, As, B, Be, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Li, Mn, Mo, Ni, Rb, Se, Sr, and Zn in human serum and their reference ranges by ICP-MS

The goal of this article was to establish reference ranges of the concentration of trace elements in human serum and to compare these results with those reported by other authors. We describe the sample preparation and measurement conditions that allow the rapid, precise, and accurate determination of Al, As, B, Be, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Li, Mn, Mo, Ni, Rb, Se, Sr, and Zn in human serum samples (n=110) by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Accuracy and precision were determined by analyzing three reconstituted reference serum samples by comparison with other methods and by the standard addition procedure. The advantages of the ICP-MS method include short time of analysis of the elements mentioned, low detection limit, high precision, and high accuracy. Disadventages include a high risk of contamination due to the presence of some of the elements of interest in the environment, the relatively delicate sample handling, and the high cost of the equipment.