AmoA、AmoE和AmoF蛋白在嗜水气单胞菌铁载体合成中的作用研究

铁载体被认为是嗜水气单胞菌的毒力因子之一, 其由amoCEBFAGH七个基因编码, AmoCGH在前人的研究中已证实参与铁载体的合成。RT-PCR实验表明amoAEF基因的表达受到铁的调控。为进一步探究amoAEF基因的功能, 利用融合PCR和基因同源重组原理, 以自杀性质粒PRE112为载体构建基因缺失株ΔamoA、ΔamoE和ΔamoF。通过CAS平板检测实验以及arnow实验来检测野生株WT与各基因缺失突变株铁载体的合成情况, 并比较野生株与各缺失株在低铁培养基中的生长差异。结果显示, 成功构建了基因缺失株ΔamoA、ΔamoE和ΔamoF; 在富铁条件下, 基因缺失株ΔamoA、ΔamoE和ΔamoF的生长与野生株无显著性差异, 但在低铁条件下, 基因缺失株ΔamoA、ΔamoE和ΔamoF的生长能力、铁载体合成能力显著低于野生株。可见, amoA、amoE和amoF基因是嗜水气单胞菌铁载体合成的关键基因, 其缺失会导致细菌在低铁环境中的生长受到抑制。     

微嗜酸寡养单胞菌中的漆酶对黄曲霉毒素B1降解脱毒的生物活性

【目的】探究微嗜酸寡养单胞菌中的漆酶对AFB1的降解活性,并确定漆酶在菌株CW117降解代谢AFB1过程中的贡献。【方法】从微嗜酸寡养单胞菌基因组中,共筛选到两个漆酶基因lc1和lc2,并用大肠杆菌BL21外源表达蛋白rLC1和rLC2,在体外检测其对AFB1的降解活性。同时参考前人报道,研究了氧化性辅剂对漆酶AFB1降解的促进作用。在体外实验基础上,利用自杀质粒pK18mobsacB,以同源重组方法构建了两株漆酶缺失株CW117Δlc1和CW117Δlc1-lc2,验证了漆酶基因(lc1和lc2)对AFB1体内降解作用。【结果】体外实验显示,重组酶rLC1具有AFB1降解活性,氧化性辅剂ABTS、AS或SA可显著地提高rLC1降解活性,但rLC2未显示降解活性。突变株CW117Δlc1和CW117Δlc1-lc2对AFB1仍显示了较高的降解活性,且在大多数降解时间点与野生株CW117无显著差异。【结论】微嗜酸寡养单胞菌CW117菌株中,LC1在体外显示了AFB1的降解活性,且降解活性可以被氧化性辅助因子增强,LC2未显示体外降解活性;体内试验发现,漆酶基因lc1和lc2对菌株CW117降解AFB1的贡献较小,该菌株还存在其他降解途径。     

嗜水气单胞菌cpxRA缺失株构建及生物学特性研究

为了探讨Cpx系统在嗜水气单胞菌生长及毒力等方面发挥的作用, 利用融合PCR和基因同源重组原理, 以自杀质粒pRE112为载体构建缺失57—1879 bp序列的cpxR-A基因簇突变株 Δcpx, 然后比较缺失株和野生株在生长、生物膜形成、应激耐受及毒力等生物学特性方面的差异。普通PCR及荧光定量PCR结果验证了突变株中cpxRA基因簇片段的部分缺失, 表明突变株构建成功; 生物学特性研究结果显示, 突变株在形态、生长、生物膜形成及毒力等方面与野生株没有显著差异, 两者主要在应对高渗透压、SDS (十二烷基磺酸钠)刺激及含有EDTA (乙二胺四乙酸二钠)或多黏菌素B环境表现不同。结果表明Cpx双组分系统在嗜水气单胞菌应对外界刺激方面扮演着重要角色, 但在毒力方面则可能处于次要地位。     

基于大肠杆菌受体菌DH5α △asd缺失株的构建及作为基因转化、表达操作系统的评估

基于大肠杆菌(E.coli)染色体上asd基因的已知序列,利用λ噬菌体的Red同源重组系统一步法构建E.coliDH5α的asd基因缺失突变株DH5α△asd::cat,在二次重组中利用携带能够表达FLP位点特异性重组酶的质粒pCP20介导二次同源重组,以去除上述缺失突变株中氯霉素抗性筛选基因。结合PCR扩增和测序结果,证明DH5α△asd缺失突变株的正确构建。该缺失突变株失去了在普通LB培养基上生长的能力,只有添加DAP或导入表达asd基因的质粒(asd基因互补试验)才能在LB培养基上生长,与原型DH5α比较,其生长速度和生长对数期、接受不同拷贝数质粒的转化效率几乎相一致。基于该缺失突变株构建出以asd营养基因为标志的大肠杆菌染色体-质粒平衡致死系统。体外培养连续传代50代次,pnirBMisL-fedF-asd质粒不丢失,并功能性表达F18大肠杆菌黏附素FedF。     

Pseudomonas plecoglossicida NyZ12基因无痕敲除方法的建立

旨在建立一种适合环己胺降解菌NyZ12基因无痕敲除的可靠方法。通过overlapping PCR技术将目的基因上下游同源臂融合并克隆到自杀载体pEX18km上,将重组质粒转化到大肠杆菌S17pir中,再通过接合转移到假单胞菌NyZ12菌株内,经pEX18km质粒上sacB基因的反向筛选得到突变株并通过PCR方法和测序鉴定。结果显示,成功构建了假单胞菌NyZ12菌株orf4637的基因突变株(NyZ12Δ4637)。通过自杀载体同源重组可以成功获得敲除的无痕突变株,且突变株基因组上没有任何抗性筛选标记残留,为环己胺降解菌NyZ12基因功能研究提供了可靠的基因敲除技术。     

中长链聚羟基脂肪酸酯（mcl PHA）在嗜水气单胞菌I型PHA合酶缺失突变株中的合成

拥有Ⅰ型聚羟基脂肪酸酯(PHA)合酶基因的嗜水气单胞菌CGMCC0911株可利用月桂酸而不能利用葡萄糖作为碳源积累PHBHHx。将氯霉素抗性基因(Cm)插入到该基因中,获得带有I型PHA合酶断裂基因(phaC::Cm)的自杀质粒pFH10。自杀质粒pFH10通过接合作用转入嗜水气单胞菌CGMCC0911株中并发生体内同源重组,Cm被整合到基因组上,获得Ⅰ型PHA合酶缺失突变株。DNA序列测定证明了这一结果。GC分析表明,突变株不再产生PHBHHx,但却可利用月桂酸或葡萄糖积累中长链PHA,明显表明野生型嗜水气单胞菌基因组中存在另一个编码Ⅱ型PHA合酶的基因,且只有Ⅰ型PHA合酶被钝化后,这个功能被隐藏的Ⅱ型PHA合酶才可在细胞中发挥作用。     

中长链聚羟基脂肪酸酯(mcl PHA)在嗜水气单胞菌Ⅰ型PHA合酶缺失突变株中的合成

拥有Ⅰ型聚羟基脂肪酸酯(PHA)舍酶基因的嗜水气单胞菌CGMCC 0911株可利用月桂酸而不能利用葡萄糖作为碳源积累PHBHHx。将氯霉素抗性基因(cm)插入到该基因中,获得带有Ⅰ型PHA合酶断裂基因(phaC：：Cm)的自杀质粒pFH10。自杀质粒DFH10通过接合作用转入嗜水气单胞菌CGMCC 0911株中并发生体内同源重组,Cm被整合到基因组上,获得Ⅰ型PHA合酶缺失突变株。DNA序列测定证明了这一结果。GC分析表明,突变株不再产生PHBHHx,但却可利用月桂酸或葡萄糖积累中长链PHA,明显表明野生型嗜水气单胞菌基因组中存在另一个编码Ⅱ型PHA合酶的基因,且只有Ⅰ型PHA合酶被钝化后,这个功能被隐藏的Ⅱ型PHA合酶才可在细胞中发挥作用。     

肠炎沙门菌lpfC基因缺失株的构建及基本生物学特性研究

[目的]为研究与Lpf菌毛合成相关的lpfC基因对肠炎沙门菌致病性的影响。[方法]利用自杀质粒介导的同源重组技术构建肠炎沙门菌C50041株的lpfC基因缺失株C50041ΔlpfC,并进行PCR和测序鉴定。同时,将lpfC基因克隆至质粒pBR322并电转入缺失株中,构建回复株C50041ΔlpfCR。比较野生株C50041、缺失株C50041ΔlpfC及回复株C50041ΔlpfCR的基本生物学特性。[结果]成功构建了缺失株C50041ΔlpfC及回复株C50041ΔlpfCR,且lpfC基因的缺失不影响C50041的生长特性和生化特性。该缺失株具有良好的遗传稳定性,但缺失株对BALB/c小鼠的LD50是野生株的2倍。[结论]lpfC基因的缺失使肠炎沙门菌对BALB/c小鼠的毒力降低,为进一步研究肠炎沙门菌Lpf菌毛的功能奠定了基础。     

嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌SMP蛋白的胞外可调控分泌及序列分析

为了观察和探讨嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌SMP蛋白胞外可调控分泌现象及其机制,将收集到的环境株菌D2株及9株临床株在含不同成分的培养基中培养,取培养液上清利用SDS-PAGE电泳观察SMP蛋白分泌情况;提取各菌株基因组DNA,PCR扩增其smp基因并进行克隆和序列测定;将获得的SMP氨基酸序列用Blastp、Megalign等进行分析,并构建系统发育树。结果显示,不同来源的嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌胞SMP蛋白分泌均存在可调控现象,酵母提取物可抑制该蛋白的分泌,而适宜浓度的麦芽糖则具有促进作用。序列对比及系统发育树分析显示,SMP的氨基酸序列具有种属的特异性,且临床株和环境株中存在一定的差异,临床株中该蛋白的氨基酸序列高度保守,而环境株则序列差异相对明显的,但不同来源的菌株SMP均含有保守的信号肽;提示该蛋白可能与其致病性相关,其胞外分泌的可调控机制值得进一步深入探究。     

嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌D2株单加氧酶基因的克隆与表达

构建嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌D2株荧光素样单加氧酶基因表达克隆载体,并进行融合表达。PCR扩增出嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌D2菌株基因组DNA中包含单加氧酶基因约1300bp的核酸片段,将其克隆到T载体pMD-18中进行序列测定,所得序列申请并获得GenBank登记号(GQ122330)。DNA star软件分析发现该基因片段中含有一个996bp的完整开放读码框架(ORF),与GenBank中收录的S.maltophilia R551-3(CP001111/GenomeProject17107)和K279a(AM743169)的MO基因核酸序列同源性分别为90%和89%,氨基酸序列同源性分别为93%和90%。根据该ORF序列设计分别含有BamHⅠ和HindⅢ酶切位点的表达克隆扩增引物,PCR扩增、双酶切后将产物亚克隆到pET32a载体中,经过双酶切验证,证实成功获得了表达重组载体pET32a/MO;将其转化宿主菌E.coli BL21,IPTG诱导后成功表达出54.2ku的MO融合蛋白,为该酶进一步的功能研究和开发奠定了基础。     

Presence of Rhizobium Etli bv . Phaseoli and Rhizobium Gallicum bv . Gallicum in Egyptian Soils

Seven bean rhizobial strains EBRI 2, 3, 21, 24, 26, 27 and 29 identified as Rhizobium etli, and EBRI 32 identified as Rhizobium gallicum, isolated from Egyptian soils and which nodulated Phaseolus vulgaris efficiently, were subjected to hybridization with a nifH probe in order to estimate the copy number of this gene. Seven strains (EBRI 2, 3, 21, 24, 26, 27 and 29) which were only able to nodulate Phaseolus vulgaris, contained three copies of the nifH gene, consistent with their identification as Rhizobium etli bv. phaseoli. Only one strain (EBRI 32) which nodulated both Phaseolus vulgaris and Leucaena leucocephala, had one copy of nifH gene. This confirmed the classification of this strain as Rhizobium gallicum bv. gallicum.     

Effects of MULTIFOLIATE-PINNA, AFILA, TENDRIL-LESS and UNIFOLIATA genes on leafblade architecture in Pisum sativum

In order to dissect the genetic regulation of leafblade morphogenesis, 16 genotypes of pea, constructed by combining the wild-type and mutant alleles of MFP, AF, TL and UNI genes, were quantitatively phenotyped. The morphological features of the three domains of leafblades of four genotypes, unknown earlier, were described. All the genotypes were found to differ in leafblade morphology. It was evident that MFP and TL functions acted as repressor of pinna ramification, in the distal domain. These functions, with and without interaction with UNI, also repressed the ramification of proximal pinnae in the absence of AF function. The expression of MFP and TL required UNI function. AF function was found to control leafblade architecture multifariously. The earlier identified role of AF as a repressor of UNI in the proximal domain was confirmed. Negative control of AF on the UNI-dependent pinna ramification in the distal domain was revealed. It was found that AF establishes a boundary between proximal and distal domains and activates formation of leaflet pinnae in the proximal domain.     

Characterisation of cell wall polysaccharides, arabinogalactans-proteins (AGPs) and phenolics of Cola nitida, Cola acuminata and Garcinia kola seeds

Many Cola plant species are endemic to West and Central Africa. Cola acuminata and Cola nitida are used as masticatory when fresh, while the dried nuts are used for beverages and pharmaceutical purposes in Europe and North America. Garcinia kola seeds, that serve as a substitute for the true kola nuts, are used in African traditional medicine for the treatment of various diseases, including colic, headache and liver cirrhosis. Seeds extracts of G. kola are also known for their anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and antiviral properties. To gain information on the chemical properties of the kolas, we have isolated and analyzed cell wall polysaccharides, arabinogalactan-proteins and phenolic substances from the seeds of the three kola species. The sugar composition of cell wall material of C. acuminata, C. nitida and G. kola revealed that Gal (up to 30%), Ara, GalA and Glc as the predominant monosaccharides, representing approximately 90% by mol of the total hydrolysable sugar present in this material. In Ammonium oxalate cell wall fraction, GalA was found to be the major sugar present in all kola species. In the alkali-soluble fraction, there were significant differences in the level of Glc and Gal. The level of Glc was high in C. acuminata and C. nitida while the level of Gal and Xyl were high in C. nitida and G. cola. Isolation and quantification of arabinogalactan-proteins demonstrate that G. kola seeds contained four to eight times more of these proteoglycans than the seeds of the other two species. Finally, analysis of soluble phenolic substances shows that caffeine and catechin were largely represented in C. acumina and C. nitida seeds, with caffeine accounting for 50% of all soluble phenolics. These findings indicate that the three Kola seeds are highly enriched in pectins and proteoglycans and that C. acuminata and C. nitida can be used as a possible source of caffeine and catechin.     

Prosthecium species with Stegonsporium anamorphs on Acer

Data from microscopic morphology, single-spore cultures, and DNA analyses of teleomorphs and anamorphs support the recognition of five species of Prosthecium with Stegonsporium anamorphs on Acer: P. acerinum sp. nov., the teleomorph of S. acerinum; P. acerophilum comb. nov., formerly known as Dictyoporthe acerophila; P. galeatum comb. nov., originally described as Massaria galeata; P. opalus sp. nov.; and P. pyriforme sp. nov., the teleomorph of S. pyriforme s. str. The morphology of both type specimens and freshly collected material was investigated. The teleomorphs have brown ellipsoidal ascospores with five distosepta and often a longitudinal distoseptum. The anamorphs of all species described here belong to Stegonsporium; their connection to the Prosthecium teleomorphs was demonstrated by morphology and DNA sequences of single spore cultures derived from both ascospores and conidia. The anamorphs and teleomorphs of all five Prosthecium species are described and illustrated by LM images, and a key to these species is provided. As perceived from this work, S. pyriforme is restricted to Europe and does not occur in North America, whereas S. acerinum is restricted to North America, not found in Europe. The host associations given in the literature are revised and evidence is provided that only A. opalus, A. pseudoplatanus, and A. saccharum are confirmed hosts of Prosthecium with Stegonsporium anamorphs. Molecular phylogenetic analyses of tef1, ITS rDNA, and partial nuLSU rDNA sequences confirm that the species with Stegonsporium anamorphs are closely related to P. ellipsosporum, the generic type species. Stilbospora macrosperma is confirmed as the anamorph of P. ellipsosporum by DNA data of single spore isolates obtained from both ascospores and conidia.     

Comparative study of Bifidobacteriumanimalis, Escherichiacoli, Lactobacilluscasei and Saccharomycesboulardii probiotic properties

The present work investigates some probiotic properties of four different microorganisms (Bifidobacterium animalis var. lactis BB-12, Escherichia coli EMO, Lactobacillus casei and Saccharomyces boulardii). In vitro and in vivo tests were carried out to compare cell wall hydrophobicity, production of antagonistic substances, survival capacity in the gastrointestinal tract of germ-free mice without pathological consequence, and immune modulation by stimulation of Küpffer cells, intestinal sIgA and IL-10 levels. In vitro antagonism against pathogenic bacteria and yeast was only observed for the probiotic bacteria B. animalis and L. casei. The hydrophobic property of the cell wall was higher for B. animalis and E. coli EMO, and this property could be responsible for a better ability to colonize the gastrointestinal tract of germ-free mice. Higher levels of sIgA were observed mainly for S. boulardii, followed by E. coli EMO and B. animalis, and only S. boulardii induced a significant higher level of IL-10. In conclusion, for a probiotic use, S. boulardii presented better characteristics in terms of immunomodulation, and B. animalis and L. casei for antagonistic substance production. The knowledge of the different probiotic properties could be used to choice the better microorganism depending on the therapeutic or prophylactic application.     

Probing the Drosophila retinal determination gene network in Tribolium (II): The Pax6 genes eyeless and twin of eyeless

The Pax6 genes eyeless (ey) and twin of eyeless (toy) are upstream regulators in the retinal determination gene network (RDGN), which instructs the formation of the adult eye primordium in Drosophila. Most animals possess a singleton Pax6 ortholog, but the dependence of eye development on Pax6 is widely conserved. A rare exception is given by the larval eyes of Drosophila, which develop independently of ey and toy. To obtain insight into the origin of differential larval and adult eye regulation, we studied the function of toy and ey in the red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum. We find that single and combinatorial knockdown of toy and ey affect larval eye development strongly but adult eye development only mildly in this primitive hemimetabolous species. Compound eye-loss, however, was provoked when ey and toy were RNAi-silenced in combination with the early retinal gene dachshund (dac). We propose that these data reflect a role of Pax6 during regional specification in the developing head and that the subsequent maintenance and growth of the adult eye primordium is regulated partly by redundant and partly by specific functions of toy, ey and dac in Tribolium. The results from embryonic knockdown and comparative protein sequence analysis lead us further to conclude that Tribolium represents an ancestral state of redundant control by ey and toy.     

厚藤脱水素基因IpDHN启动子IpDHN-Pro的克隆和调控转录活性分析

为了解厚藤(Ipomoea pes-caprae)脱水素基因IpDHN (GenBank登录号:KX426069)启动子的转录活性和对非生物胁迫和植物激素ABA的响应,通过染色体步移法克隆了IpDHN的上游启动子序列IpDHN-Pro,长度为974 bp。构建IpDHN-Pro调控下GUS转基因载体,转化拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana)植株获得IpDHN-Pro::GUS转基因植株并进行GUS染色,验证IpDHN-Pro启动转录活性以及在氯化钠、甘露醇、ABA处理后拟南芥GUS基因表达变化。结果表明,扩增获得的IpDHN-Pro序列包含多个顺式作用元件,包括1个ABRE、3个Myb转录因子结合位点、富含TC的重复序列以及Skn-1基序等。转基因拟南芥GUS染色及qRT-PCR表明该序列可驱动GUS基因在拟南芥稳定表达,且表达受高盐、渗透压及ABA的诱导。这表明IpDHN-Pro是一个盐旱、ABA诱导的启动子序列,可应用于相关的植物抗逆遗传工程研究。     

铜绿假单胞菌对青霉素类抗生素异质性耐药研究

【背景】铜绿假单胞菌是临床上常见的条件致病菌,其异质性耐药的发生常导致临床治疗失败。【目的】研究铜绿假单胞菌对青霉素类抗生素的异质性耐药情况,为相关临床感染治疗提供一定的依据。【方法】收集临床分离的50株铜绿假单胞菌,采用纸片扩散法(diskdiffusion method)即Kirby-Bauer (K-B)法、菌落谱型分析(population analysis profile,PAP)法、生长实验以及传代稳定性实验探究铜绿假单胞菌的异质性耐药特征。【结果】K-B法初筛得到铜绿假单胞菌对哌拉西林(piperacillin,PIP)、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦(piperacillin/tazobactam,TZP)和替卡西林/克拉维酸(ticarcillin/clavulanic acid,TIM)的异质性耐药率分别为52%、52%和54%。PAP实验确认后有13株异质性耐药菌,其检出率占总实验菌株的26%。随机选取8株异质性耐药菌株,其耐药亚群的发生频率为7.3×10-7-1.2×10-5。通过无抗生素压力的生长实验发现,异质性耐药菌株PAS92、PAS57与其各自的3株最高PIP浓度平...