骨桥蛋白与糖尿病肾病关系的研究进展

骨桥蛋白（OPN）是一种具有细胞粘附和迁移功能的分泌型磷酸化糖蛋白。在肾脏中有广泛分布,研究发现其参与糖尿病肾病（DN）蛋白尿形成、DN的炎症反应及肾脏纤维化过程,抑制OPN可改善糖尿病肾脏病变。     

金樱子提取液对糖尿病肾病大鼠的肾脏保护作用

目的:研究金樱子提取液对糖尿病肾病(Diabetic Nephropathy,DN)大鼠的肾脏保护作用。方法:在高糖高脂饲料喂食SD(Sprague-Dawley)大白鼠的基础上腹腔注射链脲佐菌素(streptozotocin,STZ)诱导糖尿病肾病大鼠模型,随机分为糖尿病肾病模型组(DN组)和金樱子治疗组(DN+RLM组),同时另设正常对照组(NC组)和金樱子对照组(NC+RLM组)。检测金樱子提取液对各组大鼠血糖(fasting blood-glucose,FBG)、糖化血红蛋白(glycosylated haemoglobin,GHb)、24小时尿微量白蛋白和尿量、血尿素氮(BUN)、血肌酐(Scr)、胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)及肾脏结构的影响。结果:与DN大鼠相比,糖尿病肾病大鼠经金樱子提取液治疗后,大鼠FBG、GHb水平、24 h尿微量白蛋白、24 h尿量、肾脏指数明显降低,血脂紊乱、肾功能损害以及DN肾脏病理明显改善,且无明显副作用。结论:金樱子提取液可明显降低DN大鼠血糖,改善DN大鼠血脂、肾功能紊乱及肾脏病理变化,对糖尿病大鼠肾脏具有较强的保护作用。     

关于糖尿病肾病防治的一些进展

糖尿病肾病 (DN)是糖尿病 (DM)肾脏微血管并发症 ,典型病理改变为肾小球硬化症。糖尿病肾病 (DN)引发的终末期肾功能衰竭 (ESRD)正成为威胁糖尿病患者生命的主要原因。据美国2 0 0 0年统计 ,每年新增 ESRD患者中由 DN引发的已近 5 0 % ,而在我国经济较发达地区统计资料也发现 DN所致 ESRD的比例达 1 5 %左右 ,因此 ,有效控制 DN的发病率和疾病进展在临床治疗学上是至关重要的课题。现就目前研究比较确切的DN的防治做一综述。1　控制血糖　　糖尿病控制与研究 (DCCT)及英国前瞻性糖尿病研究 (UKPDS)均显示 ,长期严格控制血糖能…     

早期糖尿病肾病大鼠模型磁共振弥散加权成像的初步研究

目的:探讨早期糖尿病肾病(Diabetic nephropathy,DN)模型大鼠磁共振弥散加权成像(Diffusion Weight Imaging,DWI)肾实质ADC值变化规律。方法:将20只清洁级雄性SD大鼠随机分成两组,糖尿病肾病组(DN组)12只,正常对照组(NC组)8只;DN组给予60 mg/kg链尿佐菌素腹腔注射诱导糖尿病肾病模型,NC组按照相同方法、相同剂量柠檬酸缓冲液腹腔注射;并对最终糖尿病模型造模成功并且存活的8只DN大鼠、8只NC大鼠进行MRI扫描,包括常规轴位T1WI、T2WI扫描及DWI扫描;扫描结束后收集血液送血肌酐及双肾组织进行病理检查。并测量每只大鼠双肾皮、髓质的ADC值。结果:造模后,DN组大鼠血糖明显升高、尿量明显增加、体重明显减低,DN组大鼠肾脏出现不同程度病理损伤,符合早期DN病理改变。DN组大鼠肾脏皮、髓质ADC值分别为1.522±0.913×10^-3 mm^2/s、1.268±0.388×10^-3 mm^2/s,较NC组肾脏皮、髓质ADC值1.276±0.341×10^-3 mm^2/s、1.011±0.217×10^-3 mm^2/s增高,两组比较有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:DWI成像ADC值可能反映早期糖尿病肾病肾脏功能的变化。     

TGF-β参与糖尿病肾病的发生发展的机制研究现状

糖尿病(DM)是一种以高血糖为主要特征的代谢性疾病。长期高血糖、胰岛素抵抗和血脂紊乱会引起肾脏等部位的微血管病变,从而引发肾脏疾病,称为糖尿病肾病(diabetes nephropathy, DN)。在DN发生发展的过程中,患者的肾脏通常会出现以肾小球硬化、肾小球及肾小管纤维化为主的病理损伤。DN的发病机制十分复杂,目前普遍认为其与代谢紊乱、血流动力学异常、炎症反应、氧化应激和遗传等多个方面的因素相关。而最新研究发现,转化生长因子-β(TGF-β)的高表达在包括DN在内的多种纤维化疾病中起到关键作用。TGF-β可能分别或同时通过Smad蛋白、丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(MAPK)、磷脂酰肌醇激酶3(PI3K)参与的信号转导途径引起肾损伤,参与DN的发生发展。该文就TGF-β参与DN发生发展机制的研究现状加以综述。     

肾小管脂毒性在糖尿病肾病发病机制中的研究进展

糖尿病肾病(diabetic nephropathy,DN)是糖尿病的重要并发症，是终末期肾病的重要病因。DN患者常伴脂质代谢紊乱。脂代谢紊乱可致肾小管内脂质分布异常，引起肾脏脂肪堆积、脂滴积累、肾小管损伤等一系列“脂毒性”现象，进而诱发DN肾脏炎症、纤维化等病理改变。作为肾脏中的高耗能结构，肾小管脂代谢产能对维持其正常生理功能具有重大意义。脂质能量代谢在DN发病机制中发挥不可或缺的作用，本文从胆固醇代谢引起DN肾小管脂毒性、脂肪酸代谢引起DN肾小管脂毒性、脂代谢异常在肾小管与肾小球间的“串扰”作用以及肾小管脂毒性靶向药物治疗等方面进行阐述，旨在为今后临床防治DN新角度与新方案的提出提供参考。     

超声在糖尿病肾病诊断中的应用价值

由于快速变化的生活方式,我国糖尿病的患病率呈逐年上升趋势。糖尿病肾病(diabetic nephropathy,DN)是糖尿病最常见、最严重的微血管病变并发症之一,并且已经成为全球终末期肾病的最常见病因。因此,早期诊断、早期治疗是延缓DN进展的重点。超声是临床评价肾脏形态、功能常用的检查方法,与血、尿实验室检查相比,具有方便、快捷、无创、经济的优势。随着科学技术的发展,越来越多的超声新技术应用于临床,极大的丰富了诊断信息。本文就各项超声检查技术在检测DN患者肾脏体积、实质回声、血流动力学改变中的应用价值作一综述。得出结论:在DN早期血、尿实验室检查正常时超声已经可以发现肾脏体积、血流动力学发生了变化。因此,超声在DN的早期诊断、动态监测病程进展方面所发挥的作用是其他检查方法所不可替代的。三维超声技术和超声弹性成像在DN患者肾脏功能评价方面有着广泛研究空间及临床应用前景。     

PPARγ在糖尿病肾病中的保护作用

糖尿病肾病(d iabetic nephropathy,DN)是一种由糖尿病导致的肾功能降低的慢性疾病,以蛋白尿、肾小球肥大、肾小球滤过率降低和肾纤维化为主要特征,是导致终末期肾脏疾病的主要病因,也是糖尿病患者死亡的主要原因。过氧物酶体增殖体激活受体γ(peroxisome proliferator-activatedreceptor,γPPARγ)是PPAR核受体家族中的一员,在许多生理过程中起重要作用。噻唑烷二酮(TZDs)是PPARγ的激动剂。在过去的十多年中,大量研究表明TZDs对DN的发生和发展具有明显的保护作用,其主要机制包括改善胰岛素抵抗、降低血糖、降低血压等间接保护作用和抑制肾间质纤维化、保护足细胞等直接保护作用。本文将对PPARγ在DN中的肾脏保护作用及其潜在机制进行综述与讨论。     

内质网应激及其在糖尿病肾病中的作用机制

糖尿病肾病（diabetic nephropathy,DN）是糖尿病最常见的微血管并发症,是导致终末期肾脏疾病（end-stage renal disease,ESRD）的继发性肾脏疾病的主要病因之一。多种因素如缺氧、氧化应激、病毒感染、遗传突变等,可导致内质网内稳态失衡,大量未折叠蛋白和错误折叠引起蛋白堆积,即形成内质网应激(endoplasmic reticulum stress, ERS),从而激活未折叠蛋白反应(unfolded protein response, UPR)介导的三条经典的细胞适应性应答通路以恢复内质网稳态和细胞活性。但如果刺激过强或持续存在,便会启动细胞凋亡信号通路。大量研究表明ERS与DN的发生发展相关,并参与不同类型肾细胞损伤的过程,因此ERS作为治疗DN的有效靶点具有很重要的研究前景,调控ERS可为DN的治疗提供新的理论支持。从ERS相关信号通路及其在DN中的作用和新进展领域作一综述,以期为DN的治疗研究提供参考。     

香椿子石油醚提取物对大鼠糖尿病肾病的保护作用

为了研究香椿子石油醚提取物(PEE)对糖尿病肾病(DN)大鼠的保护作用及初步机制,采用Wistar雄性大鼠,STZ 60 mg/kg造模。造模成功后,DN大鼠分为模型组、PEE干预组(5 mg/100 g·d),另设正常组。灌胃10周后处死,取材及采血,检测肾脏指数及生化指标;肾皮质行HE和PAS、PASM、Masson染色;电镜观察大鼠肾组织形态;免疫组化观察转化生长因子-β1(TGF-β1)、结缔组织生长因子(CTGF)、IV型胶原蛋白(collagen IV)表达水平。结果显示,PEE组大鼠血糖、尿蛋白、氧化应激指标下降;血肌酐与尿素氮降低,明显改善DN大鼠肾脏病理学异常,降低肾脏TGF-β1、CTGF、collagen IV蛋白表达。这表明PEE抑制氧化应激,减少TGF-β1、CTGF、collagen IV蛋白表达,对DN大鼠有一定保护作用。     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细