抗病毒噬菌体抗体库研究进展

噬菌体抗体库技术是基于噬菌体表面展示技术发展起来的一项基因抗体工程新技术.它将含亿万种基因的抗体可变区基因库转化成展示在噬菌体表面的蛋白库,不仅使对于具备所需属性的单克隆抗体筛选能更方便、快速、高效地在体外进行,还开辟了单克隆抗体人源化的新途径,揭开了人类单克隆抗体生产的历史新篇章.本文综述了近年来针对各种病毒的噬菌体抗体库的构建、筛选方法以及其在各种病毒性疾病研究中的最新进展.     

中华民族永生细胞库在生命科学研究中的支撑作用

人类样品是生物医学研究必需的物质基础。B淋巴母细胞系(LCL)是利用Epstein-Barr(EB)病毒转化人的B细胞获得,制备简便,可以无限繁殖,是非常便捷的保存人类样品的形式。中华民族永生细胞库保藏有中国各个民族群体的LCL。目前,已经有详实的LCL的性质研究以及关于LCL的全基因组数据,因而, LCL已经广泛应用于遗传学、免疫学、药学基因组学、再生医学、癌症发生与免疫治疗、筛选制备全人单克隆中和抗体及EB病毒致病机理等研究领域。本文对LCL的特性以及LCL在上述研究领域中的应用进行了综述,最后对中华民族永生细胞库的保藏内容做了简单介绍,以促进广大科研人员进一步了解该细胞库的科研价值,充分发挥该库保藏资源在基础科学、生物医学研究中的科技支撑作用。     

人源化抗体研究历程及发展趋势

单克隆抗体从问世到目前广泛应用于临床,经历了一段曲折的发展历程。其中人源化抗体是一个重要的里程碑,并伴随着一系列重大的技术革新,如PCR技术、抗体库技术、转基因动物等。人源化抗体的形式也从最初的嵌合抗体、改型抗体等逐步发展为今天的人抗体。抗体人源化已经成为治疗性抗体的发展趋势,同时各种抗体衍生物也不断涌现,它们从不同角度克服抗体本身的应用局限,也为治疗人类疾病提供了更多利器。对单克隆抗体进行改造使之应用于临床治疗,不仅需要对抗体效应机制进行更细致深入的研究,同时还有赖于对人类免疫系统调控机制的全面精确认识。     

单克隆抗体的研究进展

单克隆抗体是一种由骨髓瘤细胞和带有抗体的B淋巴细胞结合形成的杂交瘤细胞,简称单抗。首先,本文对单克隆抗体的研究发展历程进行了分析和探讨,指出单克隆抗体的发展历程包括鼠源性单抗、嵌合抗体、人源化抗体以及人源性抗体这四大阶段,分别对其优缺点进行了说明;接下来,又对单克隆抗体在临床上的应用进行了说明,从疾病诊断方面及疾病的治疗两方面进行探讨。     

噬菌体抗体库技术的研究进展及应用

噬菌体抗体库技术是继噬菌体展示技术发展而来的一项基因抗体工程新技术。它可将含不同物种全部抗体可变区基因的基因库转化成展示在噬菌体表面的蛋白库,不仅使单克隆抗体的生产更方便、快速、高效地在体外进行,还开辟了单克隆抗体人源化的新途径,促进了人类单克隆抗体生产的发展。就近年来噬菌体抗体库技术的基因来源、发展关键及抗体应用的研究作一综述。     

从混合的噬菌体抗体库中直接筛选高亲和性的抗肿瘤坏死因子-α人源单克隆抗体

采用噬菌体抗体库技术,从未经免疫的混合人噬菌体抗体库直接筛选抗ＴＮＦα的人源单克隆抗体,３种不同的检测手段表明,经过５轮的筛选,能够与ＴＮＦα结合的噬菌体抗体得到了有效的富集。对所获得的噬菌体抗体克隆进行的初步鉴定表明,７个噬菌体抗体克隆能有效地与人重组ＴＮＦα结合,并且这种结合具有特异性,由这７个噬菌体抗体克隆制备的抗体Ｆａｂ片段也能有效地与ＴＮＦα结合。由此,我们通过噬菌体抗体技术直接获得了ＴＮＦα的人源单克隆抗体,这为进一步制备具有临床应用前景的人源抗ＴＮＦα单克隆抗体打下了基础。     

抗体制备技术的研究进展

自从第一个单克隆抗体产生以来,单抗已广泛地应用于疾病的诊治上。为了克服传统的鼠源性单抗存在的弊端,随着分子生物学和细胞生物学的快速发展,单克隆抗体的制备技术取得了比较大的进展,包括对鼠源性单抗的改造,人源性单抗的研制及对抗体分子结构和功能的改造,尤其是以噬菌体抗体库技术,核糖体展示技术和转基因／转染色体小鼠技术为代表的人源性单抗制备技术的研制最为瞩目。本文就单克隆抗体制备技术的研究进展做一综述。     

人源化单克隆抗体研究进展

尽管通过几种展示文库和转基因小鼠已经可以制备人源单克隆抗体,但是人源化鼠源单克隆抗体使之用于人体治疗仍为抗体研究领域的热点。本文总结了单克隆抗体人源化的几种方法,并对其将来的发展进行了展望。     

抗体库技术

基因工程抗体可称为第三代抗体,其较前两代抗体有免疫原性低,用途多样等优点。其中抗体库技术又较另两种基因工程抗体（嵌合抗体,改型抗体）优越,可不经免疫制备抗体,又可实现完全人源化,理论上若构建出有足够库容量及多样性的抗体库,便可从中筛选任何抗原的单克隆抗体。该技术有可能取代杂交瘤技术,本文综述了抗体库技术的产生,发展,优点及应用前景等。     

单个B细胞抗体制备技术及应用

单克隆抗体是现代生命科学研究的重要工具,为许多领域的发展作出了不可估量的贡献。随着PCR技术和单克隆抗体技术的发展和成熟,单个B细胞抗体制备技术迅速兴起。该技术能够对单个的抗原特异性B细胞进行抗体基因的体外克隆和表达,保证了轻重链可变区的天然配对,相较于传统的抗体制备技术具有效率高、全人源、基因多样性更丰富等优势。单个B细胞抗体制备技术已成为制备全人抗体的热门方法,同时也促进了包括抗体发生成熟、疫苗保护机制、疫苗开发、肿瘤及自身免疫疾病等免疫学相关研究。文中就单个B细胞抗体制备技术的过程及应用作简要综述。     

分泌抗PRRSV抗体的猪源单克隆B细胞永生化方法的建立

猪繁殖与呼吸综合征(porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome,PRRS)是由猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒(porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus,PRRSV)引起的高度接触性传染疾病,对社会经济造成重大损失。目前并未获得有效的中和抗体应用于科研及治疗中,所以建立一种筛选具有中和活性的单克隆抗体的方法,对PRRSV防治及抗原位点筛选具有重要意义。单克隆抗体在人类和动物的众多疾病治疗及诊断中得到广泛应用,而针对不同病原如何筛选出有效的中和抗体是目前急需解决的问题。在单克隆抗体筛选的众多方法中,B细胞永生化方法是一种有效的且大概率能获得单克隆中和抗体的方法。通过将bcl-6和bcl-xl两个基因中间通过f2a序列连接后构建到一个载体上,进行逆转录病毒包装。包装成熟的逆转录病毒感染免疫PRRSV的猪源淋巴细胞,并使用加入CD40L和IL21细胞因子的完全培养基培养,然后使用CD21作为筛选标记通过磁珠法进行B细胞筛选,最后对筛选得到的B细胞单克隆化并进行检测,验证是否有抗体分泌。结果显示,构建的质粒不论单独转染还是与病毒包装时的两种质粒共同转染,均可以成功表达,且包装病毒可成功感染细胞。感染后的淋巴细胞可以检测到抗体分泌,进一步筛选得到的B细胞也可以检测到抗体分泌。因此,本研究成功建立了一种针对PRRSV的单克隆抗体筛选方法。     

Strategies for the design and use of tumor-reactive human monoclonal antibodies

Human hybridomas secreting monoclonal antibodies (MoAb) reactive with tumor cell antigens were produced in our laboratory by the immortalization of UC 729-6 with B lymphocytes isolated from regional draining lymph nodes of cancer patients. MoAbs were purified from the hybridoma supernates by standard biochemical procedures for in vivo studies and by affinity methods for in vitro experiments. Using a novel method in the preparation of slides containing adherent tumor cells, immunoreactivities of the MoAbs were evaluated by an indirect immunofluorescence assay. Based on this data, human MoAbs can, therefore, be used as research reagents.     

Recent advances in the generation of human monoclonal antibody

The use of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) has now gained a niche as an epochal breakthrough in medicine. Engineered antibodies (Abs) currently account for over 30% of biopharmaceuticals in clinical trials. Several methods to generate human mAbs have evolved, such as (1) immortalization of antigen-specific human B cell hybridoma technology, (2) generation of chimeric and humanized antibody (Ab) from mouse Ab by genetic engineering, (3) acquisition of antigen-specific human B cells by the phage display method, and (4) development of transgenic mice for producing human mAbs. Besides these technologies, we have independently developed a method to generate human mAbs by combining the method of in vitro immunization using peripheral blood mononuclear cells and the phage display method. In this paper, we review the developments in these technologies for generating human mAbs.     

Molecular biotherapy with human monoclonal antibodies

Human monoclonal antibodies are theoretically superior to murine monoclonal antibodies for many reasons. However, there are many hurdles in their preparation and clinical use, including the source of B lymphocytes, immortalization techniques, screening methods, scale-up limitations, purification steps, and the problems associated with conjugating to cytotoxic substances. Chimeric mouse/human antibodies are an alternative approach. Optimum clinical utilization will require a better understanding of target antigens and the ability to formulate cocktails.     

Mining human antibody repertoires

Human monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have become drugs of choice for the management of an increasing number of human diseases. Human antibody repertoires provide a rich source for human mAbs. Here we review the characteristics of natural and non-natural human antibody repertoires and their mining with non-combinatorial and combinatorial strategies. In particular, we discuss the selection of human mAbs from naïve, immune, transgenic and synthetic human antibody repertoires using methods based on hybridoma technology, clonal expansion of peripheral B cells, single-cell PCR, phage display, yeast display and mammalian cell display. Our reliance on different strategies is shifting as we gain experience and refine methods to the efficient generation of human mAbs with superior pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties.Key words: human monoclonal antibodies, B cells, hybridoma technology, display technologies, antibody libraries, antibody engineering     

A novel platform to produce human monoclonal antibodies: The next generation of therapeutic human monoclonal antibodies discovery

A new technology has been developed by immunologix that allows human antibodies to be quickly generated against virtually any antigen. Using a novel process, naïve human B cells are isolated from tonsil tissue and transformed with efficiency up to 85%, thus utilizing a large portion of the human VDJ/VJ repertoire. Through ex vivo stimulation, the B cells class switch and may undergo somatic hypermutation, thus producing a human “library” of different IgG antibodies that can then be screened against any antigen. Since diversity is generated ex vivo, sampling immunized or previously exposed individuals is not necessary. Cells producing the antibody of interest can be isolated through limiting dilution cloning and the human antibody from the cells can be tested for biological activity. No humanization is necessary because the antibodies are produced from human B cells. By eliminating immunization and humanization steps and screening a broadly diverse library, this platform should reduce both the cost and time involved in producing therapeutic monoclonal antibody candidates.Key words: human, antibody, monoclonal, novel platform, naïve, B cell, therapeutic     

Monoclonal antibodies against Mycoplasma hyorhinis: A secondary effect of immunization with cultured cells

Monoclonal antibodies were prepared against two different human tumour cell lines, the melanoma cell line SK-Mel-25 and the acute lymphoblastic leukemia T cell line CCRF-CEM. Presence of antibodies against human tumour cells in the supernatants of hybridoma cultures was tested by binding of ¹²⁵I-F(ab′)₂ anti-mouse IgG. On two occasions a hybridoma culture, initially selected for subsequent cloning as it seemingly produced antibodies against tumour cells, was later found to produce monoclonal antibodies specific for Mycoplasma hyorhinis. In immunofluorescent staining patchy structures were visible which seemed to be attached to the cell surface. By combined staining with FITC-conjugated anti-mouse immunoglobulin for monoclonal antibody, Evans blue for cytoplasm and Hoechst compound no. 33258 for DNA, the reaction against mycoplasma could be recognized. These results demonstrate that if cultured cells are used for preparation of monoclonal antibodies, there is a good chance that the selected hybridomas may produce antibodies against ‘culture artifacts’ such as mycoplasmas, in addition to the target antigens. Thus mycoplasma contamination of cell cultures poses a serious problem in the hybridoma research and the testing system for antibody specificity should be carefully monitored.     

The in vitro antibody response to cell surface antigens. II. Monoclonal antibodies to human leukemia cells.

A method has been developed for the production of monoclonal mouse antibody responses in vitro against human cell surface antigens. Limiting numbers of immune spleen cells were transferred to syngeneic, irradiated recipients whose spleen fragments were then cultured in vitro and stimulated to produce antibody. The majority of the antibody from any one fragment culture was likely to be the product of a single donor B cell and thus monoclonal. Evidence for this included a linear relationship between donor cell transferred and spleen fragments producing antibody, extremely restricted isoelectric focusing patterns of the individual antibody products, and unique reactivity patterns of these antibodies against a panel of human lymphoid cells. Different human B leukemia cells were seen as immunogenically distinct by the mouse. By using the monoclonal mouse antibodies as probes, a fine analysis of cell surface antigens is jow possible.     

Monoclonal antibodies to monoamine oxidase B and another mitochondrial protein from human liver.

A monoclonal antibody has been generated to human liver monoamine oxidase (MAO) B by fusion of mouse myeloma cells with spleen cells from a mouse immunized with a mixture of semi-purified MAO A and MAO B. The antibody, 3F12/G10, an immunoglobulin G1, reacts with its antigen in cryostat sections of human liver, showing an intracellular particulate distribution as demonstrated by immunoperoxidase staining. The antibody indirectly precipitates [3H]pargyline-labelled human MAO B both from liver and platelet extracts but fails to precipitate MAO A from liver extracts. The antibody does not recognise rat liver MAO B, showing that the determinant is not universally expressed on MAO B. The antibody has no effect on the catalytic activity of MAO B. Other monoclonal antibodies were generated but they are directed to a protein with a subunit Mr of 54 000, a contaminant of the MAO preparation. One of these antibodies, A8/C2, an IgG2a, reacts with the same protein in both rat and human liver extracts.