植物多基因干扰载体体系构建与效用分析

多数重要的功能基因属于多基因家族,这些家族成员间存在功能冗余,高效的多基因干扰体系对研究多基因家族成员的生物学功能及其分子调控机制具有重要意义。对pCAMBIA1301载体改造,构建了适用于植物的多基因干扰体系pCAMBIA1301m和pCAMBIA1301s。使用该多基因干扰体系构建了四基因的干扰载体pCAMBIA1301m：35S∷SlPP2C1-2-3-4,4个目标基因为来源于番茄PP2C家族A组的PP2C1、PP2C2、PP2C3和PP2C4,并通过遗传转化导入番茄,用GUS染色和PCR检测转基因阳性植株,再利用RT-qPCR技术检测T₁和T₂代转基因植株中目标基因的干扰效率,用T₂代种子分析转基因番茄对ABA敏感性。结果表明,应用该干扰体系成功获得了四基因干扰的转基因植株35S∷SlPP2C1-2-3-4。在转基因番茄中4个目标基因的表达量显著低于野生型,其干扰效率均高于70%,转基因番茄种子萌发具有强烈的ABA不敏感性。多基因干扰体系能高效地同时沉默多个目标基因。     

一种拟南芥基因高效编辑体系研究

CRISPR/Cas9基因编辑系统操作简单易行,无需引入外源基因,生物安全性高。但怎样快速筛选获得不含外源转化元件的基因编辑后代是一个关键技术问题。本研究创造性的将拟南芥种皮特异性启动子At2S3与荧光筛选标记基因mCherry组装进植物基因组定点编辑CRISPR载体pHDE中,以拟南芥as1为靶基因,构建一种通过荧光标记筛选、实现转化后代中Cas9 Free的基因高效编辑体系。结果表明,通过同源重组方法构建的带有筛选标记的CRISPR载体与设计相符,外源插入片段正确。挑选转化后种皮上带有红色荧光标记的阳性种子培育得到T₁代植株,经PCR验证,成功获得as1定点敲除的纯合突变植株,纯合子比率达到40%;挑选T₁代纯合突变上不带荧光的种子,培育得到的T₂代植株中,PCR检测不到Cas9片段,实现了编辑后代的Cas9 Free。本研究构建的一种带有可视化筛选标记的基因高效编辑体系,成功实现编辑后代中无外源插入的Cas9等转化元件,生物安全性高,为基因组定点编辑技术在植物遗传资源改良中的高效利用提供了借鉴与参考。     

谷子茎尖体外遗传转化体系的建立与优化

以谷子(Seteria italica)豫谷一号为实验材料, 建立了一套简便、稳定的体外茎尖遗传转化体系。通过根癌农杆菌(Agrobacterium tumefaciens)介导的茎尖转化法, 对转化受体采取不同的处理方式, 待拟转化株长到三叶期后进行PCR鉴定。探明了草丁膦(Basta)喷施处理用于谷子转基因幼苗筛选的最适浓度, 以及2种不同检测方式(直接PCR和喷施Basta+PCR)鉴定转基因植株的效果。在上述基础上, 对影响谷子遗传转化体系的多种因素进行优化。结果表明, 菌液浓度(OD₆₀₀)=1.4、侵染液中乙酰丁香酮浓度为800 μmol∙L ^-1、侵染压强为0.05 MPa、侵染40分钟有利于谷子茎尖的遗传转化。同时, 采用上述优化系统获得谷子转SiCBL4基因植株, 通过喷施草丁膦和实时荧光定量PCR对T₂代转基因植株进行遗传稳定性分析, 可节约检测时间。综上, 该研究初步建立了稳定的谷子体外茎尖遗传转化体系, 并开发了一种便捷的检测后代转基因植株的组合方法。     

利用CRISPR/Cas9鉴定玉米发育相关基因ZmCen*

目的: 利用CRISPR/Cas9(clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR-associated protein 9) 系统构建玉米中心蛋白(Centrin)的表达载体,经转化后分析其对玉米生长发育的影响。方法: 针对ZmCen基因的第一个外显子设计sgRNA,将其连入pOMS01-Cas9-ZmCen-sgRNA表达载体,转化农杆菌GV3101后,侵染玉米自交系材料B104的愈伤组织,经继代、诱导、分化成苗,筛选出转基因后代。对T₀代和T₁代基因组DNA进行PCR验证、测序及表型分析。结果: 成功构建ZmCen的表达载体。侵染农杆菌后,PCR测序显示,T₀ 代和T₁ 代突变率分别为 20.13% 和 64.52%,其中T₁ 代的纯合缺失突变率为5%。序列分析表明,ZmCen基因的编辑靶点附近发生了碱基的替换、插入或缺失。经与野生型表型比对发现,ZmCen 突变体T₁代植株出现发育缓慢且雄花序不完全发育表型,纯合突变体植株雄花序则完全不发育。结论: 通过 CRISPR/Cas9技术成功地对玉米ZmCen基因进行了编辑,ZmCen突变体的获得为玉米雄性器官发育相关基因的研究奠定了基础。     

利用CRISPR/Cas9鉴定玉米发育相关基因ZmCen*

目的: 利用CRISPR/Cas9(clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR-associated protein 9) 系统构建玉米中心蛋白(Centrin)的表达载体,经转化后分析其对玉米生长发育的影响。方法: 针对ZmCen基因的第一个外显子设计sgRNA,将其连入pOMS01-Cas9-ZmCen-sgRNA表达载体,转化农杆菌GV3101后,侵染玉米自交系材料B104的愈伤组织,经继代、诱导、分化成苗,筛选出转基因后代。对T₀代和T₁代基因组DNA进行PCR验证、测序及表型分析。结果: 成功构建ZmCen的表达载体。侵染农杆菌后,PCR测序显示,T₀ 代和T₁ 代突变率分别为 20.13% 和 64.52%,其中T₁ 代的纯合缺失突变率为5%。序列分析表明,ZmCen基因的编辑靶点附近发生了碱基的替换、插入或缺失。经与野生型表型比对发现,ZmCen 突变体T₁代植株出现发育缓慢且雄花序不完全发育表型,纯合突变体植株雄花序则完全不发育。结论: 通过 CRISPR/Cas9技术成功地对玉米ZmCen基因进行了编辑,ZmCen突变体的获得为玉米雄性器官发育相关基因的研究奠定了基础。     

过表达钾转运蛋白基因trkH提高玉米的钾营养

钾是植物生长发育必须的营养元素,参与多种生理生化过程。土壤缺钾严重影响了玉米的产量和品质,通过遗传改良的方式提高玉米的钾营养是解决这个问题的有效途径。本实验室前期从海洋微生物宏基因组DNA中克隆得到细菌钾转运蛋白基因trkH,在酵母和烟草中验证了功能。为进一步分析trkH基因在玉米中的功能,以Hi-Ⅱ基因型玉米为转化受体,采用农杆菌介导法将trkH基因转入玉米,获得具有Baster抗性的独立转化苗21株。PCR检测结果表明trkH基因已成功转入到玉米基因组中。Bar试纸条检测结果表明Bar基因在蛋白水平上成功表达。将部分T₀代转基因植株与玉米骨干自交系PH6WC杂交,获得8个T₁代株系,半定量RT-PCR检测结果表明转基因植株在转录水平上均能表达。三叶一心期喷洒除草剂进行筛选,选择比例接近1：1的L3、L5和L7转基因株系进行PCR检测,统计检测结果并进行χ²测验,结果表明符合孟德尔分离定律。L3、L5和L7转基因株系玉米苗期的钾耗竭实验结果表明过表达trkH基因能够提高转基因玉米的K⁺吸收,为培育钾营养高效玉米新品种奠定基础。     

利用pmi标记基因筛选培育转EaDREB2B基因甘蔗

利用已构建的植物表达载体prd29a-dreb-hyg,通过酶切连接到含有磷酸甘露糖异构酶基因（pmi）的表达质粒pZMLR14上,构建植物表达载体pDREB-PMI。利用基因枪轰击转化甘蔗愈伤,经过甘露糖筛选,共获51株抗性苗,转化再生频率为4.25%。对转基因植株进行分子检测,结果表明有8株为阳性转基因无性系。氯酚红试验表明标记磷酸甘露糖异构酶基因在转基因株系中均有表达。对转基因T₁代甘蔗植株进行分子检测,结果表明EaDREB2B基因在转基因甘蔗无性系T₁代中稳定遗传。该结果为进一步研究EaDREB2B基因在甘蔗抗旱方面的作用奠定了基础。     

过量表达辣椒CaNPR1提高烟草对青枯菌的抗性

对水稻和拟南芥等模式植物的研究表明,NPR1(nonexpressor of pathogenesis-related genes 1)是依赖于SA通路的防御反应调节基因,但在辣椒和烟草等茄科作物中该蛋白的功能还鲜有报道。研究从辣椒cDNA文库中分离获得一个NPR1的类似物全长cDNA(CaNPR1),并获得了其超表达的转基因烟草T₁代株系。研究结果表明,这些株系与其野生型植株没有明显表型差异,但却表现出较野生型植株更高的抗青枯菌侵染活性。同时,研究还发现CaNPR1的超表达还显著提高了防御相关基因的表达,表明NPR1在不同植物间具有较强的功能保守性。     

拟南芥AtUNE12基因的耐盐功能初探

bHLH转录因子家族成员在植物生长发育、生理代谢及非生物胁迫响应过程中起重要作用。本研究选取拟南芥抗逆相关bHLH转录因子家族中AtUNE12基因为研究对象,对其进行耐盐功能初探。首先构建AtUNE12基因的植物过表达载体（pROKⅡ-AtUNE12）,通过农杆菌介导的浸花法转化拟南芥,利用qRT-PCR技术检测获得T₃代AtUNE12过表达转基因植株。在盐胁迫下,分析过表达AtUNE12与野生型拟南芥长势、根长及鲜重;比较过表达AtUNE12与野生型植株的电解质渗透率、失水率、MDA含量、POD与SOD活性及H₂O₂含量,鉴定AtUNE12基因是否具有耐盐能力。结果表明：过表达AtUNE12基因降低了拟南芥植株的失水率、电解质渗透率及MDA含量,保护细胞膜结构的完整性;增强了POD与SOD活性,降低了拟南芥植株内的H₂O₂含量,进而增强拟南芥植株的ROS清除能力,从而提高拟南芥的耐盐能力。     

OsBTF3过表达转基因水稻株系的创制及其分子鉴定

本研究旨在创制OsBTF3过表达转基因水稻株系,为验证OsBTF3基因在水稻抗性和生长发育中的功能、评价其在水稻农艺性状遗传改良中的应用价值提供试验材料。通过基因过表达载体构建、水稻愈伤组织诱导、农杆菌介导愈伤组织转化、植株再生、潮霉素抗性(Hyg^R)筛选及PCR验证、基因过表达RT-Q-PCR检测等方法,成功地获得了97个T₀代和20个T₁代过表达转基因株系,并分别得到分子验证。与野生型对照株相比,5个T₁代过表达株系中的OsBTF3基因表达水平显著提高,平均高达3.58倍。因此,由组成型表达的35S启动子驱动的OsBTF3基因在转基因水稻株系中成功地得到了增量表达,并对水稻生长发育、抗病性和抗逆性具有调控作用。     

Alleviating peanut allergy using genetic engineering: the silencing of the immunodominant allergen Ara h 2 leads to its significant reduction and a decrease in peanut allergenicity

Peanut allergy is one of the most life-threatening food allergies and one of the serious challenges facing the peanut and food industries. Current proposed solutions focus primarily on ways to alter the immune system of patients allergic to peanut. However, with the advent of genetic engineering novel strategies can be proposed to solve the problem of peanut allergy from the source. The objectives of this study were to eliminate the immunodominant Ara h 2 protein from transgenic peanut using RNA interference (RNAi), and to evaluate the allergenicity of resulting transgenic peanut seeds. A 265-bp-long PCR product was generated from the coding region of Ara h 2 genomic DNA, and cloned as inverted repeats in pHANNIBAL, an RNAi-inducing plant transformation vector. The Ara h 2-specific RNAi transformation cassette was subcloned into a binary pART27 vector to construct plasmid pDK28. Transgenic peanuts were produced by infecting peanut hypocotyl explants with Agrobacterium tumefaciens EHA 105 harbouring the pDK28 construct. A total of 59 kanamycin-resistant peanut plants were regenerated with phenotype and growth rates comparable to wild type. PCR and Southern analyses revealed that 44% of plants stably integrated the transgene. Sandwich ELISA performed using Ara h 2-mAbs revealed a significant ( P <  0.05) reduction in Ara h 2 content in several transgenic seeds. Western immunobloting performed with Ara h 2-mAb corroborated the results obtained with ELISA and showed absence of the Ara h 2 protein from crude extracts of several transgenic seeds of the T₀ plants. The allergenicity of transgenic peanut seeds expressed as IgE binding capacity was evaluated by ELISA using sera of patients allergic to peanut. The data showed a significant decrease in the IgE binding capacity of selected transgenic seeds compared to wild type, hence, demonstrating the feasibility of alleviating peanut allergy using the RNAi technology.     

酸性土施用钙肥对花生产量和品质及相关代谢酶活性的影响

以花生(Arachis hypogaea)品种‘花育22号’为研究材料, 2013年在威海文登市、2014年在日照三庄镇的丘陵砂壤土上进行试验, 研究增施钙肥对酸性土花生的产量、品质的影响, 以及相关碳、氮代谢酶活性差异, 探讨酸性土花生钙肥最佳用量。试验设3个钙肥处理, 分别为每667 m²施CaO 0 kg (T₀)、14 kg (T₁)、28 kg (T₂)。结果表明: 酸性土增施钙肥显著增加了花生的荚果产量, 两个试验点T₁处理平均增产26.92%, T₂处理平均增产21.65%。增产原因是增施钙肥显著增加了花生单株结果数, 提高了双仁果率, 从而增加了单株荚果产量, 同时增加了籽仁的饱满度而显著提高了出仁率。钙肥处理均显著提高了花生籽仁蛋白质和脂肪含量, 提高了赖氨酸、总氨基酸含量和油酸/亚油酸(O/L)比值。酸性土增施钙肥显著提高了花生叶片的谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)、谷氨酸合成酶(GOGAT)、谷草转氨酶(GOT)和谷丙转氨酶(GPT)活性, 其中T₁处理的GS活性显著高于T₂处理。钙肥处理显著提高了花生生育前期的叶片磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶(PEPCase)、蔗糖合成酶(SS)和蔗糖磷酸合成酶(SPS)活性, 而生育后期的活性低于不施钙肥处理。不同钙肥施用量相比, 每667 m²施14 kg CaO的经济效益最好, 其产量最高, 品质最优。     

Effects of calcium fertilizer on yield,quality and related enzyme activities of peanut in acidic soil

AimsPeanut (Arachis hypogaea) is one of the calcium (Ca)-like crops. In acidic soil, low soil exchangeable Ca²⁺ content, which usually is caused by eluviation, can affect peanut pod development, even causes pod unfilled. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of calcium fertilizer on yield, quality and related enzyme activities of peanut in acidic soil.Methods ‘Huayu22’ was used as materials, and field experiments were conducted in Wendeng, Weihai (2013) and Sanzhuang, Rizhao (2014), respectively. Three treatments were carried out, i.e. No Ca-application (T₀), 14 kg·667 m^-2 fused CaO (T₁) and 28 kg·667 m^-2 fused CaO (T₂). Top 3rd leaves of main stems were harvested to determine the activities of carbon and nitrogen metabolism enzyme every 15 days from anthesis to mature period. Additionally, the pod traits and yield were investigated at harvest time. Uniform dry pods were used to determine the quality of kernel.Important findings Application of calcium fertilizer significantly increased the pod yield of peanut in acid soil. Yield of T₁ treatment increased by 26.92% and T₂ increased by 21.65% on average at two sites. It might be related to higher pod numbers per plant, higher double kernel rate, and higher plumpness of kernel under T₁ and T₂ treatment than under T₀ treatment. Simultaneously, application of calcium fertilizer also significantly increased the protein and fat content of peanut in acidic soil. The protein content increased 2.02% and the fat content increased 3.01% on average in T₁ treatment, respectively. The protein content increased 1.56% and the fat content increased 2.58% in T₂ treatment, respectively. Additionally, Calcium fertilizer not only improved the lysine and total amino acid content but also improved oleic/linoleic acid (O/L) ratio of peanut in acidic soil. These might be due to higher activities of glutamine synthetase (GS), glutamate synthetase (GOGAT) and glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT) in the leaves of peanut in acidic soil under T₁ and T₂ treatments than under T₀ treatment. What’s more, the activity of GS of peanut treated with T₁ was higher than that treated with T₂. Application of Calcium fertilizer also improved the activities of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPCase), sucrose synthase (SS) and sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS) of peanut at early growing period, but the activities at late growth stage were lower than T₀ treatment. Our results demonstrate that the economic performance of 14 kg·667 m^-2 fused CaO was the best one among these three treatments applied.     

玉米花生间作和磷肥对间作花生光合特性及产量的影响

揭示玉米(Zea mays)和花生(Arachis hypogaea)间作提高花生对弱光利用能力的光合特点及磷(P)肥效应, 对阐明间作花生适应弱光的光合机理和提高间作花生的产量具有重要意义。该试验于2011-2012年在河南科技大学试验农场分析了间作花生功能叶的叶绿素含量与构成、光响应曲线和CO₂响应曲线特点和荧光参数。结果表明: 与单作花生相比, 施P与不施P条件下玉米和花生间作显著(p < 0.01)提高了花生功能叶的叶绿素b含量, 降低了叶绿素a/b, 显著提高了光系统II最大光化学效率(F_v/F_m)、实际光化学效率(Φ_PSII)、光化学猝灭系数(q_P)、表观量子效率(AQY)和弱光时的光合速率, 显著降低了气孔导度、二磷酸核酮糖羧化酶羧化速率(V_cmax)、电子传递速率(J_max)和磷酸丙糖利用速率(TPU); 与不施P相比, 施P有利于提高间作花生功能叶的叶绿素含量, 显著提高了Φ_PSII、q_P、V_cmax、J_max和TPU, 说明间作花生通过提高功能叶的叶绿素b含量, 改变叶绿素构成, 提高了光系统II的F_v/F_m、Φ_PSII和q_P, 增强了对光能的捕获和转化能力, 提高了对弱光的利用能力, 而并非提高了对CO₂的羧化固定能力; 施P有利于提高间作花生对弱光的利用能力和产量, 土地当量比提高了6.2%-9.3%。