食物限制对黑线仓鼠免疫功能的影响

温带地区小型哺乳动物经常面临着食物资源的波动。食物对动物的免疫功能具有重要影响。将19只成年雄性黑线仓鼠(Cricetulus barabensis)随机分为自由取食组(n=9)和限食组(n=10)。注射植物血球凝集素(PHA)来测定细胞介导的免疫反应,用匙孔血蓝蛋白(KLH)免疫动物,然后测定抗KLH抗体的浓度以反映其体液免疫功能。旨在检验食物限制是否会抑制黑线仓鼠的细胞免疫和体液免疫功能。结果发现,与对照组相比,限食组黑线仓鼠具有较低的体重、体脂、脾脏鲜重、血清瘦素水平、免疫球蛋白Ig G和Ig M浓度。而限食对胸腺鲜重、白细胞数、皮质酮水平以及PHA反应没有显著影响。结果表明黑线仓鼠免疫系统的不同成分对限食反应存在差异,在食物资源短缺时,黑线仓鼠防御细胞外病原体的能力降低,从而导致生存能力的下降。     

温度和高脂食物对黑线仓鼠代谢产热和体脂累积的影响

能量代谢的适应性调节是小型哺乳动物应对环境季节性变化的主要策略之一。为探讨不同温度下动物在代谢产热能量支出与脂肪累积之间的权衡策略,以成年雄性黑线仓鼠为研究对象开展了3 个实验:实验1 将动物驯化于高脂和低脂食物;实验2 将动物暴露于低温(5℃)和暖温(30℃);实验3 将饲喂高脂食物的动物暴露于低温。以食物平衡法测定摄食量、摄入能和消化率,以开放式氧气分析仪测定代谢产热,以索氏抽提法测定脂肪含量。结果发现,取食高脂食物的黑线仓鼠摄食量显著减少,但脂肪累积显著增加;暖温下摄食量显著减少,但体脂含量显著增加,低温下摄食量显著升高,但体脂含量显著减少;饲喂高脂食物的黑线仓鼠在低温下摄入能显著增加,非颤抖性产热增强,但体脂含量显著降低。结果表明高脂食物对黑线仓鼠体脂累积的影响与环境温度有关,低温诱导脂肪动员,暖温促进脂肪贮存;低温下黑线仓鼠增加能量摄入不能完全补偿用于产热的能量支出,导致脂肪动员增加;暖温下代谢产热降低是脂肪累积的主要因素;与能量摄入相比代谢产热的能量支出在体脂累积的适应性变化中发挥更重要的作用。     

不同栖息环境的两种啮齿动物Vkorc1基因多态性

维生素K环氧化物还原酶复合物亚基 1基因 (Vkorc1) 的变异与啮齿动物对抗凝血灭鼠剂的抗药性密切相关。为掌握Vkorc1基因变异在野栖类和家栖类啮齿动物中的流行情况,从山西省13个县 (市、区) 的农田和14个县 (市、区) 的养殖场采样,检测长尾仓鼠 (Cricetulus longicaudatus) 和黄胸鼠 (Rattus tanezumi) Vkorc1基因编码区的变异位点及携带不同变异位点的个体的分布情况。结果显示,长尾仓鼠在13个采样地均有捕获,整体占野栖类啮齿动物的23.29%;黄胸鼠分布于8个采样地,整体占家栖类啮齿动物的68.63%。在长尾仓鼠样本 (n = 105) 中检测到6个沉默突变位点和5个错义突变位点,其中,沉默突变C438T (His146His) 的变异率最高,为67.62%;共有17只长尾仓鼠样本存在错义突变位点。黄胸鼠样本 (n = 70) 中存在6个沉默突变位点和1个错义突变位点,其中,最常见的沉默突变位点A321C (Ile107Ile) 和T411C (Thr137Thr) 的变异率均达到18.57%;8只黄胸鼠样本存在与其抗药性相关的A416G (Tyr139Cys) 错义突变,其中7只来源于太原市小店区 (XID),变异率为35.00%。本研究表明在家居和自然环境中均存在Vkorc1基因的变异,并在太原市小店区检测到黄胸鼠抗性种群的存在,需加强对此种群的监测。     

食物限制对黑线仓鼠能量代谢和产热的影响

为阐明动物应对食物短缺的能量学对策与其自身的代谢水平的关系,测定了不同限食程度下黑线仓鼠的体重、基础代谢率和非颤抖性产热。结果发现,限食使基础代谢率、非颤抖性产热、褐色脂肪组织细胞色素c氧化酶活性降低。90% 限食驯化4 周后,存活率为80% ,60% 限食驯化4 周后,存活率为30% 。低温驯化使黑线仓鼠基础代谢率和非颤抖性产热显著增加,使80% 限食动物的体重和存活率显著降低。高基础代谢率组的摄食量比低基础代谢率组多23.8% ,80% 限食后两组体重降低的幅度和存活率差异不显著。结果表明:高水平的代谢率使黑线仓鼠对食物资源短缺的敏感性增加;支持“代谢率转换假说”,符合“具有储食习性的动物对食物短缺的生理耐受性较低” 的预测。     

我国落叶松林生物量碳计量参数的初步研究

通过整理归纳落叶松(Larix)天然林和人工林的生物量文献数据,研究探讨了有关生物量碳计量参数,结果表明:1) 落叶松生物量转化与扩展因子(Biomass conversion and expansion factor, BCEF)的平均值为0.683 4 Mg·m^-3 (n=113, SD=0.355 1),其中天然林为0.555 1 Mg·m^-3 (n=56, SD=0.058 2),明显小于人工林的0.809 5 Mg·m^-3 (n=57, SD=0.465 0)(p<0.05);生物量扩展因子(Biomass expansion factor,BEF)的平均值为1.349 3 (n=134, SD=0.384 4),其中天然林为1.176 3 (n=63, SD=0.039 9),也明显小于人工林的1.502 9 (n=71, SD=0.478 0)(p<0.05)。天然林与人工林的BCEF和BEF随林龄(Stand age, A)、平均胸径(Diameter at breast height, DBH)和林分密度(Stand density, D)的增加呈现相反的变化趋势。天然林的BCEF和BEF随A和DBH的增加而增加,随D的增加而呈降低趋势。人工林随A和DBH的增加呈指数降低并趋于稳定值,随D的增加而呈增加趋势。2) 根茎比(Root∶shoot ratio,R)的平均值为0.245 6 (n=156, SD=0.092 6),其中天然林为0.237 6 (n=64, SD=0.061 8)),人工林为0.251 1 (n=92, SD=0.109 0),二者无明显差异(p<0.05)。天然林的R随A和DBH的增加分别呈明显的指数和幂函数增加,而随D的增加呈幂函数下降,而人工林的R与A、DBH和D没有显著相关性(p<0.05)。3) 群落生物量扩展因子(Community biomass expansion factor,CBEF)的平均值为1.079 2 (n=49, SD=0.100 5),其中天然林为1.103 9 (n=29, SD=0.114 9),明显大于人工林的1.043 4 (n=20, SD=0.061 4) (p<0.05)。由于天然林和人工林的某些碳计量参数(如BCEF、BEF、CBEF)间存在明显差异,在进行落叶松林生物量碳计量时需分别天然林和人工林计算,在使用有关参数时还需考虑A、DBH和D等因素,有利于降低计量中的不确定性。但是人工林的有些参数(如人工林BCEF和BEF与D的关系、天然林和人工林的CBEF等)尚需进一步研究。     

黑线仓鼠的食物与食量

作者从1983年至1989年,在河北省三个不同的气候区,对农田中的黑线仓鼠(Cricetulus,bara-bensis)的食物与食量进行了调查。结果表明,黑线仓鼠主要取食农作物种子。同时取食草籽和根、茎、叶、花、果实及动物性食物。不同地区、不同作物地、不同季节和年度、不同性别鼠的食物差异显著。食物差异与鼠的种群繁值及数量动态有关。月夹捕率与颊囊中食物的总检出率和种子检出率正相关非常显著。直线回归方程式分别为y=38.388+2.866x n=60 r=0.343>r_(0.01)=0.325和y=29.734+2.669x r=0.394>r_(0.01360)=0.325。黑线仓鼠对食物的选择,主要受到食物质量的影响,同时也受到食物频度、作物的物候变化、动物的群落结构、种群密度、种内与种间竞争等多种因素的综合影响。在不同的时间和栖息地影响它食物选择的主要因素不同。日食量4-5g。     

嫩江下游人工林中黑线姬鼠与黑线仓鼠的消化道形态及其取食策略

对嫩江下游流域人工林区两同域共存优势种黑线姬鼠东北亚种(Apodemus agrarius mantchuricus)与黑线仓鼠三江平原亚种(Cricetulus barabensis manchuricus)夏季主要食物组成及消化道形态结构的适应性变化进行了比较分析.二者均以当年生植物嫩茎、叶、种子及昆虫为主要取食对象,但黑线姬鼠对茎和叶的采食频次小于黑线仓鼠,而种子、根和昆虫类在黑线姬鼠的食物中出现的频次则相对较高.与食物组成相适应,黑线仓鼠的胃、盲肠和大肠在长度及重量上均显著大于黑线姬鼠,这是黑线仓鼠对高纤维和低蛋白食物的适应性调整.研究结果表明,两种啮齿动物在长期的进化中产生了不同的食物资源利用模式,而其消化道形态结构的变化则可能是其在长期的种间竞争和进化压力下进行食物资源分享的一种功能性反应.     

针刺对大鼠运动性骨骼肌损伤内质网应激的干预作用及机制

目的: 观察针刺对大鼠运动性骨骼肌损伤内质网功能酶SERCA、PDI、内质网应激标志蛋白GRP78和PERK通路的影响,探讨针刺防治运动性骨骼肌损伤的内质网途径作用机制。方法: 8周龄雄性SD大鼠随机分为空白对照组(C组,n=6)、单纯运动组(E组,n=30)、针刺对照组(A组,n=30)和运动针刺组(EA组,n=30)。其中,E组和EA组通过一次离心运动建立运动性骨骼肌损伤模型,EA组在运动后即刻于大鼠小腿跟腱上0.5 cm施以针刺干预,A组在同期施以针刺干预。各组根据运动和针刺干预后不同取材时间点分为0 h/12 h/24 h/48 h/72 h亚组(n=6),在对应时相取比目鱼肌进行指标测试。透射电镜观察肌纤维超微机构;ELISA法测定Ca²⁺-ATP酶(SERCA)和蛋白二硫键异构酶(PDI)含量;Western blot检测内质网应激标志蛋白GRP78及p-PERK、p-eIF2α表达。结果: 与C组比较,A组指标各时相均无显著差异(P＞0.05),E组肌纤维超微结构出现不同损伤,SERCA含量0 h至48 h均显著降低(P＜0.05),PDI含量0 h显著升高(P＜0.05),GRP78表达0 h至72 h均显著升高(P＜ 0.05),p-PERK表达0 h至24 h显著升高(P＜0.05), p-eIF2α表达与p-PERK一致;与E组对应时相比较,EA组肌纤维超微结构明显改善,SERCA含量48 h和72 h显著升高(P＜0.05),PDI含量0 h至72 h均显著升高(P＜0.05),GRP78表达0 h至72 h均显著降低(P＜0.05),p-PERK和p-eIF2α表达12 h和24 h显著降低(P＜0.05)。结论: 针刺可有效改善一次大负荷离心运动后导致的运动性骨骼肌损伤并缓解内质网应激,其机制可能与上调蛋白二硫键异构酶PDI以及抑制内质网应激PERK通路有关。     

黑线仓鼠的BMR个体差异及其应对高脂食物的能量学对策

为探讨高脂食物对小型哺乳动物能量代谢的影响及其与基础代谢率(Basal metabolic rate, BMR)的关系,将成年雌性黑线仓鼠(Cricetulus barabensis)分为高、低BMR组,每组再随机分为低脂、高脂食物组,驯化6周后,测定体重、摄入能和代谢率,以及消化酶活力、褐色脂肪组织(Brown adipose tissue, BAT)和主要内脏器官与肌肉的细胞色素c氧化酶(Cytochrome c oxidase, COX)活性、解偶联蛋白(Uncoupling protein, UCP) mRNA表达等。结果显示,高脂食物对高、低BMR组动物体重均无显著影响。与低脂食物组相比,高脂食物组的摄食量、摄入能和消化能显著下降,小肠脂肪酶活力显著增强,消化率明显增加,但高、低BMR组的组间差异不显著。夜间代谢水平显著高于昼间,高脂食物使高BMR组的夜间代谢率显著升高。BAT、肌肉和内脏器官COX活性不受高脂食物的影响,高、低BMR组的组间差异也不显著。高脂食物组仅肝脏UCP2表达显著上调。结果表明,能量摄入和消化系统形态及功能的可塑性调节是黑线仓鼠应对高脂食物的主要策略;黑线仓鼠的代谢率具有显著的昼夜节律,既受高脂食物的影响,也与动物自身的BMR水平有关,但UCP表达具有组织特异性,这可能不是导致BMR个体差异的因素。     

太行山东北部哺乳动物区系及多样性

为研究太行山东北部的哺乳动物区系及多样性格局, 2019年7月1日至10月30日间, 作者采用样线调查和红外相机监测、访谈、文献查阅等多种方法, 对该区域的哺乳动物进行调查, 分析了区系构成, 并基于多样性指数比较了太行山片区和燕山片区哺乳动物多样性及动物分布型的差异。结果表明: 太行山东北部区域分布有哺乳动物7目22科68种, 其中啮齿目种类最多(24种), 灵长目最少, 仅猕猴(Macaca mulatta) 1种; 区域内分布有2种国家I级(金钱豹Panthera pardus、豺Cuon alpinus)和10种国家II级重点保护野生动物。太行山片区和燕山片区的哺乳动物区系的平均动物区系相似性(average faunal resemblance)系数为0.844, 相似性较大, 太行山片区的哺乳动物种数(66)高于燕山片区(50), 其科的多样性指数(D_F= 2.994 ± 0.251, n = 13)和属的多样性指数(D_G = 2.443 ± 0.161, n = 13)也略高于燕山片区(D_F = 2.458 ± 0.170, D_G = 2.259 ± 0.149, n = 10), 但无显著差异(P> 0.05)。太行山片区哺乳动物G-F指数(D_G-F= 0.145 ± 0.022, n = 13)显著高于燕山片区(0.078 ± 0.014, n = 10) (P< 0.05)。研究结果表明, 太行山片区和燕山片区的哺乳动物的科、属组成相同, 但太行山片区的物种多样性高于燕山片区; 太行山东北部区域分布的哺乳动物以古北界物种为主, 太行山片区和燕山片区均有10类动物分布型的哺乳动物; 因太行山片区的纬度相对较低, 其东洋界物种比例(19.11%)略高于燕山片区(17.64%)。     

Assessment of the Sensitizing Potential of Processed Peanut Proteins in Brown Norway Rats: Roasting Does Not Enhance Allergenicity

Background

IgE-binding of process-modified foods or proteins is the most common method for examination of how food processing affects allergenicity of food allergens. How processing affects sensitization capacity is generally studied by administration of purified food proteins or food extracts and not allergens present in their natural food matrix.

Objectives

The aim was to investigate if thermal processing increases sensitization potential of whole peanuts via the oral route. In parallel, the effect of heating on sensitization potential of the major peanut allergen Ara h 1 was assessed via the intraperitoneal route.

Methods

Sensitization potential of processed peanut products and Ara h 1 was examined in Brown Norway (BN) rats by oral administration of blanched or oil-roasted peanuts or peanut butter or by intraperitoneal immunization of purified native (N-), heated (H-) or heat glycated (G-)Ara h 1. Levels of specific IgG and IgE were determined by ELISA and IgE functionality was examined by rat basophilic leukemia (RBL) cell assay.

Results

In rats dosed orally, roasted peanuts induced significant higher levels of specific IgE to NAra h 1 and 2 than blanched peanuts or peanut butter but with the lowest level of RBL degranulation. However, extract from roasted peanuts was found to be a superior elicitor of RBL degranulation. Process-modified Ara h 1 had similar sensitizing capacity as NAra h 1 but specific IgE reacted more readily with process-modified Ara h 1 than with native.

Conclusions

Peanut products induce functional specific IgE when dosed orally to BN rats. Roasted peanuts do not have a higher sensitizing capacity than blanched peanuts. In spite of this, extract from roasted peanuts is a superior elicitor of RBL cell degranulation irrespectively of the peanut product used for sensitization. The results also suggest that new epitopes are formed or disclosed by heating Ara h 1 without glucose.     

一种花生快速遗传转化方法的建立与应用

遗传转化是植物基因工程的重要手段。快速、高效地将目的基因导入植物细胞, 并缩短获得转基因后代的时间是遗传转化的关键。花生(Arachis hypogaea)是我国重要的油料及经济作物。目前花生的遗传转化体系尚未完善, 制约着花生的基因功能解析和分子育种进程。该文建立了一套快速、稳定的花生遗传转化体系。通过将农杆菌注射于花生第2茎节的切面获得转化植株, 再将阳性植株进行移栽和回土, 采摘注射点以上的荚果进行后续鉴定与分析。结果表明, 利用该方法可获得40%以上的T₀代嵌合体植株, 约5个月可收获T₀代花生种子, 其中约有9%的T₁代花生植株为非嵌合体的杂合体。针对部分转基因植株结实少的问题, 进一步提出了将快速转化体系与传统组培方法相结合的优化方案。构建的快速转化方法对大蒜(Allium sativum)、马铃薯(Solanum tuberosum)和香雪兰(Freesia refracta)的遗传转化具有潜在应用价值, 对其它植物的遗传转化也有重要参考价值。     

The peanut allergy epidemic: allergen molecular characterisation and prospects for specific therapy

Peanut (Arachis hypogaea) allergy is a major cause of food-induced anaphylaxis, with increasing prevalence worldwide. To date, there is no cure for peanut allergy, and, unlike many other food allergies, it usually persists through to adulthood. Prevention of exposure to peanuts is managed through strict avoidance, which can be compromised by the frequent use of peanuts and peanut products in food preparations. Conventional subcutaneous-injection allergen immunotherapy using crude peanut extract is not a recommended treatment because of the risk of severe side effects, largely as a result of specific IgE antibodies. Consequently, there is an urgent need to develop a suitable peanut allergen preparation that can induce specific clinical and immunological tolerance to peanuts in allergic individuals without adverse side effects. This requires detailed molecular and immunological characterisation of the allergenic components of peanut. This article reviews current knowledge on clinically relevant peanut allergens, in particular Ara h 1, Ara h 2 and Ara h 3, together with options for T-cell-reactive but non-IgE-binding allergen variants for specific immunotherapeutic strategies. These include T-cell-epitope peptide and hypoallergenic mutant vaccines. Alternative routes of administration such as sublingual are also considered, and appropriate adjuvants for delivering effective treatments at these sites examined.     

Anti-inflammatory effect of chemically modified chitin

Anti-inflammatory effects of the three types of chitin derivatives namely phosphated chitin (P-chitin), phosphated–sulfated chitin (PS-chitin), and sulfated chitin (S-chitin) were investigated using a canine model of chitosan-induced pneumonia. After simultaneous administration of chitosan with or without each chitin derivative (chitosan alone: n=6, chitosan and P-chitin: n=6, chitosan and PS-chitin: n=1, and chitosan and S-chitin: n=3), hematological examination and X-ray image processing were performed for up to 24 h. Then the lungs were recovered and were evaluated by softex imaging after inflation and fixation. The hematological findings showed that PS-chitin and S-chitin did not prevent the decrease in white blood cell (WBC) count as seen in dogs administered chitosan, while P-chitin prevented such decrease in WBC count. The surface of the inflated and fixed lung specimens was hemorrhagic in the PS- and S-chitin groups as well as in the chitosan group, while the lung looked like normal in the P-chitin group. The pulmonary blood vessels of the chitosan group showed severe change while the P-chitin group showed no changes with softex findings. Furthermore, the pattern of histogram density obtained with image processing of thoracic X-ray in P-chitin group did not change among pre and post administration while chitosan group showed rightward movement and significant changes on parameters. The cause of which is attribured to an attenuation of X-ray permeability by angiectasis of the lung.     

白藜芦醇在几种植物中各部位的分布

采用液相色谱研究白藜芦醇在紫斑牡丹、花生和巨峰葡萄几种经济植物各部位的分布情况。结果表明紫斑牡丹籽和果荚的含量远高于花生和巨峰葡萄。花生白藜芦醇含量最低。紫斑牡丹、花生和巨峰葡萄各部位白藜芦醇分布情况如下：紫斑牡丹叶、紫斑牡丹侧枝、紫斑牡丹茎和紫斑牡丹根中均不含有白藜芦醇,而紫斑牡丹籽和紫斑牡丹果荚中含有白藜芦醇,其中紫斑牡丹籽白藜芦醇含量为0.87‰,紫斑牡丹果荚白藜芦醇含量为0.26‰。花生叶、花生胚乳和花生胚芽中均不含有白藜芦醇,而花生侧枝、花生壳、花生皮、花生茎、花生侧根、花生主根中含有白藜芦醇含有白藜芦醇,其含量为花生侧枝3 mg·kg^-1、花生茎11 mg·kg^-1、花生壳12 mg·kg^-1、花生皮15 mg·kg^-1、花生侧根5 mg·kg^-1、花生主根10 mg·kg^-1。经检测发现葡萄肉,葡萄皮,葡萄籽,葡萄蒂四部分中含有白藜芦醇,其中葡萄肉白藜芦醇含量为0.017‰,葡萄皮白藜芦醇含量为0.028‰,葡萄籽白藜芦醇含量为0.005‰,葡萄蒂和其邻近枝白藜芦醇含量为0.12‰。检测说明这几种植物中花生皮、花生壳、葡萄皮、葡萄籽、葡萄蒂、牡丹籽、牡丹荚具有一定的药用价值和经济价值。     

Peanut allergy in relation to heredity,maternal diet,and other atopic diseases: results of a questionnaire survey,skin prick testing,and food challenges.

OBJECTIVES: To determine rates of other atopic manifestations in people with peanut allergy and the prevalence of such allergy in their families. DESIGN: A survey of people with self reported peanut allergy and people referred by their general practitioner for suspected peanut allergy; survey and skin testing of 50 children with reported peanut allergy and their available first degree relatives. SUBJECTS: 622 adults and children with reported, suspected, or known peanut allergy. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Prevalence of peanut allergy and other allergies in the families of people with peanut allergy. RESULTS: 622 valid completed questionnaires were returned out of the 833 questionnaires dispatched (74.7%). All forms of atopy were both more common in successive generations (P < 0.0001) and more common in maternal than paternal relatives (P < 0.0001). Peanut allergy was reported by 0.1% (3/2409) of grandparents, 0.6% (7/1213) of aunts and uncles, 1.6% (19/1218) of parents, and 6.9% (42/610) of siblings. Consumption of peanuts while pregnant or breast feeding was more common among mothers of probands aged < or = 5 years than mothers of probands aged > 5 years (P < 0.001). Age of onset correlated inversely with year of birth (r = -0.6, P < 0.001). Skin prick testing of 50 children with reported peanut allergy and their families: 7 probands (14%) had a negative result for peanut. Peanut allergy was refuted by food challenge in all those tested (5/7). No parent and 13% (5/39) of siblings had a positive result on skin prick testing for peanut. Two of these siblings had negative challenge with peanuts. The prevalence of peanut allergy in siblings is therefore 3/39 (7%). CONCLUSIONS: Peanut allergy is more common in siblings of people with peanut allergy than in the parents or the general population. Its apparently increasing prevalence may reflect a general increase of atopy, which is inherited more commonly from the mother. Peanut allergy is presenting earlier in life, possibly reflecting increased consumption of peanut by pregnant and nursing mothers.     

不同温度下黑线仓鼠应对食物短缺的能量学对策

食物资源的不确定性是动物在自然环境中面临的重要挑战之一."代谢率转换"假说认为,动物应对食物短缺的能量学策略在于降低代谢率以减少能量支出.然而在不同环境温度下非冬眠小型哺乳动物应对食物短缺的"代谢率转换"策略,尚不明确.为探究这一问题,将成年雄性黑线仓鼠在低温(5.0℃)、室温(21.0℃)和高温(32.5℃)下断食处...