苏云金芽胞杆菌肠毒素基因的PCR检测

采用多重引物PCR进行了 45株苏云金芽胞杆菌、2株蜡状芽胞杆菌和 2株球形芽胞杆菌溶血素BL ,肠毒素T和entS基因的检测 ,结果表明 95 6%苏云金芽胞杆菌含溶血素hblA基因 ,91 1 %含bceT基因 ,93 3%含entS基因。用两种商业化肠毒素检测试剂盒TECRA和RPLA进行所有菌株肠毒素的体外免疫测定 ,大部分苏云金芽胞杆菌和阳性蜡状芽胞杆菌都能产生不同水平的肠毒素活性 ,同hblA基因PCR检测结果基本相符。尽管DBT0 0 7和T2 4 0 0 1含有hblA基因 ,但用TECRA却检测不到肠毒素 ;Dmu39菌株不含肠毒素基因 ,但用TECRA却检测出高的肠毒素活性。苏云金芽胞杆菌BDT2 4 8和球性芽孢杆菌不含肠毒素基因和肠毒素。结果表明昆虫病原菌苏云金芽胞杆菌的安全性有待进一步研究     

蜡样芽胞杆菌B905 hblA基因的初步分析

采用血平板培养的方法对蜡样芽胞杆菌905菌株溶血素BL检测,并通过PCR方法克隆其基因,结果表明该菌株产生溶血环且含有hblA、hblC、hblD溶血素BL全部基因;采用同源重组法构建了该菌株hblA基因缺失突变体,结果该菌株的溶血活性并未发生改变,可能是由于该菌株溶血素基因的结构与Handelsman构建所用的菌株Bacillus cereus UW85有一定的差异,或者是由于突变位点在阅读框内后端,未能真正破坏其表达。还需要进一步对其进行研究。     

蜡状芽胞杆菌群菌株中部分病原相关因子的检测

对26株蜡状芽胞杆菌群菌株进行了肠毒素基因及其它病原相关因子的检测。PCR结果表明,17株蜡状芽胞杆菌群菌株中含有病原调控因子plcR的同源序列。采用3组溶血肠毒素hbl基因和3组非溶血肠毒素nhe基因特异性引物,分别可从73%的菌株中至少扩增出一个与预期DNA片段大小一致的片段,其中,苏云金芽胞杆菌菌株中溶血素hbl基因和非溶血素nhe基因的阳性检出率为83%。蜡状芽胞杆菌DBt248完全没有溶血活性,而且在溶血素hbl和非溶血素nhe基因的3个亚基以及病原调控因子plcR的PCR检测中均为阴性,有望作为宿主菌用于苏云金芽胞杆菌晶体蛋白的表达和应用。     

复合型菌剂对雏鸡体内溶血素的影响

利用由鸡粪肠球菌、鸡非致病性大肠埃希菌、芽胞杆菌、酵母菌和乳酸菌组成的复合型菌剂灌喂雏鸡后,再用绵羊红细胞腹腔注射免疫4d,使雏鸡体内产生溶血素（IgM）。通过测定其血清中溶血素的效价,发现灌服不同菌量的雏鸡所产生的溶血素效价比没有灌服的对照组所产生的溶血素效价高出22％～32％。     

牛源致病性蜡样芽孢杆菌溶血素BL亚基的原核表达及其生物学活性分析

蜡样芽孢杆菌属于革兰氏阳性菌,分布广泛,具有一定的致病性。不同的蜡样芽孢杆菌携带有不同的毒力因子,这直接决定了蜡样芽孢杆菌株致病性的差异。研究和探讨毒力因子分布以及具体毒素的生物活性有助于对蜡样芽孢杆菌病采取更科学的防控。本研究通过原核表达系统将溶血素BL三亚基重组表达,并对表达蛋白进行了纯化和部分生物学活性的检测。研究结果表明,牛源致病性蜡样芽孢杆菌溶血素BL可以在原核表达系统中成功表达和纯化,牛源致病性蜡样芽孢杆菌溶血素BL拥有溶血性、细胞毒性、很好的免疫原性以及对小鼠具有一定的免疫保护性。本研究表达了溶血素BL三亚基,并探究了牛源致病性蜡样芽孢杆溶血素BL的生物学活性。本研究为进一步揭示蜡样芽孢杆菌溶血素BL的致病作用机制和建立针对牛源致病性蜡样芽孢杆菌病的检测方法奠定了理论基础。     

2016年辽宁省婴幼儿配方食品及 谷类辅助食品中蜡样芽胞杆菌毒力基因的鉴定

摘要：目的 了解婴幼儿配方食品和谷类辅助食品中蜡样芽胞杆菌的毒力基因携带特点,对辽宁省婴幼儿配方食品和谷类辅助食品中蜡样芽胞杆菌的污染状况进行调查。方法 依据GB4789.14?2014《食品安全国家标准 食品微生物学检验 蜡样芽胞杆菌检验》及采用PCR扩增技术和血平板检测的方法对2016年采自辽宁省15个监测点,收集的176份乳源性食品中检出的22株蜡样芽胞杆菌进行10种毒力基因检测。结果 婴幼儿配方食品和谷类辅助食品蜡样芽胞杆菌检出率为12.5%（22/176）,非溶血性的肠毒素Nhe基因、溶血素BL基因、肠毒素T基因和细胞毒素K基因是辽宁省乳源性蜡样芽胞杆菌的主要毒力基因,至少携带2种毒力基因的菌株达到检出菌总数的100.0%。结论 研究结果证实辽宁省婴幼儿配方食品及谷类辅助食品存在蜡样芽胞杆菌污染情况,严格监控婴幼儿配方食品及谷类辅助食品的蜡样芽胞杆菌污染,对于生产出优质婴幼儿配方食品及谷类辅助食品具有重要意义,以期提高婴幼儿食品的质量安全。     

苏云金芽胞杆菌Sigma H对芽胞形成的影响

【目的】检测苏云金芽胞杆菌HD73中的转录调控因子Sigma H(σ~H)对spo0A基因转录的调控作用;异源表达纯化Sigma H蛋白,验证其对spo0A基因启动子的直接结合;检测sigH基因的缺失对苏云金芽胞杆菌HD73芽胞形成和晶体蛋白产生的影响。【方法】通过测定spo0A基因启动子指导的β-半乳糖苷酶活性评价spo0A基因在苏云金芽胞杆菌HD73野生型和sigH缺失突变体中的转录水平;通过PCR扩增苏云金芽胞杆菌HD73的sigH基因并插入到表达载体pET21b上,将质粒转入到表达菌株BL21(DE3)中,得到重组菌株BL21 (pETsigH);利用镍柱亲和纯化和阴离子交换纯化得到纯化的Sigma H蛋白;通过凝胶迁移实验(electrophoretic mobility shift assay,EMSA)验证Sigma H蛋白与spo0A基因启动子的直接结合;通过显微镜观察、活芽胞计数的方法对突变株HDΔsigH进行表型特征分析。【结果】sigH缺失后,spo0A基因转录活性降低;在大肠杆菌中正确表达并纯化出大小约为28kDa的Sigma H-His蛋白;EMSA结果表明纯化后的Sigma H-His蛋白可与spo0A基因启动子结合;镜检和活芽胞计数结果表明突变株HDΔsigH无法产生芽胞和蛋白晶体。【结论】Sigma H蛋白通过与spo0A基因启动子结合直接调控spo0A基因的表达且sigH基因的缺失阻断了苏云金芽胞杆菌中芽胞和晶体蛋白的产生。     

抗菌肽天蚕素B基因在纳豆芽胞杆菌中的表达

抗菌肽是生物体内经诱导产生的一类具有生物活性的小分子多肽。天蚕素B(Cecropin B)是最早从天蚕体内分离得到的一种热稳定的可溶性多肽,在已分离的众多抗菌肽中抗性较强。纳豆芽胞杆菌具有优良的益生特性,本研究选择枯草芽胞杆菌的一种表达载体p HT43,将抗菌肽天蚕素B基因导入纳豆芽胞杆菌中,验证其在目的菌中是否能够表达和稳定传代以及进行抗菌活性分析。结果表明,天蚕素B基因在纳豆芽胞杆菌中表达,并能稳定传代,能够提高纳豆芽胞杆菌的抑菌活性,抗金黄色葡萄球菌的活性优于干酪乳杆菌和枯草芽胞杆菌。本研究为该重组菌作为饲料添加剂的应用提供了技术基础。本文首次报道天蚕素B在纳豆枯草芽胞杆菌中表达。     

溶藻弧菌溶血活性检测及溶血素基因、启动子区功能

[目的]研究溶藻弧菌的溶血现象,溶血素基因vah的分布及vah基因、vah启动子区对溶藻弧菌溶血活性的贡献.[方法]对46株分离自华南沿海水生动物体内和海水的溶藻弧菌环境株及溶藻弧菌标准株1.1587进行溶血实验;比较具有溶血活性的溶藻弧菌野生株ZJ051、vah基因大肠杆菌BL21重组表达株、vah缺失突变株和基因回补株间溶血能力的差异;检测vah基因在溶藻弧菌中的分布,比较溶血株与非溶血株vah基因及上游启动子区的序列差异.[结果]47.8％的溶藻弧菌菌株产生溶血活性,因此溶血现象普遍存在于溶藻弧菌环境株中;vah基因的表达产物具有溶血活性,vah基因缺失突变株不具有溶血活性,而vah基因回补株恢复溶血活性.vah基因普遍存在于溶藻弧菌中,且基因序列非常相似,氨基酸序列完全相同,然而不同菌株的启动子区第188-190碱基位点存在差异.[结论]溶藻弧菌vah基因是造成溶藻弧菌溶血的直接原因,但溶藻弧菌溶血能力的差异并非是由vah基因本身差异决定,极有可能与启动子区第188-190碱基位点相关.     

副溶血弧菌海产品和临床分离株的表型及溶血素相关基因分析

副溶血弧菌是(Vibrio parahaemolyticus)常见的食源性病原菌,可污染多种水产品,并引起人的食物中毒,其致病性与溶血素密切相关,如直接耐热溶血素(TDH)、TDH-相关溶血素(TRH)、不耐热溶血素(TLH)。用PCR方法对分离自浙江省部分地区的副溶血弧菌临床和海产品分离株的3种溶血素基因进行检测。结果表明,所有副溶血弧菌菌株均可检测到tlh基因;11株临床分离株均检测到tdh基因,而42株水产品分离株中只有1株检出tdh基因,携带tdh的分离株神奈川试验(KP)均为阳性。所有分离菌株中均未检测到trh基因以及其尿素酶试验呈阴性,由此可知trh基因可能与尿素酶基因连锁。副溶血弧菌分离株中致病性相关毒力因子TDH的阳性率极低,然而副溶血弧菌性食物中毒发生率较高,它们之间的关系及其发病机制还有待深入研究。     

Swarming Behavior of and Hemolysin BL Secretion by Bacillus cereus

An association between swarming and hemolysin BL secretion was observed in a collection of 42 Bacillus cereus isolates (P = 0.029). The highest levels of toxin were detected in swarmers along with swarm cell differentiation (P = 0.021), suggesting that swarming B. cereus strains may have a higher virulence potential than nonswarming strains.     

Hemolysin II is more characteristic of Bacillus thuringiensis than Bacillus cereus

To investigate the distribution of the hemolysin II determinant among strains of Bacillus cereus and Bacillus thuringiensis, thirteen strains of B. cereus and fourteen strains of B. thuringiensis strains were tested for hybridization of their chromosomal DNAs with a DNA probe containing the B. cereus hemolysin II gene. In addition, the production of hemolysin II, whose activity is not inhibited by cholesterol, was tested. The presence (absence) of the hybridization response in the microorganism's genome correlated with the presence (absence) of cholesterol-unaffected hemolysin production. Only four out of thirteen B. cereus strains were found to give a positive response in hybridization experiments, whereas thirteen out of fourteen B. thuringiensis strains responded positively. DNAs from ten B. thuringiensis strains contained a 3.5 kb EcoRV fragment, which hybridized with the B. cereus hemolysin II gene probe. The 3.5 kb EcoRV DNA fragment from one of these strains (B. thuringiensis VKM-B1555) was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli cells. The hemolysin encoded by the cloned DNA fragment was not inhibited by cholesterol and possessed all other properties of B. cereus hemolysin II. The obtained data clearly show limited distribution of hemolysin II among B. cereus strains and demonstrate that hemolysin II is more characteristic of B. thuringiensis than B. cereus.     

Identification of hemolysin BL-producing Bacillus cereus isolates by a discontinuous hemolytic pattern in blood agar.

Bacillus cereus causes distinct exotoxin-mediated diarrheal and emetic food poisoning syndromes and a variety of nongastrointestinal infections. Evidence is accumulating that hemolysin BL is a major B. cereus virulence factor. We describe two methods for detection of hemolysin BL in crude samples and on primary culture media. In the first method, the highly unusual discontinuous hemolysis pattern that is characteristic of pure hemolysin BL was produced in sheep and calf blood agar around wells filled with crude culture supernatant from hemolysin BL-producing strains. In the second method, the pattern was formed surrounding colonies of hemolysin BL-producing strains grown on media consisting of nutrient agar, 0.15 M NaCl, 2% calf serum, and sheep or calf blood. Hemolysin BL production was detected with these methods in 41 of 62 (66%) previously identified B. cereus isolates and in 46 of 136 (34%) presumptive B. cereus isolates from soil. All nine isolates tested that were associated with diarrhea or nongastrointestinal illness were positive for hemolysin BL. The methods presented here are specific, simple, inexpensive, and applicable to the screening of large numbers of samples or isolates.     

Swarming behavior of and hemolysin BL secretion by Bacillus cereus

An association between swarming and hemolysin BL secretion was observed in a collection of 42 Bacillus cereus isolates (P=0.029). The highest levels of toxin were detected in swarmers along with swarm cell differentiation (P=0.021), suggesting that swarming B. cereus strains may have a higher virulence potential than nonswarming strains.     

Occurrence of natural Bacillus thuringiensis contaminants and residues of Bacillus thuringiensis-based insecticides on fresh fruits and vegetables

A total of 128 Bacillus cereus-like strains isolated from fresh fruits and vegetables for sale in retail shops in Denmark were characterized. Of these strains, 39% (50/128) were classified as Bacillus thuringiensis on the basis of their content of cry genes determined by PCR or crystal proteins visualized by microscopy. Random amplified polymorphic DNA analysis and plasmid profiling indicated that 23 of the 50 B. thuringiensis strains were of the same subtype as B. thuringiensis strains used as commercial bioinsecticides. Fourteen isolates were indistinguishable from B. thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki HD1 present in the products Dipel, Biobit, and Foray, and nine isolates grouped with B. thuringiensis subsp. aizawai present in Turex. The commercial strains were primarily isolated from samples of tomatoes, cucumbers, and peppers. A multiplex PCR method was developed to simultaneously detect all three genes in the enterotoxin hemolysin BL (HBL) and the nonhemolytic enterotoxin (NHE), respectively. This revealed that the frequency of these enterotoxin genes was higher among the strains indistinguishable from the commercial strains than among the other B. thuringiensis and B. cereus-like strains isolated from fruits and vegetables. The same was seen for a third enterotoxin, CytK. In conclusion, the present study strongly indicates that residues of B. thuringiensis-based insecticides can be found on fresh fruits and vegetables and that these are potentially enterotoxigenic.     

Production and Characterization of Monoclonal Antibodies against the Hemolysin BL Enterotoxin Complex Produced by Bacillus cereus

A total of five hybridoma cell lines that produced monoclonal antibodies against the components of the hemolysin BL (HBL) enterotoxin complex and sphingomyelinase produced by Bacillus cereus were established and characterized. Monoclonal antibody 2A3 was specific for the B component, antibodies 1A12 and 8B12 were specific for the L₂ component, and antibody 1C2 was specific for the L₁ protein of the HBL enterotoxin complex. No cross-reactivity with other proteins produced by different strains of B. cereus was observed for monoclonal antibodies 2A3, 1A12, and 8B12, whereas antibody 1C2 cross-reacted with an uncharacterized protein of approximately 93 kDa and with a 39-kDa protein, which possibly represents one component of the nonhemolytic enterotoxin complex. Antibody 2A12 finally showed a distinct reactivity with B. cereus sphingomyelinase. The monoclonal antibodies developed in this study were also successfully applied in indirect enzyme immunoassays for the characterization of the enterotoxic activity of B. cereus strains. About 50% of the strains tested were capable of producing the HBL enterotoxin complex, and it could be demonstrated that all strains producing HBL were also highly cytotoxic.     

Hemolysin as a marker for Serratia

All Serratia marcescens strains (total of 33) of different sources were hemolytic including clinical strains previously classified as being nonhemolytic. DNA fragments of the two hemolysin genes hybridized with the chromosomal DNA of S. marcescens, S. liquefaciens, S. kiliensis, S. grimesii, S. proteamaculans, S. plymutica, S. rubridaea which were also hemolytic. The restriction pattern of the hemolysin locus differed in each strain. S. ficaria and S. marinorubra expressed a different hemolysin which was much smaller than the S. marcescens hemolysin since it diffused through dialysis membranes. The DNA of the latter strains did not hybridize with the S. marcescens hemolysin DNA probes. Some S. marcescens strains, S. kiliensis and S. liquefaciens also expressed in addition the small hemolysin. No hybridization was found with DNA of Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, Proteus mirabilis, Proteus vulgaris, Citrobacter freundii, Enterobacter cloacae, Klebsiella arerogenes, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Shigella dysenteriae, Yersinia enterocolitica, Yersinia pseudotuberculosus, Listeria sp., Aeromonas sp., Legionella sp. and a Meningococcus sp., indicating that the hemolysin DNA probes are specific for Serratia, or that the hemolysin genes occur rarely in genera other than Serratia.     

Putative virulence factor expression by clinical and food isolates of Bacillus spp. after growth in reconstituted infant milk formulae

Forty-seven strains representing 14 different Bacillus species isolated from clinical and food samples were grown in reconstituted infant milk formulae (IMF) and subsequently assessed for adherence to, invasion of, and cytotoxicity toward HEp-2 and Caco-2 cells. Cell-free supernatant fluids from 38 strains (81%) were shown to be cytotoxic, 43 strains (91%) adhered to the test cell lines, and 23 strains (49%) demonstrated various levels of invasion. Of the 21 Bacillus cereus strains examined, 5 (24%) were invasive. A larger percentage of clinically derived Bacillus species (20%) than of similar species tested from the food environment were invasive. Increased invasion occurred after growth of selected Bacillus species in reconstituted IMF containing glucose. While PCR primer studies revealed that many different Bacillus species contained DNA sequences encoding the hemolysin BL (HBL) enterotoxin complex and B. cereus enterotoxin T, not all of these isolates expressed these diarrheagenic genes after growth in reconstituted IMF. Of the 47 Bacillus isolates examined, 3 isolates of B. cereus and 1 isolate of B. subtilis produced the HBL enterotoxin after 18 h of growth in brain heart infusion broth. However, eight isolates belonging to the species B. cereus, B. licheniformis, B. circulans, and B. megaterium were found to produce this enterotoxin after growth in reconstituted IMF when assessed with the B. cereus enterotoxin (diarrheal type) reversed passive latex agglutination (RPLA) kit. It is concluded that several Bacillus species occurring occasionally in clinical specimens and food samples are of potential medical significance due to the expression of putative virulence factors.