青海湖湖盆南岸植物群落的生态优势度与海拔梯度

利用Ｓｉｍｐｓｏｎ优势度指标对青海湖湖贫南岸的植物群落优势度进行了测定,并讨论了群落生态优势与海拔梯度之间的相互关系。结果表明,海拔梯度是通过影响群落内和中群组成影响群落的生态优势度,群落生态优势度与群落内植物种群数呈相关,群落内种群越丰富,群落生态优势度就越小,反之越大。     

海南苏铁种群结构与森林群落郁闭度的关系

海南苏铁(Cycas hainanensis)是古老的苏铁属植物, 为国家Ⅰ级重点保护植物, 也是IUCN红色名录的濒危物种。为研究海南苏铁在海南昌江保梅岭省级自然保护区的种群结构与森林郁闭度的关系, 本文通过样方法对海南苏铁种群及其所在群落进行调查, 分析了其群落结构和物种多样性, 以及其种群密度、年龄结构、存活曲线、空间分布格局与森林郁闭度的关系。结果表明: 海南苏铁所在群落垂直结构分为乔木上下2层、灌木层和草本层。海南苏铁所在群落物种多样性指数偏高, 群落内物种组成丰富; 各样方内海南苏铁数量分布不均, 经常群生于海拔500 m左右的林下、林缘间。海南苏铁种群结构属于增长型, 种群更新力强, 种群存活曲线趋近于Deevey-II型, 死亡率随着龄级增加而增加, 说明海南苏铁种群处于相对稳定的状态, 随着种群个体的生长发育, 其生存力逐渐下降; 海南苏铁种群空间分布格局呈聚集型, 聚集程度指标随着林分郁闭度变大而增加。曲线估计结果显示, 海南苏铁幼苗幼树在透光率36.11%-58.33%显著增加。综上所述, 昌江保梅岭地区的海南苏铁种群处于较为稳定的增长状态, 喜生长于海拔500 m左右、郁闭度为35%-60%的森林环境中。     

独叶草构件生长及其与环境的关系

为探求濒危植物独叶草 (Kingdoniauniflora)种群保护的策略 ,通过样地调查、室内测定和统计分析 ,对太白山地区独叶草种群的营养构件 (根、茎、叶 )的生长发育过程进行了系统的研究 ,并对其所处群落的生境因子进行了分析。结果表明 :不同生境条件下的独叶草各营养构件的生长发育规律均可用方程 y =A B1 x B2 x2 B3x3表示 ( y为构件数量特征 ,A、B为常数 ,x为个体年龄 )。生长于不同群落内的独叶草种群各营养构件生长发育水平具有显著差异 (P <0 .0 5 ) :巴山冷杉 (Abiesfargesii)林下 (海拔 2 70 0～ 2 90 0m)的独叶草种群 ,其营养构件在数量和形态发育指标上最优 ;生长于太白红杉 (Larixpotaniniivar .chinensis)林下 (海拔 2 90 0～ 310 0m)的种群次之 ;生长于牛皮桦 (Betulautilis)林下 (海拔 2 5 0 0～ 2 70 0m)的种群较差。运用主成分分析 (PCA)方法对影响独叶草种群构件结构的 9个环境因子进行了分析 ,发现人为干扰、光照、气温、湿度 ,土壤 pH值、土壤水分是影响独叶草生长发育最主要的因素 ;土壤腐殖质厚度、有机质含量和群落盖度也有一定影响。独叶草种群以无性繁殖为主 ,生存环境特殊 ,应以就地保护为主 ,对其赖以生存的牛皮桦、巴山冷杉和太白红杉群落应重点保护 ,减少人为干扰 ,不提倡引     

广东象头山国家级自然保护区兰科植物垂直分布格局

于2019～2022年对广东象头山国家级自然保护区内的兰科植物进行专项调查,记录兰科植物种类、数量、生活型、海拔、生境等信息,分析保护区内兰科植物的垂直分布格局,并根据《广东高等植物红色名录》和《国家重点保护野生植物名录》对各海拔高度兰花濒危等级的物种数量进行统计。结果显示：(1) 实地记录兰科植物33属48种,多数种类种群数量较少;(2) 随着海拔上升,各海拔梯度的兰科植物总种数和不同生活型的种数均呈现“中间高度膨胀型”分布特点,峰值在中低海拔区域;(3) 濒危物种主要集中在海拔200～500 m区间;(4) 相邻海拔段的兰科植物种类相似性系数较高,垂直梯度差异越大,相似性系数越小。低海拔地区可能由于人为干扰频繁,兰科植物物种多样性较低;中海拔物种多样性最丰富;高海拔地区生长环境较苛刻,物种数量较少。     

卧龙巴郎山川滇高山栎群落植物生活型海拔梯度特征

川滇高山栎林隶属于亚高山硬叶栎林类型,是一种广泛分布在横断山地区的特殊植被类型,研究同一群落生活型谱的海拔梯度特征,可以阐明控制群落的重要气候特征以及群落对其气候生境的反映,揭示川滇高山栎种群对空间的利用、群落内部种群间可能产生的竞争及其发展趋势。用环境梯度法,研究卧龙自然保护区巴朗山川滇高山栎群落植物生活型特性随海拔梯度(15个海拔梯度,海拔2200—3600 m)的变化。卧龙巴朗山川滇高山栎群落植物生活型以高位芽植物为主,占36.01%;地面芽和地下芽植物相当,分别为25.92%和29.36%,地上芽植物最少,占0.92%。高位芽生活型物种在各个海拔梯度都占重要地位,占巴朗山全部生活型物种的21.74%—50.00%,随海拔的升高逐渐下降;地面芽植物(H)具有随海拔升高先升高后降低的趋势;地下芽植物(G)生活型随海拔的升高而升高;一年生植物(Th)在整个海拔梯度内占10.00%以下,随海拔的升高波动不大,即在5.67%—8.94%之间。高位芽生活型植物主要以常绿高位芽植物为主,随海拔升高而下降,常绿高位芽植物丰富度呈现随海拔升高逐渐降低的趋势,而且其物种丰富度小于落叶高位芽植物丰富度;在卧龙巴郎山阳坡海拔3300 m以上范围内,大、中高位芽植物仅占3.09%—4.26%,说明森林植被特征在逐渐弱化。比较分析了不同类型植物群落植物生活型特征,阐明了川滇高山栎林是区别于其他常绿阔叶林的特殊类型。     

高寒退化草地不同海拔狼毒种群花大小与叶大小、叶数量的关系

植物花大小与叶大小、叶数量的关系反映了植物长期与环境相互作用形成的外在形态方面的适应对策,不同生境中其生长关系的变异体现了植物对异质环境的适应方式。本文研究了祁连山北坡高寒退化草地4个不同海拔狼毒(Stellera chamaejasme)种群花大小与叶大小、叶数量的关系。结果表明:随着海拔的升高,草地群落的高度、密度和地上生物量均呈先升高后降低的倒U型分布;狼毒的地上生物量、株高和叶大小均呈减小趋势,而繁殖分配、花大小和叶数量均呈增大的变化趋势;在海拔梯度上,狼毒花大小与叶数量呈极显著正相关(P0.01),与叶大小呈不显著负相关(P0.05),说明狼毒种群花大小与叶数量具有显著的依赖关系;生境对狼毒花大小与叶数量之间的依赖关系产生显著影响,高海拔的环境胁迫导致狼毒个体减小,植株通过增加花大小和叶数量、减小叶大小的资源分配策略来保证物种的繁衍。     

极小种群植物水松群落系统发育多样性分析

极小种群植物水松（Glyptostrobus pensilis（Staunton ex D.Don）K.Koch）是著名的孑遗植物,被列为我国Ⅰ级重点保护和极小种群野生植物,在IUCN红色名录中被评估为"极危"等级,且种群数量仍在继续减少。水松主要分布于我国华南和东南地区以及越南和老挝。本研究对我国42个水松种群周边植被、种群健康状况、群落干扰类型、外来植物入侵状况等进行了调查,采用系统发育多样性相关指数对该物种所在群落进行了研究。结果显示,系统发育多样性指数对水松种群状况具有一定的指示性,人为干扰对所在群落的影响越严重,种群的健康状况愈差;具有较高系统发育多样性水平（PD值）的群落内水松种群状况良好;入侵物种的存在会使群落系统发育结构聚集,系统发育多样性水平降低。因此,在对水松种群进行保护时,要尽量减少群落中人为恶性干扰因素和外来植物的入侵威胁,以增强水松种群和个体的健康水平,维持群落系统发育的多样性,从而提高水松种群抵抗力和恢复力的稳定性。     

哈巴湖国家级自然保护区油蒿群落生态化学计量特征对群落生物量和物种多样性的影响

以宁夏哈巴湖国家级自然保护区内的油蒿群落为研究对象,测定了油蒿群落不同发育阶段植物叶C、N、P含量,分析了植物叶C∶N∶P比化学计量特征,探讨了油蒿群落生态化学计量特征对物种多样性和生物量的影响。结果表明,在哈巴湖国家级自然保护区,油蒿群落发育早期,植物生长受N限制,发育中后期,植物生长受P限制;油蒿群落发育早期阶段的植物具有较高的叶C∶N比和较低的叶N∶P比,而油蒿群落发育后期阶段的植物具有较低的叶C∶N比和较高的叶N∶P比。随着叶C∶N比的增大,油蒿群落生物量呈指数函数显著降低,物种多样性呈对数函数降低的趋势,但不显著;而随着叶N∶P比的增大,油蒿群落生物量和物种多样性均呈幂函数显著增加,表明生态化学计量特征对油蒿群落的物种多样性和生物量有重要影响。     

浙江九龙山国家级自然保护区伯乐树群落特征及种群结构分析

采用实地踏查及样方法,对浙江九龙山国家级自然保护区6块样地内伯乐树(Bretschneidera sinensis Hemsl.)的分布和群落特征及种群结构进行了初步研究.调查结果表明:伯乐树分布于该保护区内海拔438 ～1 134 m的低山区域,大多呈零星分布,数量少(仅23株)且分布范围狭窄,分布总面积约15 hm2.根据群落外貌和乔木层优势种,可将6个样地分为3种群落类型:落叶阔叶林,主要包括香椿-枫香树群落(Toona sinensis-Liquidambar formosana community)和赤杨叶群落(Alniphyllum fortunei community);针阔叶混交林,主要包括杉木-甜槠群落(Cunninghamia lanceolata-Castanopsis eyrei community)、杉木-木荷群落(Cunninghamia lanceolata-Schima superba community)和马尾松-木荷群落(Pinus massoniana-Schima superba community);杉木-毛竹林,即杉木-毛竹群落(Cunninghamia lanceolata-Phyllostachys heterocycla‘Pubescens' community).在针阔叶混交林中伯乐树生长最好、分布数量最多,在落叶阔叶林中生长较差.根据胸径和株高可将种群结构分为6个径级,其中Ⅰ级幼苗和Ⅱ级幼树数量为0;Ⅲ级和Ⅳ级成年株数量分别占总株数的17.39％和4.35％;而V级成熟株数量最多,占总株数的60.87％;Ⅵ级衰老株数量也占总株数的17.39％.研究结果表明:该伯乐树种群为衰退型种群,幼苗和幼树数量明显不足,因而,应加强人工繁育研究、有效扩大种群规模.     

桂西北喀斯特区原生林与次生林鲜叶和凋落叶化学计量特征

研究喀斯特生态脆弱区植物新鲜叶片与凋落叶的元素化学计量学性状,对该地区森林生态系统的恢复与重建具有重要指导意义。在桂西北喀斯特区分别选取了3个原生林群落与3个次生林群落,研究其建群种植物新鲜叶片和凋落叶的C、N、P元素含量及其生态化学计量特征。结果发现,6个群落建群种新鲜叶片C、N、P含量(其平均含量分别为404.3、22.5、1.75 mg/g)均大于凋落叶(平均含量分别为376.5、19.0、1.35 mg/g),鲜叶C:N、C:P、N:P比值(均值分别为17.8、244.9、13.8)均小于凋落叶(均值分别为19.3、315.3、16.3)。6种植物新鲜叶片N、P含量大于凋落叶,而N:P比小于凋落叶,表明喀斯特区植物对N的再吸收率大于P。3个原生林群落建群种鲜叶与凋落叶的平均C、N含量均大于次生林,而P含量则略小于次生林;原生林鲜叶与凋落叶的C:N比均小于次生林,C:P、N:P则大于次生林,推测次生林相对于原生林有更快的生长速率。原生林鲜叶N:P比为13—15之间,次生林鲜叶N:P比为11—12之间,次生林鲜叶与凋落叶的N:P比均小于原生林,说明原生林凋落物分解相对较慢,原生林能相对多的保留养分以供植物吸收,更能适应喀斯特石生环境。植物鲜叶和凋落叶的C:N与N:P比值均呈极显著正相关,说明叶片养分元素间具有共变的特性;叶片N、P含量呈正相关关系,表明植物N:P比具有相对的稳定性,这是高等陆生植物C-N-P元素计量的普遍规律,体现了植物群落对环境的适应。     

Uniform hypothesis of cell behavior--movement, contact inhibition of movement, adhesion, chemotaxis, phagocytosis, pinocytosis, division, contact inhibition of division, fusion.

The cell has been represented as a charged liquid drop. Contrary to the DLVO-theory, the effect of the surface potential upon the value of the interfacial tension of the cell membrane has also been taken into consideration. The cell membrane has visco-elastic properties and its constituents may move against each other. Cell movement is caused by the appearance of a small number of the electrically charged constituents of the cell membrane on the leading edge of the cell. This produces a local decrease in the surface tension and the cell membrane expansion. At the moment of contact between two cells proton transfers occur between the strongly negatively charged microvilli of one cell and the body of the other, analogous to a condenser breakdown. This, through the effect on the surface tension, causes contact inhibition of movement. The distribution of the proton dissociable groups modifies the interaction between the cells (differentiation) and between the cell and the substratum (adhesion). Adsorption of the charged compounds at the surface of the cell membrane, decreasing the surface potential and increasing the surface tension, causes the phenomena of chemotaxis, phagocytosis and pinocytosis. Cell division, considered in the terms of the surface energy, requires an adequate supply of considerable quantities of energy inversely proportional to the surface potential value. In case of a reduction of the distance between the cells, their surface potential and the energetic barrier of the cell division processes increases, and causes contact inhibition of cell division. Due to their high charge, division of neoplastic cells is inhibited much later than division of normal cells, or is completely ininhibited due to geometric conditions. Fusion of the cell membrane in the intra-cellular and intercellular processes is a reverse process in relation to the cell division.     

Reliability of Analyses of Hg,Fe, Ca,K, P,pH, Alkalinity,Conductivity, Hardness and Colour from Lakes

The aim of this report has been to present results concerning analytical quality controls of Hg analysis of fish and sediment, analyses of Fe, Ca, total-P, K, pH, alkalinity, conductivity, colour and hardness (Ca + Mg) of lake water samples. Despite the fact that these are standard parameters in many regular water control programs, there are major differences in the reliability with which these parameters can be determined. The focus here is on an overall inter-laboratory comparison between the parameters. Six laboratories have been involved in the analysis. Selected results: pH gives the lowest (average) relative standard deviation (error), about 2 %; conductivity gives an error of about 5–7 %; alkalinity yields an average error of as much as 13–25 %, which is the largest among the parameters studied here; colour also gives a high error, 9–15 %; hardness gives a relative standard deviation of about 6–7 %. Of the other parameters (i. e., Hg, Fe, Ca and P), Hg gives the best reliability and Fe and P the lowest. To have knowledge of the reliability of the analytical data is of paramount importance in most control programs and research projects.     

The Effect of Age and Gender on Al, B, Ba, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Mn, Na, P, S, Sr, V, and Zn Contents in Rib Bone of Healthy Humans

The effect of age and gender on major, minor, and trace element contents in the intact rib bone of 80 relatively healthy 15–55-year-old women and men was investigated. Contents or upper limit of contents of 16 chemical elements in the rib bone were determined by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). Mean values (M?±?SΕΜ) for the mass fraction of Ba, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Na, P, S, Sr, and Zn (milligram per kilogram of dry bone) were as follows: 2.54?±?0.16, 171,400?±?4,050, 1.35?±?0.22, 140?±?11, 1,874?±?71, 0.049?±?0.011, 2,139?±?38, 5,378?±?88, 75,140?±?1,660, 1,881?±?51, 291?±?20, and 92.8?±?1.5, respectively. The upper limits of contents of Al, B, Mn, and V were <7.20, <0.65, <0.36, and <0.03, respectively. Statistically significant tendency for the Ca, Mg, and P content to decrease with age was found in the human rib bone, regardless of gender. The mass fraction of Fe in the male rib bone increases with age. It was shown that higher Ca, Mg, Na, P, and Sr mass fractions as well as lower Fe content were typical of female ribs as compared to those in male ribs.     

Distribution of N,P, K,Ca, Mg,S, Zn,Fe, Mn and Cu in groundnut

Summary Concentration of N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S in summer groundnut crop was higher than in kharif while Zn, Fe, Mn and Cu contents were higher in summer crop. Kernel's N, P and Zn; Leaflet's Ca and Mn; Stem's K and Fe; Root's S and Cu and Petiole's Mg contents were highest. Shell's N, P, K, Mg, S, Zn and Cu; Kernel's Ca, Fe and Mn contents were the least. N, P, K, S, Zn and Cu concentrations decreased linearly as the crop grew. Ca, Mg, Fe and Mn concentrations did not display any distinct pattern. Ca concentration was positively correlated with pod yield in both the seasons.     

Synthesis,tautomerism, and antimicrobial,anti-HCV,anti-SSPE,antioxidant, and antitumor activities of arylazobenzosuberones

2-Dimethylaminomethylene-1-benzosuberone 1 was coupled with diazotized aniline derivatives to afford a series of the hitherto unreported 2-arylazo-1-benzosuberones 3a–i. The tautomeric structure and the effect of substituents on the tautomeric form (s) of the products 3a–i were discussed. Similar coupling of the enaminone 1 with diazonium salts of heterocyclic amines gave the respective fused azolotriazino-benzosuberones. Some of the newly synthesized compounds showed potent antimicrobial, anti-HCV, antioxidant, antitumor (as topoisomerase I inhibitors), and antimicrobial activities.