茶蚜龄期划分及各龄期形态特征的识别

【目的】明确茶蚜Toxoptera aurantia虫龄鉴别特征,为准确、快速识别茶蚜龄期提供理论基础。【方法】利用体式显微镜分别对两翅型茶蚜各龄期若蚜和成蚜的体长、体宽、头壳宽、触角长度、腹管长度、尾片长度和后足胫节长度7项指标进行测量。【结果】无翅型和有翅型茶蚜的7个指标在各虫龄中均存在差异。不同龄期无翅型茶蚜体长、后足胫节长度和有翅型茶蚜后足胫节长度在不同龄期若蚜和成蚜间存在部分重叠或无,可用于鉴定茶蚜虫龄。此外,翅基发育程度可用于区分3和4龄若蚜,触角节数可用于区分1和2龄若蚜与其他龄期蚜虫,尾片的外部形态特征可用于区分若蚜和成蚜。【结论】无翅型茶蚜的龄期鉴定主要依据其体长和后足胫节长度,而有翅型茶蚜的龄期鉴定主要依据其后足胫节长度,同时结合胸部翅基发育、不同龄期触角节数及尾片形态等,可准确识别两翅型不同龄期的茶蚜。     

大豆蚜虫龄鉴别特征

【目的】明确大豆蚜Aphis glycines虫龄鉴别特征,达到准确快速识别的目的。【方法】在超景深显微镜观察的基础上,测定无翅与有翅型大豆蚜不同虫龄个体的体长、体宽、头壳宽、触角节数、触角长度、腹管长度、尾片长度和后足胫节长度8项指标。【结果】不同龄期大豆蚜形态特征存在差异,无翅型及有翅型个体的后足胫节长度在各龄期间均无重叠,无翅型个体的尾片长度及有翅型个体的体长、触角长度和尾片长度范围在各龄期间重叠程度较小,均可作为龄期鉴定的重要指标。此外,尾片形状可作为区分若蚜与成蚜的典型形态特征,触角节数可作为区分1龄、2龄若蚜与其他龄期蚜虫的形态特征。【结论】以无翅型个体后足胫节长度和尾片长度及有翅型个体后足胫节长度、体长、触角长度和尾片长度作为大豆蚜龄期鉴定的主要指标,配合触角节数、尾片形状、体宽、腹管长及翅基的发育程度,可准确鉴定不同翅型的各龄期大豆蚜。     

胡萝卜微管蚜孤雌蚜虫龄特征及鉴别

【目的】明确胡萝卜微管蚜Semiaphis heraclei孤雌蚜虫龄的鉴别特征,实现快速和准确识别虫龄的目的。【方法】采用显微成像技术,测量胡萝卜微管蚜孤雌世代无翅型与有翅型不同虫龄的体长、体宽、头壳宽、触角长、中胸宽、腹管长、尾片长和后足胫节长8项指标,采用LSD多重比较方法对8项指标的测量值进行虫龄间方差分析,并将测量值与虫龄数进行线性回归分析。【结果】胡萝卜微管蚜的8个形态特征指标在虫龄间均存在显著差异（P <0.01）,触角长和后足胫节长在无翅型和有翅型的各龄间均无重叠,可作为该种虫龄识别的主要指标;尾片长在无翅型3龄与4龄若蚜间、有翅型4龄若蚜与成蚜间有部分重叠,可作为识别虫龄的的次要指标。根据触角节数可以区分1龄和其它虫龄,尾片发达程度可以区分若蚜和成蚜,中胸膨大具翅芽是有翅型3-4龄若蚜的典型特征。【结论】利用外部形态可以对胡萝卜微管蚜进行龄期鉴别,以触角长和后足胫节长为主要指标,结合尾片长、触角节数、翅芽有无及尾片发达程度等指标可实现对胡萝卜微管蚜孤雌蚜不同翅型虫龄的快速识别。     

豌豆蚜虫龄期特征及鉴别

[目的]为明确豌豆蚜Acyrthosiphon pisum虫龄的鉴别特征,以期达到准确快速识别豌豆蚜龄期的目的.[方法]采用显微成像技术观察并测定不同翅型、不同虫龄个体的体长、体宽、头宽、腹管长度、尾片长度、触角长度和后足胫节长度7项指标.[结果]不同龄期豌豆蚜形态特征存在差异,无翅型与有翅型个体的腹管长度在各龄期间均无重叠,可作为豌豆蚜龄期鉴定的重要指标.后足胫节和触角长度,可以作为龄期划分的辅助指标.此外,触角节数可以用来区分1龄和2龄若蚜,翅基发育程度可以用来区分有翅型豌豆蚜3龄与4龄,尾片的发育程度可作为区分若蚜与成蚜的典型形态特征.[结论]以个体的腹管长度作为豌豆蚜龄期鉴定的主要指标,配合后足胫节长、触角长度、触角节数、尾片与翅基的发育程度,可达到快速鉴定豌豆蚜各个龄期的目的.     

菊小长管蚜虫龄鉴别特征及其触角感器超微结构观察(英文)

【目的】本研究旨在观察菊小长管蚜Macrosiphoniella sanborni各虫龄和翅型的鉴别特征,以及其触角感器的超微结构,从而为鉴别菊小长管蚜虫龄和研究菊小长管蚜感器功能以及气味识别机制提供参考。【方法】借助超景深显微镜以及扫描电子显微镜分别对各型菊小长管蚜整体形态和触角感器超微结构进行观察,并对触角感受器的数量、分布和大小进行统计和比较分析。【结果】结果表明,翅芽、腹末投影角、以及尾片等定性指标可被用于菊小长管蚜虫龄高效鉴别。尾片形状可用于区分成蚜和若蚜;翅芽有无可用于区分3和4龄若蚜的有翅蚜与无翅蚜;翅芽形状可用于区分3龄与4龄的有翅若蚜;腹末投影角可用于区分3龄和4龄的无翅若蚜;2龄若蚜与3龄若蚜可通过触角节数进行区分。菊小长管蚜触角为丝状,1和2龄若蚜触角分5节,其余龄期为6节。其触角上共有5种形态特异的感器：板形感器、腔锥形感器、毛形感器Ⅰ、毛形感器Ⅱ、钟形感器。成蚜与若蚜在触角节数、感器类型和感器数量上存在差异;有翅蚜与无翅蚜在感器类型、数量以及分布位置上也存在差异。【结论】通过翅芽、腹末投影角以及尾片发达程度等形态指标可以准确地鉴别各型菊小长管蚜;不同翅型不同虫龄的菊小长管蚜触角感器的类型、数量以及分布位置存在差异,这些差异可能直接影响着其在定位寄主植株时的行为表现。     

麦双尾蚜的龄期鉴别

麦双尾蚜Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko)无翅孤雌蚜的体长、体宽、头宽、腹管宽、上尾片长、尾片长和触角节Ⅲ长等7个形态指标,在各龄期间差异显著。根据麦双尾蚜的翅、翅芽、触角节数、尾片形状、上尾片长与宽比值等特征作为龄期鉴别的主要指标,编制了麦双尾蚜龄期鉴定检索表。     

有翅型和无翅型大豆蚜卵巢和胚胎发育的差异

【目的】比较大豆蚜Aphis glycines有翅型和无翅型个体的卵巢发育,为从生理生化角度研究蚜虫翅型分化发生的繁殖适应性提供依据。【方法】在卵巢形态显微镜观察基础上,比较有翅型和无翅型大豆蚜卵巢小管数量、胚胎总数量、成熟胚胎数量以及卵巢小管中最大胚胎体积及其发育速率。【结果】有翅型和无翅型大豆蚜的3龄和4龄若蚜以及成蚜均有2个卵巢/雌,大多数蚜虫每个卵巢包含4条卵巢小管,可见一个卵巢包含5条卵巢小管的现象。有翅型和无翅型个体卵巢中胚胎总数量和成熟胚胎数量以及最大胚胎体积随发育时间增加均显著增大,但有翅型个体胚胎总数量和成熟胚胎数量以及最大胚胎体积均显著小于同一发育阶段无翅型个体。有翅型和无翅型的3龄和4龄若蚜以及成蚜卵巢中胚胎总数量与后足胫节长度均呈显著正相关关系。有翅型和无翅型大豆蚜卵巢小管中最大胚胎体积随发育时间均呈指数增长,但有翅型个体最大胚胎体积显著小于无翅型个体。【结论】有翅型大豆蚜相比于无翅型个体存在卵巢发育延迟现象,卵巢发育程度的差异可能与翅的发育相关。     

麦长管蚜的低温适应性及陕西杨凌小麦田春季虫源分析

【目的】本研究旨在探明低温条件下麦长管蚜Sitobion avenae的存活率和快速冷驯化反应,以期为该虫耐寒性的研究和准确预测预报提供依据。【方法】测定麦长管蚜实验室种群各发育阶段的过冷却点和结冰点;测定1龄若蚜和未产仔成蚜分别在-7.0～-11.0℃极端低温下暴露3 h和在0℃冷驯化1～5 h后暴露于致死温度3 h,再转移至15℃72 h后的存活率;调查自然条件下陕西杨凌小麦整个生育期麦长管蚜的种群动态。【结果】麦长管蚜1龄和2龄若蚜的过冷却点波动范围较小,分别为-27.4～-19.2℃和-27.3～-18.3℃;3龄若蚜、4龄若蚜和成蚜的过冷却点波动范围较大,分别为-27.4～-10.7℃,-26.7～-12.5℃和-26.7～-11.2℃。麦长管蚜的过冷却点和结冰点随龄期增加均显著升高,其中成蚜的过冷却点显著高于1龄和2龄若蚜。3龄若蚜、4龄若蚜和成蚜的过冷却点在不同翅型之间不存在显著性差异。低温存活率分析表明,麦长管蚜1龄若蚜和无翅成蚜的致死温度(80%死亡率)分别在-10.5℃和-8.1℃左右。0℃快速冷驯化显著提高了麦长管蚜1龄若蚜和无翅成蚜在极端低温下的存活率,其中冷驯化2 h时的存活率最高。2018-2019年小麦生育期田间调查结果表明,麦长管蚜能以孤雌生殖若蚜和成蚜在陕西杨凌越冬。【结论】麦长管蚜具有较强的低温适应能力,在陕西杨凌能以孤雌生殖蚜成功越冬。因此,其本地越冬存活个体是陕西杨凌小麦田的早春虫源之一。     

麦长管蚜9个miRNA在不同发育阶段的表达

[目的]探讨麦长管蚜Sitobion avenae 9个微小RNA(microRNA,miRNA)在两翅型间不同发育阶段的表达模式,揭示其在蚜虫翅型分化中发挥作用的关键时期.[方法]RT-PCR克隆麦长管蚜内参基因U6的cDNA全长序列和9个miRNA,并利用qRT-PCR方法检测9个miRNA在有翅和无翅麦长管蚜不同...     

中国蚜虫二新纪录种

作者在鉴定陕西省蚜虫标本时,发现二中国新纪录种,现报导如下:来木长管蚜Macrosiphum cornifoliae Shinji,1924 无翅蚜体长2.8mm,头背、触角、腹管、尾片、足均淡色。头部额瘤明显,每侧额瘤上具2根尖顶刚毛。触角为体长的1.2-1.3倍,无次生感觉圈,各节长度比例为20,11,110,80,80,31+10,第4节具瓦纹,喙伸达中足基节,末节钝与后跗第2节等长,具6-9根次生刚毛。足胫节无伪感觉,端部稍膨大。第1跗节毛序3:3:3,腹部     

有翅和无翅豌豆蚜中翅型分化信号通路相关微小RNA及其靶基因的表达差异

【目的】前期研究发现麦长管蚜Sitobion avenae孤雌蚜有翅和无翅个体中存在很多差异表达的微小RNA(microRNA, miRNA),本研究旨在进一步明确这些miRNA在豌豆蚜Acyrthosiphon pisum中发挥作用的发育阶段,探索miRNA调控孤雌蚜翅两型性分化的机制。【方法】选择在麦长管蚜有翅蚜和无翅蚜中显著差异表达,且靶基因为蜕皮激素、胰岛素信号通路及翅型发育关键基因的5个miRNA(Let-7,miR-92a, miR-92b, miR-92a-1-p5和miR-277),利用qPCR检测这些miRNA及其靶标基因在豌豆蚜3-4龄若蚜和成虫有翅和无翅个体中的表达谱;同时利用双荧光素酶活性检测法对上述miRNA的靶基因进行验证。【结果】表达谱分析发现,这5个miRNA在豌豆蚜成虫中表达量均高于其在若蚜中的表达量,而其预测的靶基因在4龄若蚜中的表达量均高于其在成虫中的表达量,表明miRNA对其靶基因的调控作用可能集中在成虫阶段。分析豌豆蚜有翅和无翅个体中5个miRNA的表达情况发现,在成虫有翅个体中5个miRNA的表达量均高于无翅个体中的,其中miR-277表达差异最显著,成虫有翅个体中的表达量是无翅个体中表达量的7.5倍;其次为Let-7,表达差异达3倍。而Let-7在3龄有翅若蚜和无翅若蚜中表达差异最显著,有翅个体中的表达量是无翅个体中的37.8倍;其次为miR-277,表达差异达7.6倍。比较5个miRNA与其靶基因在豌豆蚜3-4龄若蚜及成虫有翅和无翅个体中的表达发现,miRNA Let-7和miR-92b的表达趋势分别与其靶基因abrupt和Foxo的基本相反。荧光素酶活性检测结果显示,Let-7的真实靶标为abrupt,共转染Let-7模拟物后与对照相比,荧光素酶活性下降53%,达极显著水平。其他miRNA与靶标基因的互作不显著。【结论】首次发现miRNA对豌豆蚜孤雌蚜翅型分化相关基因的调控可能发生在成虫阶段。Let-7可能通过调控abrupt基因参与孤雌蚜翅型分化。该研究为进一步探索miRNA参与孤雌蚜翅两型性分化的机制奠定了基础。     

Wing dimorphism in the migratory locust,Locusta migratoria: differentiation of wing morph and phase polyphenism

A short‐winged morph was recently discovered in the migratory locust, Locusta migratoria. It is different from the normal, long‐winged morph not only in forewing length but also in hind femur length, displaying a dimorphism. To understand the significance of this dimorphism, other morphological characters were compared between the two morphs, and the time of differentiation of wing‐pad length was investigated. Wing weights were heavier in the long‐winged morph than in the short‐winged morph. This result showed that the short‐winged morph is not formed by a failure of wing expansion. No obvious morph‐specific differences were observed in wing venation, but wing allometry studies indicated that the distal areas of the fore‐ and hindwings were disproportionally reduced in the short‐winged morph compared to the long‐winged morph. The morphological differentiation of the wing pad between the two morphs was observed at the penultimate nymphal stage. The flight muscle was well developed in the two morphs, and no sign of flight muscle histolysis was detected in either morph after adult emergence. An analysis of adult body dimensions suggested that the density‐dependent phase shifts known for the long‐winged morph of this locust were also exhibited by the short‐winged morph, demonstrating that these shifts are not specific to the migratory long‐winged morph.     

Morph‐specific differences in biochemical composition related to flight capability in the wing‐polyphenic Sitobion avenae

Flight performance at various times after emergence in the alate morph and age‐dependent changes in biochemical composition of winged and wingless morphs were evaluated in the wing‐polyphenic aphid Sitobion avenae (Fabricius) (Hemiptera: Aphididae). Alates exhibited the highest flight activity at 18–36 h after adult emergence. Throughout the nymphal and adult development, the whole‐body content of total lipid was significantly higher in the winged vs. wingless morph, whereas the content of water, soluble sugar, glycogen, phospholipid, and soluble protein showed significantly higher levels in the wingless vs. winged morph. There were no significant differences in the content of triglyceride and free fatty acid during nymphal and adult stages in both morphs. However, triglyceride content was significantly higher in the winged vs. wingless morph during adulthood. Differences in biochemical composition between morphs indicate that there is an energetic cost of flight capability. Our results from S. avenae adults showed that total lipid and triglyceride for the winged morph accumulated significantly to a maximum, and water content decreased significantly to a minimum, on days 1 and 2 after the final molt, exactly when the highest flight activity was reached. This study suggests that flight activity is associated with triglyceride and water content.     

灰飞虱长、短翅型品系对高、低温的适应能力差异

【目的】灰飞虱Laodelphax striatellus种群存在长翅和短翅个体,其翅型分化受遗传和环境条件的影响。本研究旨在明确经连续定向选育的灰飞虱长、短翅型品系对高、低温的适应能力差异。【方法】在室内分别长期定向筛选63和65代建立灰飞虱长、短翅型品系,并在南京田间采集灰飞虱自然种群;分别在25℃, 30℃和35℃恒温条件下测定上述灰飞虱长、短翅型品系和自然种群的繁殖力、存活率和发育历期,测定若虫在5℃和-20℃下的存活率以及若虫和成虫的过冷却点,通过品系间存活率、发育历期、生殖力和过冷却点的比较分析,确定灰飞虱长、短翅型品系对高温和低温的耐受能力。【结果】在25℃, 30℃和35℃下,灰飞虱自然种群雌成虫的繁殖力均显著高于室内筛选后的长、短翅型品系,而长、短翅型品系雌成虫之间的繁殖力均无显著差异;长、短翅型品系的繁殖力在25℃和30℃之间均无显著差异,但自然种群在25℃下的繁殖力显著高于30℃条件下的繁殖力;35℃下长、短翅型品系基本无若虫产生。25℃下长翅型品系、短翅型品系和自然种群若虫的存活率无显著差异,但在30℃下,短翅型品系若虫的存活率显著低于自然种群,而与长翅型品系差异不显著;35℃下长、短翅型品系的若虫最长只能存活到3龄,且两品系间无显著差异,而自然种群可存活到5龄。25℃下,短翅型品系若虫的发育历期显著短于自然种群,而与长翅型品系无差异;但是在30℃下,短翅型品系若虫历期显著长于长翅型品系和自然种群。长翅型品系、短翅型品系和自然种群灰飞虱3-4龄若虫在5℃低温下的存活天数无显著差异,并且长翅和短翅型品系在-20℃极端低温下暴露10 min后其死亡率也无显著差异且均显著高于自然种群。3个品系(种群)成虫的过冷却点无显著差异,但5龄若虫的过冷却点表现为短翅型品系显著高于自然种群,而与长翅型品系无显著差异。【结论】经连续定向选育的灰飞虱长、短翅型品系对低温和高温的适应力基本相当,且低于自然种群。在高温条件下灰飞虱短翅型品系的发育速率低于长翅型品系。     

Morph-specific differences in metabolism related to flight in the wing-dimorphic Aphis gossypii

Abstract The cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii Glover, is a wing-dimorphic species, which causes globally important agricultural losses. In this present study, we compared the biochemical basis of wing polymorphism in A. gossypii with respect to trade-off of energy resources, including glycogen, trehalose, lipids (total lipid, triglyceride and phospholipid), free fatty acids, and soluble protein between dispersal and reproduction morphs during the wing-bud nymph and adulthood. Total lipid, triglyceride and free fatty acids were significantly higher in winged versus wingless morphs at 12 h of adulthood, the period during which alates are able to fly. By contrast, the wingless morph contained more glycogen than the winged morph from the 4th nymphal stage to adulthood. Trehalose content in the wingless morph was also higher than that in the winged morph during the 3rd and 4th nymphal stages, but vice versa at 12 h of adulthood. Finally, soluble protein content increased from nymphs to adults and was higher during adulthood in aptera versus alate. Whole-body water content in 12-h adults was significantly higher in apterae than that in alatae. These results indicate significant physiological differences between morphs related to specialization for flight.     

不同小麦品种对有翅与无翅型禾谷缢管蚜生长发育与繁殖的影响

室内采用水培小麦法饲养禾谷缢管蚜Rhopolosiphum padi(L.),比较了有翅与无翅型禾谷缢管蚜若虫发育历期、成虫寿命、繁殖力和日均体重增长量.结果表明,不同小麦品种上有翅型和无翅型若虫发育历期均存在显著差异;同时产若蚜数量、每代产若蚜数和腹中胚胎数均存在显著差异,而成蚜寿命、产若蚜历期和产若蚜代数差异不显著...