五种苦苣苔科植物α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制活性研究

利用体外α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制模型对5种苦苣苔科植物进行活性评价,并与阳性对照Acarbose进行比较,发现5种植物不同部位均有一定的α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制活性。其中,牛耳岩白菜石油醚部位的抑制活性最高(IC50=26.19μg/mL,活性均远大于阳性对照Acarbose(IC50=1081.27μg/mL)。不同植物比较,牛耳岩白菜的α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制活性最好,其3种不同溶剂提取物与Acarbose相比均有很高抑制活性;对牛耳岩白菜提取物的α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制动力学研究结果表明,石油醚和乙酸乙酯提取物对α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制作用属于非竞争性抑制类型,Ki值分别为4.24和40.04μg/mL。正丁醇提取物则属于竞争性抑制类型(Ki=205.48μg/mL)     

α-肿瘤坏死因子的肿瘤靶向性改造

α-肿瘤坏死因子(tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)是一种多效性的细胞因子,能高效地杀伤或抑制肿瘤细胞。但是由于其对全身有毒副作用,这使T N F-α的应用受到了限制。提高T N F-α的抗肿瘤活性,降低毒副作用以及开发具有肿瘤靶向性的融合蛋白是将其应用于临床的关键。     

杨桃根水提取物化学成分及生物活性的研究

为探究杨桃根中具备降血糖功能的活性成分,采用色谱分离方法从其水提取物中分离得到9个化合物,应用波谱技术对它们的化学结构进行了鉴定,分别命名为prismaconnatoside(1),tarennanosides A(2),(+)-catechin(3),fernandoside(4),7a-[(β-glucopyranosyl) oxy]-lyoniresinol(5),(+)-lyoniresinol 3α-O-β-D-glucopyranoside(6),(-)-lyon-iresinol 3α-O-β-D-glucopyranoside(7),(-)-5’-methoxy-isolariciresinol 3α-O-β-D-glucopyranoside(8)和正辛烷(9)。其中化合物1,2,4,5均为首次从杨桃中分离得到,化合物3为首次从杨桃根中分离得到。对部分单体化合物进行了体外α-葡萄糖苷酶和DPP-IV酶抑制活性测试,化合物1具有较强的α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制活性。     

赤霉素诱导甘蔗节间伸长的效应与相关酶活性的关系

以甘蔗品种'新台糖22号'为试验材料,在伸长初期以200 mg/L GA3进行叶面喷施处理,对照喷清水,研究GA3处理后甘蔗节间糖苷酶、过氧化物酶、过氧化氢酶的变化,以揭示赤霉素诱导甘蔗节间伸长与相关酶活性的关系.结果表明:(1)GA3处理的株高在各个时期显著高于对照,而且在处理后7、14和28 d分别比对照提高了17.32%、14.50%和8.35%,GA3处理引起甘蔗植株表现的高度优势一直保持到后期,节间伸长效果主要是在茎的中部(5～10节).(2)GA3处理后α-葡萄糖苷酶和α-甘露糖苷酶的活性较对照显著下降;POD和β-半乳糖苷酶的活性也略有下降;α-半乳糖苷酶、β-N-乙酰氨基已糖苷酶、过氧化氢酶的活性显著提高;β-葡萄糖苷酶的活性也有一定程度提高.由此推测,外源GA3主要通过调节α-葡萄糖苷酶活性、α-甘露糖苷酶、α-半乳糖苷酶、β-N-乙酰氨基已糖苷酶活性和过氧化氢酶,其次是POD、β-半乳糖苷酶和β-葡萄糖苷酶活性,最终达到节间伸长效果.     

石韦不同极性萃取物体外降血糖活性研究北大核心CSCD

为进一步明确石韦对α-葡萄糖苷酶和α-淀粉酶抑制作用机制,该研究以石韦95%乙醇提取物的不同极性萃取物为试材,阿卡波糖为阳性对照,采用pNPG法(p-nitrophenyl-α-D-glucopyranoside,pNPG)、DNS法(3,5-dinitro salicylic acid,DNS)考察石韦不同极性萃取物的α-葡萄糖苷酶和α-淀粉酶抑制活性,并采用酶促动力学方法与Lineweaver-Burk曲线分析最强活性萃取物对α-葡萄糖苷酶的抑制作用类型,以期为石韦的进一步开发利用提供科学依据。结果表明:石韦水萃取物对α-葡萄糖苷酶和α-淀粉酶的抑制作用最强,其IC_(50)值分别为(4.71±0.72)μg·mL^(-1)、IC_(50)=(48.40±0.32)μg·mL^(-1),并显著强于其他萃取物(P<0.05),且对α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制作用比阿卡波糖强,对α-淀粉酶抑制作用弱于阿卡波糖。阿卡波糖对α-葡萄糖苷酶和α-淀粉酶抑制作用的IC_(50)值分别为(2857.36±1.35)μg·mL^(-1)和(16.41±0.63)μg·mL^(-1)。酶促动力学显示水萃取物对α-葡萄糖苷酶为可逆性抑制,Lineweaver-Burk曲线显示为竞争性抑制。综上结果表明,石韦水萃取物具有较好的α-葡萄糖苷酶和α-淀粉酶抑制活性,是一种胃肠道副作用小、天然α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制剂来源。     

丁烯酸内酯二萜衍生物的制备及抗肿瘤活性研究

采用姜科二萜类成分coronarin E(1)、hedychenone(2)和滇姜花素A(3)进行衍生化反应,制备了三个具有丁烯酸内酯结构单元的二萜衍生物4、5和7。将部分化合物进行体外细胞毒活性测试,结果表明化合物5和7对五种肿瘤细胞株均有显著的细胞毒活性,它们对肝癌细胞株SMMC-7721、肺癌细胞株A-549、乳腺癌细胞株MCF-7和结肠癌细胞株SW480的抑制活性均超过阳性对照顺铂。对化合物4、5和7进行小鼠体内抗肿瘤活性测试,结果表明三个化合物均对小鼠体内肿瘤H22和S_(180)均有很好的抑制作用,其中化合物4对H22肿瘤的抑制活性最高,其对H22肿瘤的抑制活性为47.44%,接近阳性对照异环磷酰胺。化合物4和7对S_(180)肿瘤的抑制活性分别为60.16%和45.20%,均超过阳性对照异环磷酰胺。     

虎杖鞣质的糖苷酶抑制作用研究

本文研究了虎杖鞣质对-αD-葡萄糖苷酶、蔗糖酶、乳糖酶和α-淀粉酶的抑制活性,以探讨其降血糖机制。结果显示虎杖鞣质除对α-淀粉酶几乎没有抑制活性外,对其余糖苷酶均显示不同程度的抑制活性,其降血糖机理可能是通过调控糖苷酶活性实现的。     

帽蕊木α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制活性研究

利用体外抑制α-葡萄糖苷酶模型,首次对植物帽蕊木叶、皮提取物和从中分离得到的化合物进行活性评价,并与阳性对照Acarbose 进行比较.结果表明帽蕊木叶和皮提取物都具有很高抑制α-葡萄糖苷酶活性,且叶的活性要好于皮,同一部位的正丁醇和乙酸乙酯提取物的活性要好于石油醚提取物;从帽蕊木中得到的化合物莨菪内酯(scopletin)的α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制活性(IC50=35.03 μg/mL)高于阳性对照Acarbose(IC50=1081.27 μg/mL)约为其活性的30倍.     

基于分子对接及酶抑制动力学探究红景天提取物体外α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制活性CSCD

为探究红景天提取物体外α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制活性及具有抑制作用的主要活性物质。该研究首先构建体外α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制体系,测定其抑制活性,通过酶抑制动力学判断抑制类型,然后采用UHPLC-QE-MS、分子对接进一步探索提取物中抑制α-葡萄糖苷酶的主要活性物质。结果表明,红景天提取物对α-葡萄糖苷酶具有较好的抑制效果,IC_(50)为1.538 mg/mL,抑制类型为竞争与非竞争性混合可逆抑制;UHPLC-QE-MS共检测出1245种化合物,其中脂肪酸类、萜类及其衍生物、黄酮及类黄酮类为化合物最多的3类,分别有107种、85种、66种,其次还鉴定出酚类、氨基酸类、糖类等多类物质;分子对接显示,20种相对含量较高的化合物中11种可与α-葡萄糖苷酶结合,(+)-表儿茶素结合能(-17.08 kJ/mol)最低、结合活性最佳,咖啡酸形成氢键最多为5个,分别与His-515、Arg-437、Glu-432、His-348残基相连,咖啡酸、L-苹果酸、槲皮素和酪醇具有相同结合位点Arg-437。研究旨为天然α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制剂的开发以及红景天资源利用提供了基础研究。     

异土木香内酯及土木香内酯的结构修饰研究

对土木香根中两个主要倍半萜内酯-异土木香内酯(1)和土木香内酯(2)进行结构修饰,研究结构修饰产物的体外抑制人肝癌细胞(HepG2)增殖的活性,并进行构效关系的研究.经结构修饰得到4,15β-环氧异土木香内酯(1b)、5α,6α-环氧土木香内酯(2b)、13α-甲氧基甲基土木香内酯(2d)等11个化合物,其中产物2d未见有文献报道.产物1b、2b对HepG2细胞的抑制作用均强于母体化合物,其他化合物的抑制活性均弱于母体化合物.推断11,13-去氢内酯基团是该类倍半萜内酯体外抑制HepG2肿瘤细胞增殖活性必需的活性基团,环氧基团的引入对化合物的抑制HepG2肿瘤细胞增殖活性具有促进作用.     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.     

Composition and diversity of bird communities in Swedish farmland–forest mosaic landscapes

CapsuleThe amount of forest (at local and landscape scales) and occurrence of residual habitats at the local scale are shown to be the major factors influencing bird community composition in farmland–forest landscapes in central Sweden.

Aims To investigate the importance of local habitat and landscape structure for breeding birds in farmland–forest landscapes in central Sweden.

Methods Breeding birds were censused at 292 points. A detailed habitat mapping was made within 300 m of the points. Within a 300–600 m radius only two major habitats (forests and arable fields) were identified.

Results Cluster analyses of bird communities identified three site types that also differed in habitat composition: (i) partially forested sites in forested landscapes; (ii) heterogeneous sites with residual habitats in mosaic landscapes; and (iii) field-dominated farmland sites in open landscapes. A total of 19 of 25 farmland bird species (restricted to farmland or using both farmland and forest) had the highest abundance in farmland sites with mosaics of forest and farmland, while only six farmland species had the highest abundance in field-dominated sites. The bird community changed from being dominated by farmland species to being dominated by forest species (common in forest landscapes without farmland) at small proportions (10–20%) of forest at the local scale. A major difference in habitat composition between heterogeneous and field-dominated sites was the occurrence of different residual habitats (e.g. shrubby areas and seminatural grasslands). These habitats seemed to influence bird community composition more than land-use, despite covering <10% of the area. Seminatural grasslands were important for bird community composition and species-richness, but grazing seemed to be less important. Among different land-use types, cereal crops were the least preferred fields. Set-asides with tall vegetation and short rotation coppices were positively associated with species-richness of farmland birds.

Conclusion In general, the composition of the landscape was important for bird community composition, although amount and distribution of forests, occurrence of residual habitats and land-use of fields at the local scale had the strongest influence on bird community composition. The possible implications of these patterns for managing farmland–forest landscapes are discussed.     

Chemical constituents from the fruits of Rhus typhina L. and their chemotaxonomic significance

This work describes the isolation and characterization of twenty-nine compounds from the fruits of Rhus typhina L., including eleven flavonoids (1–11), eleven phenols (12–22), two pentacyclic triterpenes (23–24), two organic acids (25–26), one lumichrome (27), one courmarin (28) and one pyrimidine (29) on the basis of their spectroscopic data. Compounds apigenin (1), daidzein (4), orobol (5), 3′, 5, 5′, 7-tetrahydroxyflavanone (6), naringenin (7), butein (8), (-)-catechin (9), quercetin-3-O-α-L-(3″-O-galloyl)-rhamnoside (11), 2-hydroxybenzoic acid (13), 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde (14), vanillin (15), methyl 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate (16), 3,5-dihydroxybenzamide (18), tyrosol (19), caffeic acid (20), 3-(2,4,6-trihydroxyphenyl)-1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-propan-1-one (21), phlorizin (22), friedelin (23), oleanolic acid (24), 4,4-dimethyl-heptanedioic acid (25), anthranilic acid (26), lumichrome (27), scoparone (28) and uracil (29) have not been recorded before in this plant. This is the first report on the occurrence of compounds 4–7, 9, 11, 13–14, 16, 18–21, 25–29 from the genus Rhus. Moreover, the chemotaxonomic significance of these isolated compounds was also summarized.