植物的磷营养：磷酸盐运转系统及其调节

对近年来植物磷营养中有关Ｐｉ运转系统及其调节等方面的研究进展进行简要介绍,并对今后有关的研究趋势作了初步展望。     

植物镁素营养的研究进展

总结近些年来有关镁素营养研究应用。详细综述植物对镁的吸收、镁在植物体内的分配与运输、镁的生理作用、植物体内镁与一些元素间的相互作用。     

植物镁素营养的研究进展

总结近些年来有关镁素营养研究应用。详细综述植物对镁的吸收、镁在植物体内的分配与运输、镁的生理作用、植物体内镁与一些元素间的相互作用。     

扬子鳄的营养成份初步分析

对扬子鳄肌肉、脂肪及血粉有关营养成份作了较全面分析检测。结果表明鳄肌肉和血粉中粗蛋白含量高,且含氨基酸种类齐全和多种必需微量元素,其营养丰富,生物学价值高;鳄贮脂中不饱和脂肪酸占总脂肪酸的７１４％,富含多种高级不饱和脂肪酸,其营养价值高于其他兽类油,具有保健作用。     

氟的代谢特点与人类健康

氟的代谢特点与人类健康何红卫（广州暨南大学华文学院预科部５１０１６０）缺氟使人患龋齿,氟多了又使人患斑釉齿甚至氟骨病,在必需元素中,人体对氟含量最为敏感。远在１８０５年盖一卢萨克（Ｇａｙ－Ｌｕｓｓａｃ）就发现氟与牙齿的结构有关。后来证明,食物及饮水中...     

生态营养学刍议

近年来见诸杂志有关生态营养学、微生态营养学和生态营养饲料方面报道,对其概念甚为模糊,如有的学者认为"生态营养学应是建立在动物营养学理论的基础上,运用系统论和生态学的观点,通过现代生物技术措施对畜禽整体进行营养调控的一门应用科学"[1].有的在有关"生态营养的一些动向"综述中认为生态营养只局限于动物的生态营养和环境保护,着力阐述如何配制和调控提高饲料利用率的环保饲料[2].笔者认为如果将"生态营养学"定义为动物方面的一门应用科学是不确切的.     

银耳及其伴生菌营养生理生态研究

本文分析了银耳与其伴生菌在木屑培养基和废棉渣培养基上生长期间,栽培基质中主要成分的降解规律及其有关的酶学基础。试图从营养生理角度探讨银耳与其伴生菌之间的生态关系。实验结果表明,银耳菌单独在木质纤维素上生长时,不能形成子实体。当银耳与伴生菌生长在一起时,银耳菌在木质纤维废物上生长发育良好,可形成子实体。银耳子实体生长对培养基中的纤维素降解有促进作用。     

根黄酮在植物生长和营养中的作用

本文简要综述了８０年代以来国际上对根黄酮在调节植物根生长,完善根功能,影响氮素循环及在施加他感作用方面的研究进展,并对有关方面作了一些展望,以期引起植物营养工作者对植物次生物质的注意。     

营养基因组学的研究进展

营养学是一门古老的学科, 为人们的健康保护和疾病预防提供了重要的理论指导。随着分子生物学技术的发展, 它已成为21世纪生命科学研究最为主要的技术之一。分子生物学与营养学的结合, 产生了分子营养学。而基因组学与营养学的结合, 则形成了营养基因组学。营养基因组学涵盖了一个广泛的领域, 它研究营养素和基因表达的相互影响, 预测其对营养素的反应。基因组学技术可以帮助确认一些与疾病发生有关的基因, 人们可以根据各自的基因图谱制定一份个性化的饮食方案, 以此防病治病, 使人们的健康状况通过调整饮食来达到最佳。文中重点介绍了营养基因组学的主要研究方法及其应用。     

睫状神经营养因子对大鼠去神经骨骼肌的营养作用

目的：了解睫状神经营养因子（CNTF）对去神经引起的肌肉萎缩的治疗作用。方法：离断SD大鼠一侧坐骨神经,连续给予CNTF20d,观察肌肉湿重、蛋白含量、肌纤维横截面积、收缩性能和残肢程度。结果：①给予0.2mg/kg的CNTF,可使损务侧肌纤维横截面积增加35％,肌肉湿重增加38％,胫前肌总蛋白含量增加24％,腓长肌强直收缩强度提高40％,显著改善肢残程度;②0.2mg/kg的CNTF作用明显强于0.05mg/kg的CNTF;③此目鱼肌（慢肌）比伸趾长肌（快肌）对CNTF更敏感。结论：CNTF能显著改善成年大鼠坐骨神经离断后骨骼肌的萎缩和功能丧失,该效应的强弱与用药剂量和肌肉类型有关。     

Promoting Research Integrity in Africa: An African Voice of Concern on Research Misconduct and the Way Forward

African researchers and their collaborators have been making significant contributions to useful research findings and discoveries in Africa. Despite evidence of scientific misconduct even in heavily regulated research environments, there is little documented information that supports prevalence of research misconduct in Africa. Available literature on research misconduct has focused on the developed world, where credible research integrity systems are already in place. Public attention to research misconduct has lately increased, calling for attention to weaknesses in current research policies and regulatory frameworks. Africa needs policies, structural and governance systems that promote responsible conduct of research. To begin to offset this relative lack of documented evidence of research misconduct, contributors working in various research institutions from nine African countries agreed to share their experiences to highlight problems and explore the need to identify strategies to promote research integrity in the African continent. The experiences shared include anecdotal but reliable accounts of previously undocumented research misconduct, including some ‘normal misbehavior’ of frontline staff in those countries. Two broad approaches to foster greater research integrity are proposed including promotion of institutional and individual capacity building to instil a culture of responsible research conduct in existing and upcoming research scientist and developing deterrent and corrective policies to minimize research misconduct and other questionable research practices. By sharing these experiences and through the strategies proposed, the authors hope to limit the level of research misconduct and promote research integrity in Africa.     

BENEFITS TO RESEARCH SUBJECTS IN INTERNATIONAL TRIALS: DO THEY REDUCE EXPLOITATION OR INCREASE UNDUE INDUCEMENT?

There is an alleged tension between undue inducement and exploitation in research trials. This paper considers claims that increasing the benefits to research subjects enrolled in international, externally‐sponsored clinical trials should be avoided on the grounds that it may result in the undue inducement of research subjects. It proceeds from the premise that there are good grounds for thinking that, at least some, international research sponsors exploit trial participants because they do not provide the research population with a fair share of the benefits of research. This provides a prima facie argument for increasing the benefits for research participants. Concern over undue inducement is a legitimate moral concern; however, if this concern is to prevent research populations from receiving their fair share of benefits from research there must be sufficient evidence that these benefits will unduly influence patients’ decision‐making regarding trial participation. This article contributes to the debate about exploitation versus undue inducement by introducing an analysis of the available empirical research into research participants’ motivations and the influence of payments on research subjects’ behaviour and risk assessment. Admittedly, the available research in this field is limited, but the research that has been conducted suggests that financial rewards do not distort research subjects’ behaviour or blind them to the risks involved with research. Therefore, I conclude that research sponsors should prioritise the prevention of exploitation in international research by providing greater benefits to research participants.     

Social sciences for food and health research

Healthier eating is a global challenge for chronic disease control. Food and Health Research in Europe (FAHRE) surveyed research structures and programmes in 32 countries, and reviewed research needs and gaps across nine themes. Food processing and safety research, nutrition and molecular research, and disease-based clinical research are strong; but research is weak on determinants of disease and healthier eating through policies and changing behaviours. Biomedical and commercial research for patents contrast with social research for the public interest. More funding and capacity support should go to social research in the food and health sector.     

The association between four citation metrics and peer rankings of research influence of Australian researchers in six fields of public health

Doubt about the relevance, appropriateness and transparency of peer review has promoted the use of citation metrics as a viable adjunct or alternative in the assessment of research impact. It is also commonly acknowledged that research metrics will not replace peer review unless they are shown to correspond with the assessment of peers. This paper evaluates the relationship between researchers' influence as evaluated by their peers and various citation metrics representing different aspects of research output in 6 fields of public health in Australia. For four fields, the results showed a modest positive correlation between different research metrics and peer assessments of research influence. However, for two fields, tobacco and injury, negative or no correlations were found. This suggests a peer understanding of research influence within these fields differed from visibility in the mainstream, peer-reviewed scientific literature. This research therefore recommends the use of both peer review and metrics in a combined approach in assessing research influence. Future research evaluation frameworks intent on incorporating metrics should first analyse each field closely to determine what measures of research influence are valued highly by members of that research community. This will aid the development of comprehensive and relevant frameworks with which to fairly and transparently distribute research funds or approve promotion applications.     

科研与旅游

科研与旅游在一些方面是相似,乃至相通的。科研是在浩瀚知识海洋中的旅游。具体地说,均有准备、过程和总结三个阶段。最精彩的是其过程。科研与旅游的精髓是发现和享受。享受旅游,享受科研,享受生活,享受人生。     

How Can the Operating Environment for Nutrition Research Be Improved in Sub-Saharan Africa? The Views of African Researchers

Optimal nutrition is critical for human development and economic growth. Sub-Saharan Africa is facing high levels of food insecurity and only few sub-Saharan African countries are on track to eradicate extreme poverty and hunger by 2015. Effective research capacity is crucial for addressing emerging challenges and designing appropriate mitigation strategies in sub-Saharan Africa. A clear understanding of the operating environment for nutrition research in sub-Saharan Africa is a much needed prerequisite. We collected data on the barriers and requirements for conducting nutrition research in sub-Saharan Africa through semi-structured interviews with 144 participants involved in nutrition research in 35 countries in sub-Saharan Africa. A total of 133 interviews were retained for coding. The main barriers identified for effective nutrition research were the lack of funding due to poor recognition by policymakers of the importance of nutrition research and under-utilisation of research findings for developing policy, as well as an absence of research priority setting from within Africa. Current research topics were perceived to be mainly determined by funding bodies from outside Africa. Nutrition researchers argued for more commitment from policymakers at national level. The low capacity for nutrition research was mainly seen as a consequence of insufficient numbers of nutrition researchers, limited skills and a poor research infrastructure. In conclusion, African nutrition researchers argued how research priorities need to be identified by African stakeholders, accompanied by consensus building to enable creating a problem-driven national research agenda. In addition, it was considered necessary to promote interactions among researchers, and between researchers and policymakers. Multidisciplinary research and international and cross-African collaboration were seen as crucial to build capacity in sub-Saharan nutrition research.     

军队医院科研创新存在的问题及对策分析

科学技术是第一生产力,科技的进步是医学不断发展的基础。随着我国医疗卫生体制改革的不断推进,医院科研管理的作 用越来越突出。近年来,军队医院的科研实力和水平面临着巨大的挑战。因此,建立完善的科研机制,实施科研创新战略是推动卫 生事业改革与发展的动力。科研创新是指在立项、论证、研究方法、数据处理等科研活动中所表现出的与前人不同的思维方式和 行为方式。科研活动本身是以现有的现象、认知和习惯为基础的活动,凭借知识和经验预测科研可能达到的科学目的。在不同层 次对人们熟悉的思维方式高度抽象或转换,是科研创新的主要特征。本研究分析现阶段军队医院科研管理存在的问题,探讨科研 创新的必要性,强调医院科研管理应贯彻系统化思想,建立多元化科研模式。     

Differential Impact of Science Policy on Subfields of Human Embryonic Stem Cell Research

In this research, we examine how restrictive policy influenced performance in human embryonic stem cell research (hESC) between 1998 and 2008. In previous research, researchers argued whether restrictive policy decreased the performance of stem cell research in some nations, especially in the US. Here, we hypothesize that this policy influenced specific subfields of the hESC research. To investigate the selective policy effects, we categorize hESC research publications into three subfields—derivation, differentiation, and medical application research. Our analysis shows that restrictive policy had different effects on different subfields. In general, the US outperformed in overall hESC research throughout these periods. In the derivation of hESC, however, the US almost lost its competence under restrictive policy. Interestingly, the US scientific community showed prominent resilience in hESC research through international collaboration. We concluded that the US resilience and performance stemmed from the wide breadth of research portfolio of US scientists across the hESC subfields, combined with their strategic efforts to collaborate internationally on derivation research.     

基于CiteSpace计量分析的景观绩效研究重点领域和前沿趋势的文献述评

景观绩效研究为支撑、评价和指导景观实践提供重要科学依据。随着相关研究文献数量的大幅增长,传统文献梳理方式难以客观把握当前研究内容的宽度与深度。CiteSpace作为当前文献信息可视化分析的主要工具,为挖掘研究知识的网络结构和前沿动向提供技术支持。以Web of Science数据库所收录2000—2017年的景观绩效文献为研究对象,通过计量分析和人工检阅结合的述评方式,客观定量地呈现当前景观绩效研究的文献概况和发展脉络,进而系统揭示景观绩效研究的七大重点领域和两大前沿方向,为拓展中国当前研究内容和明确未来发展方向提供参考,以期推动中国景观绩效研究的进一步发展。     

共词分析国内外生物信息学领域研究态势

生物信息学作为自然科学领域中多学科交叉的新兴学科,其发展研究得到了众多学者的关注。为了解生物信息学在国内外的研究态势,以CNKI中文数据库和Web of science外文数据库中生物信息学领域期刊论文为研究对象,利用R语言编程工具,文献计量和共词分析归纳了国内外生物信息学领域的研究现状、热点及趋势。结果表明:国内外生物信息学研究均处于高速发展期,文献量呈逐年增长趋势,研究领域也在不断拓宽;国内外研究热点均聚焦在基因挖掘、蛋白质结构与功能预测、miRNA分析等,但国内偏向于理论研究,而国际更注重其在疾病治疗、药物设计等方面的应用研究。