利用红色荧光蛋白分析里氏木霉合成纤维素酶的机理

以红色荧光蛋白作为报告蛋白研究了里氏木霉的纤维素酶合成机理。构建了里氏木霉的表达盒,通过该表达盒使红色荧光蛋白的基因整合到里氏木霉的基因组DNA上,并受纤维二糖水解酶基因启动子的调控,得到重组菌株T.reeseiTR2。在不同的条件下培养T.reeseiTR2,红色荧光蛋白的表达情况可以反映在不同条件下里氏木霉合成纤维素酶的情况。在诱导的情况下,红色荧光蛋白随时间变化的情况与培养液中纤维素酶活性的变化相似,培养至36h后可以观察到荧光,并且不断增强,到菌丝自溶时荧光减弱。另一方面,诱导后里氏木霉菌丝的各个部位均可以观察到荧光,而且分布均匀,表明菌丝的各个部位在纤维素酶合成过程中所起的作用相同。在非诱导的情况下,培养时间较长时也可以观察到较弱的荧光,表明在此条件下里氏木霉仍可以合成少量的纤维素酶,这一结果为解释纤维素诱导里氏木霉合成纤维素酶的机理提供了另一个试验依据。     

里氏木霉产纤维素酶研究进展

木质纤维素类生物质被认为是重要且可持续的可再生能源,其主要组成部分是纤维素。纤维素酶是一种能将纤维素分解为葡萄糖的复合酶,能有效地降解木质纤维素生物质。真菌、细菌、放线菌、酵母等多种微生物均可以产生纤维素酶,其中里氏木霉具有完整的纤维素酶系结构,常作为生物技术领域中一个重要菌株,广泛应用于纤维素酶的商业生产。介绍了纤维素酶的作用机理,综述了里氏木霉产纤维素酶的发展现状和研究进展,讨论了生产工艺(如培养条件及产酶诱导物等)对纤维素酶生产的影响,阐述了通过化学诱变及基因改造构建高产纤维素酶的里氏木霉的研究进展以及纤维素酶生产的主要瓶颈,以提供更经济的生产方案,将纤维素酶广泛应用于工业生产。     

筛选最佳生物质材料诱导里氏木霉生产纤维素酶

本研究用小麦、芒草、水稻这三种低木质素突变株材料作为新型诱导物筛选的对象,对三种木质纤维素材料进行成分分析,然后利用它们分别作为诱导物诱导里氏木霉生产纤维素酶,对其诱导产生的酶活力,胞外蛋白含量,糖化能力进行比较。结果表明,对里氏木霉产纤维素酶诱导效果最好的是水稻H*14、芒草W56、小麦Q142。相比于玉米秸秆作为诱导物,水稻H*14单独诱导里氏木霉β-葡萄糖苷酶效果最好,β-葡萄糖苷酶酶活提高了75.2%,滤纸酶活提高了86.6%。相比玉米秸秆作为诱导物,芒草W56单独诱导里氏木霉木聚糖酶的效果最好,木聚糖酶酶活力提高了9.93%,内切葡聚糖酶酶活也提高了30.8%。相比玉米秸秆作为诱导物,小麦Q142诱导里氏木霉的外切葡聚糖酶酶活效果最好,里氏木霉的外切葡聚糖酶酶活提高了88.6%。本研究发现低木质素的木质纤维素材料作为诱导物对里氏木霉诱导产酶效果较好,并且促进真菌胞外蛋白的分泌,诱导纤维素酶酶系平衡分泌,使得纤维素酶糖化水解能力的提高。该研究为今后纤维素酶工业化生产提供参考和帮助。     

丝状真菌纤维素酶合成诱导及转录调控

利用廉价可再生木质纤维素资源水解产生的可发酵糖生产生物能源和生物基化学品是近年来国内外研究的热点。纤维素酶酶解是木质纤维素原料生物降解的重要手段,但目前纤维素酶生产成本过高,限制了纤维素生物转化和生物炼制的工业化应用。对丝状真菌纤维素酶基因表达和调控进行研究,有利于进一步选育纤维素酶高产菌株,降低纤维素酶生产成本。随着高通量测序及丝状真菌遗传操作等技术的进步,对丝状真菌纤维素酶诱导和基因表达调控机理有了更深入的认识。本文综述了近年来丝状真菌纤维素酶诱导和纤维素酶基因表达调控的最新进展,重点论述糖转运蛋白、转录因子和染色质重塑对纤维素酶表达调控的影响,并对利用人工锌指蛋白进行丝状真菌纤维素酶诱导调控研究进行了展望。     

人工锌指蛋白介导调控的里氏木霉纤维素酶生产

里氏木霉Trichoderma reesei Rut-C30是目前研究最广泛的纤维素酶生产菌,选育高产纤维素酶的里氏木霉菌株有助于提高木质纤维素资源生物炼制的经济性。利用人工锌指蛋白文库转化T.reeseiRut-C30,筛选获得了两株高产纤维素酶的突变株T. reesei M1和M2,与出发菌株比较,突变株M1和M2滤纸酶活分别提高100%和53%,且M1突变株外泌蛋白量提高69%,M2内切纤维素酶活提高64%。实时定量PCR分析结果表明,与对照菌株相比,突变株M1和M2中主要纤维素酶基因转录均上调,但不同酶基因在两株菌中有不同的变化特征。此外,纤维素酶抑制转录因子基因ace1在两株突变株中都转录下调,而纤维素酶正调控转录因子基因xyr1仅在M1突变株中上调。以上结果表明,不同人工锌指蛋白对纤维素酶活性的影响具有多样性。对这些突变体中人工锌指蛋白靶基因进行深入分析,为进一步深入探究里氏木霉纤维素酶合成调控的机理,以及利用代谢工程选育更高效的产酶菌株提供了基础。     

丝状真菌红褐肉座菌(Hypocrea jecorina)纤维素酶基因的转录调控研究进展

红褐肉座菌(Hypocrea jecorina,即Trichoderma reesei的有性型)是工业上重要的纤维素酶生产菌株,也是用于研究纤维素酶和半纤维素酶基因转录调控机制的模式菌株。在诱导物存在的条件下,H.jecorina可以迅速启动这些糖苷水解酶基因的转录表达,但不同的诱导物对纤维素酶和半纤维素酶基因的诱导表达模式存在一定差异。目前对不溶性诱导物如结晶纤维素如何诱导这些基因的起始转录问题有3种假设;并且已发现某些参与调控纤维素酶基因转录的正调控因子(Xyr1、Ace2、Hap2/3/5)和负调控因子(Ace1、Cre1),这些调控因子可在纤维素酶基因启动子上结合且彼此间可能发生相互作用。本文系统综述了红褐肉座菌纤维素酶基因转录表达调控中的关键因素及其相互作用的相关研究进展。     

里氏木霉磷酸化蛋白质组的非标记定量分析

目的:利用液相色谱串联质谱和非标定量技术,研究里氏木霉中磷酸化蛋白在不同培养条件下的表达差异,以期获得与纤维素酶表达调控相关的磷酸化蛋白。方法:分别在阻遏条件、诱导条件和中性条件下培养里氏木霉,提取胞内总蛋白,进行酶切和非标记定量分析。结果:对比诱导条件与阻遏条件、诱导条件与中性条件、阻遏条件与中性条件下培养的里氏木霉的胞内蛋白表达量差异,分别发现差异蛋白90、61和90个。根据其功能,可将这些差异蛋白归为四类,即锌指蛋白、ATP结合蛋白、具有N-乙酰化转移酶活性的蛋白以及具有氧化还原酶活性的蛋白。它们主要参与糖酵解、蛋白质合成、DNA修复以及转录调节过程。结论:发现的这些差异蛋白为研究调控纤维素酶的表达调控提供了新的线索。     

里氏木霉组成型表达siRNA干扰cre1基因对纤维素酶表达的调控作用

使用组成型siRNA干扰载体对里氏木霉碳阻遏抑制因子CRE1进行siRNA干扰以研究其对里氏木霉纤维素酶基因表达的调控作用。根据里氏木霉cre1基因序列设计siRNA干扰片段。利用里氏木霉组成型表达载体将干扰片段分别构建至里氏木霉cre1干扰载体并将其转化里氏木霉QM9414。分别在48和144 h对各转化子进行纤维素酶酶活力测试(CMC酶活力测试和滤纸酶活力测试)及利用qPCR检测相关基因的表达。在诱导144 h时转化子的两种酶活力平均约比出发菌株高出1倍。qPCR检测cre1基因的表达结果表明,转化子的cre1表达量比出发菌株平均降低约50%,而ace1基因表达量变化不大。其他纤维素酶相关基因的表达水平也均高于出发菌株。通过组成型表达siRNA干扰里氏木霉cre1基因可以明显调控纤维素酶基因的表达,为研究纤维素酶的基因表达与调控提供参考。     

里氏木霉GH61家族糖苷酶的高效表达及酶学特性研究

【目的】GH61家族糖苷水解酶具有葡聚糖氧化酶活性,通过对葡聚糖链的随机氧化而破坏木质纤维素的结晶结构,从而使木质纤维素容易被纤维素酶降解。重组表达、纯化获得里氏木霉的GH61家族糖苷水解酶(TrGH61,原名为EGⅣ),并研究其在纤维素酶水解木质纤维素中的作用。【方法】通过Overlap PCR将里氏木霉丙酮酸脱羧酶的启动子、纤维二糖水解酶cbh1的信号肽、EGⅣ基因和PDC终止子依次连接构建了里氏木霉的表达盒,通过该表达盒使TrGH61蛋白基因整合到里氏木霉的基因组DNA上进行同源表达。研究表达产物TrGH61的水解活性、与纤维素酶水解协同效应,以及TrGH61作为金属氧化酶的特性研究。【结果】在PDC启动子的作用下,TrGH61得到高效表达,摇瓶培养的表达量达到2.33 g/L。TrGH61有微弱的内切葡萄糖苷酶活性,比活力为0.02 IU/mg,但能显著提高纤维素酶水解稻草粉的活性,协同度最高可达1.998。低浓度的金属离子Cu2+、Co2+和还原性电子供体还原型谷胱甘肽、L-抗坏血酸、焦性没食子酸均能显著促进其水解效应。TrGH61能够降低稻草粉纤维素聚合度和结晶度。【结论】通过PDC启动子可以实现TrGH61蛋白高效组成型表达,TrGH61作为纤维素酶活性促进因子,通过破坏纤维素结晶结构作用机制协同增强纤维素酶水解木质纤维素。     

高效低成本纤维素酶诱导物的制备、筛选及应用

本研究利用玉米芯、甘蔗渣、脱木素木糖渣及粗纤维诱导里氏木霉产纤维素酶,对4种材料进行成份测定,然后以逐步添加的方式与微晶纤维素混合诱导里氏木霉产纤维素酶,和使用微晶纤维素诱导产酶对比,玉米芯含有的纤维素代替总纤维素的50%时,酶活力降低2个单位,蛋白减少0.8 g左右,其酶水解能力降低0.4%,对其产纤维素酶的水解能力没产生不利影响。甘蔗渣纤维素替代量可以达到30%,酶活力有1个单位的降低,蛋白分泌降低0.5 g左右,酶的水解能力提高7%左右。脱木素木糖渣纤维素替代量也可达到50%,酶活力和蛋白降低分别达到0.5个单位和0.2 g左右,酶水解能力降低了4.45%。粗纤维的利用可以达到100%替代,对里氏木霉产酶的酶活力影响有0.3个单位之差,水解能力降低1.625%。这说明这几种物质可以部分替代或者完全替代微晶纤维素,诱导里氏木霉发酵产纤维素酶,特别是由玉米芯和甘蔗渣制备的脱木素木糖渣和粗纤维有着较高的应用前景。该研究对降低纤维素酶的生产成本及其工业化应用具有重要意义。     

Novel inducers derived from starch for cellulase production by Trichoderma reesei

Soluble inducers derived from starch were investigated for cellulase production by T. reesei. Various methods of starch treatment were compared. Acid-hydrolysed starch was found to be most effective. When 1·0 g starch was employed for cellulase production, the cellulase so produced after 6 days of fermentation, with supplementation of 1% (0·01 ml/g paper) β-glucosidase, saccharified more than 15 g shredded waste office paper in 9·34% suspension, resulting in 10 g fermentable sugars, 72% of which was glucose. The effectiveness of the starch-derived inducers was compared with that of lactose, pure cellulose, CMC, xylan and prehydrolysate of pine wood. The effects of calcium chloride and sorbose addition on cellulase production, and the kinetics of cellulase production by the starch-derived inducers are presented.     

Cellulase production by solid state fermentation on lignocellulosic waste from the xylose industry

Cellulase production was carried out by solid state fermentation using corncob residue, a lignocellulosic waste from the xylose industry, as the substrate of Trichoderma reesei ZU-02. The effects of water content, dosage of wheat bran and initial pH value in solid substrate on cellulase synthesis were studied in shallow tray fermentors. The solid substrate could be reused in at least three batches and the highest cellulase activity (158 IFPU/g koji) was obtained in the second fermentation batch. To produce cellulase on a larger scale, a deep trough fermentor with forced aeration was used and 128 IFPU/g koji (305 IFPU/g cellulose) was reached after 5 days solid state fermentation. The enzyme koji produced in the present process can be used directly to hydrolyze corncob residue effectively, when the cellulase dosage was above 20 IFPU/g substrate, the saccharification yield could be over 84%.     

液态发酵条件下拟康宁木霉8985产纤维素酶能力初探

液态发酵条件下,以微晶纤维素为唯一碳源,比较了拟康宁木霉Trichoderma koningiopsis 8985和里氏木霉T. reesei QM9414产纤维素酶的能力。8985发酵12 h开始产生纤维素酶,36 h时酶活达到产酶峰值的50%,此时QM9414尚未诱导产酶。测定8985发酵84 h时上清液中滤纸纤维素酶、羧甲基纤维素酶、β-葡萄糖苷酶和木聚糖酶的酶活分别为1.06、3.62、1.80和6.67 IU/mL,分别是QM9414上述酶活的1.72、1.70、6.35和1.12倍。8985滤纸纤维素酶酶活的最适反应条件为pH 4.5,反应温度50 ℃,在Fe³⁺ (≤ 4 mmol/L)和Cu²⁺ (0-10 mmol/L)存在条件下酶活稳定。     

Cellulase finishing of woven, cotton fabrics in jet and winch machines

Some authors have reported that as the applied agitation rate increases, the apparent activity of the endoglucanases from Trichoderma reesei towards cotton cellulose increases more markedly than does the apparent activity of the cellobiohydrolases. This suggests that the quality of cellulase finishing effects on cellulosic textiles may be machine-type dependent. The present work using total crude, endoglucanase-rich and cellobiohydrolase-rich cellulases from T. reesei confirmed that the final properties of woven, cotton fabrics treated under realistic processing conditions in a jet machine, were measurably and perceivably different from those of the same fabrics, treated using the same processing conditions of temperature, time, pH, enzyme concentration and fabric to liquor ratio, but in a winch machine. The results are interpreted in terms of the effects of agitation rate on the adsorption–desorption behaviour of the T. reesei endoglucanases and cellobiohydrolases.     

Cellulose derivatives: An enzymatic approach to their modification

Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) with different degrees of substitution (DS) and molecular weights (MW) have been successfully hydrolyzed by cellulases sourced from different microorganisms. The extent of enzymatic hydrolysis of CMC was shown to decrease with increasing DS. According to chromatographic analyses, the best enzymatic degradation by the crude enzymic preparations employed was 47% when cellulase T from Trichoderma species acted on a CMC of DS = 0·7. However, the complete hydrolysis, required for a quantitative analysis, was reached when CMCs with DS up to 0·7 were degraded by cellulase P, a purified form of celluclast from Trichoderma reesei.     

Simultaneous saccharification and fermentation of pretreated sugar cane leaves to ethanol

The simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) of pretreated sugar cane leaves to produce ethanol using a cellulolytic enzyme complex from Trichoderma reesei QM 9414 and Saccharomyces cerevisiae NRRL-Y-132 was optimized. Enzymic saccharification parameters were evaluated prior to SSF studies. A 92% conversion of 2·5% substrate (alkaline hydrogen peroxide pretreated) to sugars was achieved at 50°C and pH 4·5, using T. reesei cellulase (40 FPU/g substrate), in 48 h. The pretreated substrate was then subjected to an SSF process using the cellulase complex and S. cerevisiae cells. Optimization of the SSF system is described.     

Production of cellulase by freely suspended and immobilized cells of Trichoderma reesei

Trichoderma reesei (QM 9123) was immobilized within the open porous network of reticulated polyurethane foam matrices, and the growth pattern, glucose consumption and cellulase production were compared with those of freely suspended cells. It was found that the method of immobilization was simple and had no detrimental effect on cell activity. Various production media, to be used after the cultivation of T. reesei were tried. It was found that a nitrogen source-free production medium gave the highest enzyme titers of 1.5 × 10³ FPA U l⁻¹. Similar results were obtained with both freely suspended and immobilized cells.     

Application of microassays for investigation of cellulase abrasive activity and backstaining

Model microassays were used for testing the denim-washing performance and indigo backstaining for Trichoderma reesei and Chrysosporium lucknowense commercial cellulase preparations on a ‘test-tube scale’. C. lucknowense preparation demonstrated a higher potential in the denim biostoning process. The performance of four purified cellulases (two endoglucanases and two cellobiohydrolases) from C. lucknowense on cotton textiles was assayed, and the key enzyme (endoglucanase with a molecular weight of 25 kDa) responsible for high abrasion effects on denim fabrics was found.     

Cellobiohydrolase I (Cel7A) from Trichoderma reesei has chitosanase activity

Cellobiohydrolase CBH I (Cel7A) from the filamentous fungus Trichoderma reesei (TrCBHI), which is a member of glycoside hydrolase family (GHF) 7, was expressed in Aspergillus oryzae. We found that the recombinant enzyme showed significant chitosanase activity, as well as cellulase activity, and acted in an endo-type manner on soluble polymeric substrate. Furthermore, another GHF7 CBH I from Aspergillus aculeatus (AaCBHI) expressed in A. oryzae also had chitosanase activity, while endoglucanase EG I (Cel7B) from T. reesei had no activity towards chitosan. To our knowledge, this is the first report of GHF7 enzymes possessing chitosanase activity.     

Application of response surface methodology to evaluate the influence of temperature and initial pH on the production of β-1,3-glucanase and carboxymethylcellulase from Trichoderma harzianum

Response surface methodology was employed to study the effect of temperature and initial pH on the production of β-1,3-glucanase and carboxymethylcellulase from Trichoderma harzianum in both surface culture and submerged culture experiments. The efficiency of the enzymes in generating protoplasts from Trichoderma reesei mycelium was also studied. Regression analysis was performed on the data obtained. A temperature of 30°C and an initial pH of 4.7 were found to be optimal for β-1,3-glucanase production from T. harzianum in both surface culture and submerged culture processes.