H7N9流感病毒感染A549细胞蛋白质组学的初步研究

通过建立H7N9和H1N1流感病毒(H1N1pdm09)感染人肺癌上皮细胞(A549)模型,研究病毒感染细胞后细胞蛋白质组学差异变化,探讨H7N9流感病毒感染人类致病机制。将感染复数(MOI)为0.001的H7N9、H1N1pdm09流感病毒感染A549细胞24h、48h、72h后提取细胞总蛋白进行荧光双向差异凝胶电泳(2D-DIGE)和基质辅助激光解析串联飞行时间质谱(MALDI-TOF-MS/MS)分析鉴定差异蛋白。质谱共鉴定出H7N9和H1N1pdm09流感病毒感染A549细胞24h、48h、72h上调或下调的差异蛋白分别为11、12、33个。对差异蛋白进行功能分析发现与H1N1pdm09感染组相比,(纤)丝状肌动蛋白成帽蛋白α1(F-actin-capping protein subunit alpha-1,CapZ-α1)、鸟氨酸氨基转移酶(Ornithine aminotransferase,OAT)、Poly(rC)-binding protein 1(PCBP1)、真核翻译起始因子5A-1(Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5A-1,eIF5A)在H7N9感染A549细胞后表达量的下调加速了致细胞病变效应。血小板活化因子乙酰水解酶Ⅰb亚基β(Platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolaseIb subunit beta,PAFAH1B2)在H7N9感染A549细胞后期表达量显著降低可能与该病毒感染患者的临床症状相关。     

H1N1流感病毒在微载体培养MDCK细胞上增殖的研究

目的探索MDCK细胞在微载体上的培养条件,并研究H1N1型流感病毒在MDCK细胞上的增殖条件。方法在微载体上培养好MDCK细胞上用H1N1型流感病毒在不同的病毒感染复数(MOI)、胰酶浓度两个关键的病毒增殖条件进行流感病毒在细胞上的增殖研究。结果微载体质量浓度为6 g/L时,MDCK细胞培养密度可以达到4.5×106cells/mL。在MOI为0.05接种流感病毒,胰酶质量浓度4μg/mL,流感病毒在MDCK细胞上可获得较高的滴度。结论 MDCK细胞用微载体培养可以达到较高的细胞密度,可以作为规模化生产新型流感病毒疫苗的主要细胞基质进行进一步的研究。     

感染时间对MDCK细胞中H1N1甲型流感病毒扩增过程的影响

为了研究感染时间TOI对MDCK细胞中H1N1甲型流感病毒扩增过程的影响,以期合理优化以MDCK细胞培养技术为基础的H1N1流感病毒生产工艺,从而提高其生产效率。在不同TOI条件下以H1N1流感病毒感染MDCK细胞,考察TOI对MDCK细胞生长与代谢动力学以及H1N1流感病毒扩增过程的影响。结果表明,当TOI为72 h时,H1N1流感病毒产量最高。然而单位细胞病毒产率却随TOI增大而呈现下降趋势,进一步剖析TOI与感染时细胞密度CCI对单位细胞病毒产率的影响可知,该现象是由细胞状态而非高细胞密度所致。上述研究揭示了由TOI不同导致的细胞状态差异对MDCK细胞中H1N1流感病毒生产效率的重要性。     

不同亚型甲型流感病毒在单个核细胞内复制情况研究

目的研究不同亚型的甲型流感病毒在单个核细胞内的复制情况,探讨其免疫应答机制。方法①细胞培养:复苏A549、MDCK细胞后,用DMEM培养液常规培养;外周血分离得到单个核细胞,用RPMI1640常规培养;②空斑形成试验:用空斑试验检测病毒A/Shantou/169/2006(H1N1)和A/Shantou/602/2006(H3N2)的病毒原始滴度;检测流感病毒感染单个核细胞后的病毒滴度变化。结果流感病毒感染单核细胞后,上清液的病毒滴度下降,36、48、72 h病毒滴度<10 PFU/mL;而其细胞裂解液病毒滴度上升,滴度由9.5×10~4 PFU/mL上升至1.63×10~5 PFU/mL。流感病毒感染淋巴细胞,其细胞上清和裂解液病毒滴度均下降,其中上清液H3N2病毒滴度在48、72 h均<10 PFU/mL;裂解液病毒滴度则由4.8×10~5 PFU/mL下降至1.8×10~3 PFU/mL。结论不同亚型的甲型流感病毒在单核细胞和淋巴细胞中的复制存在差异。单核细胞可以吞噬流感病毒但不能直接灭活流感病毒,而淋巴细胞却可以直接抑制流感病毒的复制。     

表达结核分枝杆菌CFP10基因的重组腺病毒对A549细胞炎性因子的影响

通过构建表达结核分枝杆菌（Mycobacterium tuberculosis,Mtb）CFP10基因的重组腺病毒,探讨CFP10蛋白对A549细胞炎性因子表达的影响。采用酶切、连接的方法将CFP10编码基因插入到腺病毒穿梭质粒pShuttle-AdV4中,构建重组穿梭质粒pShuttle-AdV4-CFP10,重组穿梭质粒经测序验证后和骨架质粒pGP-Ad-Pac Vector经限制性内切酶PacⅠ酶切线性化后共转染至HEK 293A细胞中进行病毒包装,获得重组腺病毒AdV4-CFP10,经定量PCR和Western blot验证后进行病毒扩增,CsCl密度梯度离心纯化获得高纯度的重组腺病毒。AdV4-CFP10感染Ⅱ型肺泡上皮细胞A549,利用荧光定量PCR和ELISA技术检测A549细胞中细胞因子IL-1α、IL-6、IL-8和TNF-α等的表达水平,初步探究CFP10对A549细胞炎性因子分泌的影响。成功构建了表达结核分枝杆菌CFP10基因的重组腺病毒AdV4-CFP10,AdV4-CFP10转染至A549细胞后,与空病毒相比,过表达CFP10显著上调A549细胞炎性因子的分泌水平。为进一步深入研究结核分枝杆菌CFP10蛋白对A549细胞炎性反应的调控机制提供参考。     

miR26a和miR939调控H1N1型流感病毒在MDCK细胞中的复制

摘要：【目的】研究发现microRNAs（miRNAs）可以参与调控病毒在宿主细胞内感染和复制的过程。作者研究了两条miRNAs对H1N1型流感病毒在宿主细胞内复制的影响。【方法】构建miR26a和miR939的高效表达载体,并将这两种表达载体转入MDCK细胞中,24 h后用H1N1型流感病毒感染转染后的MDCK (Madin dardy canine kidney) 细胞,接种72 h后,检测流感病毒的复制情况,研究miR26a和miR939对H1N1型流感病毒在MDCK细胞内复制的影响。【结果】实验结果表明,miRNAs的表达载体可以在细胞内高效表达miRNAs,不同的miRNAs对流感病毒在MDCK细胞中复制的调控作用不同, miR26a可以有效抑制流感病毒在MDCK细胞中的复制,而miR939则促进流感病毒在MDCK细胞中的复制的作用。【结论】细胞内miRNAs可以调控H1N1型流感病毒在宿主细胞中的复制过程,本文首次报导miR26a和miR939在流感病毒复制过程中的调控作用。     

利用CRISPR/Cas9基因敲除技术研究Importin-α7对流感病毒生长特性的影响

流感病毒的跨种传播是一个包含病毒和宿主因子之间大量相互作用的复杂过程。除了转换细胞表面受体结合特异性,禽流感病毒还要克服核膜形成的另一个重要屏障–核输入机制来进入细胞核进行有效转录和复制。本文主要研究人源importin-α7对不同来源、不同亚型流感病毒生长的影响。根据CRISPR/Cas9靶点设计原则分别在人importin-α7功能域第5和第6个外显子设计一对小向导RNA(sgRNAs)并克隆入pX459载体,重组质粒共转染A549细胞,构建A549-importin-α7-KO细胞系;再分别用不同来源(人源、猪源和禽源)、不同亚型的甲型流感病毒与乙型流感病毒感染A549-importin-α7-KO细胞和野生型A549细胞,研究importin-α7对流感病毒生长特性的影响。经测序和Western blotting验证,成功构建A549-importin-α7-KO细胞系;激光共聚焦观察结果显示,importin-α7敲除后vRNPs入核减少;同时Importin-α7敲除后流感病毒的生长均受到抑制,其中importin-α7对人流感病毒A/California/04/2009(H1N1)和B/Brisbane/60/2008、禽流感病毒A/Quail/Hong Kong/G1/1997(H9N2)、猪流感病毒A/Hunan/42443/2015(H1N1)和A/Jiangsu/1/2011(H1N1)的生长影响显著,而人流感病毒A/Hong Kong/4801/2014(H3N2)和禽流感病毒A/Guangzhou/333/99(H9N2)在两种细胞中的生长差异不明显。不同流感病毒结合importin-α的特异性不同,提示流感病毒可能已经进化出不同机制来利用importin-α亚型进行核输入,这对于流感病毒的宿主适应性和致病力研究具有重要意义。     

A/California/07/2009亚型猪流感冷适应减毒疫苗株的拯救及免疫效果评价

应用反向遗传学技术,选择冷适应、温度敏感、减毒的A/Ann Arbor/6/60 ca (H2N2)型流感病毒的6个内部基因为骨架,与A/California/07/2009株流感病毒2个抗原基因HA、NA分别克隆到polⅠ-polⅡ转录表达载体pAD3000中,构建8个转录表达载体重组质粒,共转染Vero细胞,获得重配A/California/07/2009ca株流感病毒．重配病毒的TCID₅₀为7.5,病毒传4代后其血凝素(HA)滴度稳定在1∶256,半数感染剂量EID₅₀为8,鸡胚传20代,经RT-PCR鉴定未发现重组病毒基因突变,电镜观察重配病毒符合流感病毒的主要特征;蔗糖纯化的病毒经肌肉注射(灭活)及滴鼻(减毒活病毒)两种途径免疫BALB/c小鼠,结果显示：滴鼻免疫和肌肉注射都可以产生较高效价的血凝抑制(HI)抗体,肌肉注射组产生的HI抗体略高(P = 0.044),但肌肉注射组检测不到高效价IgA抗体;滴鼻免疫组鼻冲洗液中可以检测到高效价的IgA抗体,同型病毒感染后,IL-1β、TNFα、IFN-α等前炎因子分泌较早,且高于肌肉注射组(P < 0.05),可见,喷鼻减毒疫苗比灭活全病毒疫苗能更好地激发黏膜免疫反应．通过对小鼠各个器官病毒载量的检测发现,4天后鼻腔、气管、脑、肺、脾脏没有病毒存在,证明减毒活疫苗株在小鼠上是安全的．以上数据可以初步断定,重组病毒有作疫苗候选株的可能,而且喷鼻疫苗具有降低免疫剂量、同时激活体内体液免疫和细胞免疫的功能．     

应用抑制消减杂交和cDNA芯片技术筛选流行性感冒病毒感染相关基因

病毒基因组有限的编码能力和以病毒蛋白为靶的抗病毒药物易出现耐药性,使从病毒感染宿主筛选病毒感染相关生物大分子作为抗病毒药靶和诊断标志物成为新的研究方向。为了筛选流行性感冒（流感）病毒感染相关基因,采用抑制消减杂交（suppression subtractive hybridization,SSH)技术,以流感病毒A／鲁防／93－9（H3N2）感染的MDCK细胞及正常MDCK细胞为材料,构建病毒感染特异性差减cDNA文库。从文库中随机挑取约800个克隆,PCR扩增其中插入片段,经纯化、紫外定量后,用基因芯片自动点样仪点在氨基片上,制备cDNA芯片。将流感病毒感染的MDCK细胞和正常MDCK细胞的总RNA分别用Cy3、Cy5反转录荧光标记后,与cDNA芯片杂交,用芯片扫描仪扫描获得芯片杂交信号,经阳性对照校正和归一化处理后,以如下条件作为判定基因差异表达的标准;（a)Cy3与Cy5的信号比值大于1．5（正常细胞用Cy5标记）或小于0．67（正常细胞用Cy3标记）;（b)Cy3和Cy5信号值之一必须大于1000。经cDNA芯片筛选获得了18个流感病毒感染特异性克隆,经测序和生物信息学分析发现均为流感病毒感染相关新基因EST。流感病毒感染相关基因cDNA片段的获得,为新型病毒药靶诊断标志物发现和功能研究提供了基础。     

流感病毒在Vero细胞系与MDCK细胞系增殖条件的比较

目的研究流感病毒H1N1及其他亚型在Vero细胞系和MDCK细胞系高效增殖的最适条件,比较两种细胞系对流感病毒的敏感性差异及影响敏感性差异的条件。方法在培养好的Vero细胞系与MDCK细胞系用不同的病毒感染复数(M.O.I)、胰酶浓度、病毒吸附时间、病毒维持液血清质量浓度等条件进行流感病毒在细胞上的增殖。结果在M.O.I为0.01接种流感病毒,吸附时间为1 h,胰酶质量浓度2μg/mL,血清质量浓度为8%时,流感病毒血凝素在MDCK细胞系可获得较高的滴度。结论 MDCK细胞系是适于流感病毒培养的细胞,它作为生产新型流感病毒疫苗的主要细胞基质需要进一步的研究。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

The effects of glutamine of the maintenance of embryogenic cultures of Cryptomeria japonica

Summary Embryogenic tissues of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) were induced on a modified Campbell and Durzan (CD) medium containing 1 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 600 mg l⁻¹ glutamine, and subcultured in the medium of the same composition for over 1 yr. This resulted in a mixed culture of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells. When embryogenic cells were isolated and cultured independently, their capacity to form embryogenic aggregates was lost. Thus, the non-embryogenic cells present within a mixed culture system were essential to the formation of embryogenic aggregates. When embryogenic tissues were isolated and cultured independently on a high glutamine-containing (2400 mg l⁻¹) medium, dry weights and endogenous levels of glutamine increased, and the tissue could generate a large number of embryogenic aggregates. Amino acid analysis of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells from the maintenance culture indicated a higher level of glutamine was present in the latter. The high endogenous level of glutamine in the non-embryogenic portion of mixed cell masses may be the supplier of glutamine for maintaining the embryogenic property of the tissues.     

Specificity of action of piperidylcholine derivatives as substrates of cholinesterases of various origin

The review deals with study of enzymologic properties of a novel highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate, N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium iodomethylate (“piperidylcholine”), and its 30 derivatives that were tested as effectors of cholinesterases of mammals and various species of Pacific squids. It was proven for the first time that responsible for specificity of action was structure of cyclic ammonium grouping of the alcohol part of molecule of the ester substrate. Analysis of specificity is performed based on enzymatic hydrolysis parameters—activity of catalytic center of cholinesterases and bimolecular constant of the reaction rate that are determined at optimal and low substrate concentrations. Among the specially synthesized group of thioester compounds there is revealed one more highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate—N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

The mechanism of hatching of eggs of Haemonchus contortus

Fluid collected from hatching eggs of Haemonchus contortus contained a lipase which hydrolysed 2-naphthyl laurate (about 0·7 μmol naphthol freed /h/10⁶ eggs). The fluid also hydrolysed l-leucinamide (about 2·3 μmol leucine freed/h/10⁶ eggs). The fluid when added to normal or heated eggs caused ‘hatching’. ‘Hatching’ also occurred in exsheathing fluid from infective juveniles and in a preparation of pancreatic lipase containing leucine aminopeptidase. A purified mammalian leucine aminopeptidase in combination with several different lipases did not attack egg shells.The ‘spontaneous’ hatching of eggs of H. contortus was strongly inhibited by 1,10-phenanthroline, 10^?3M, and this inhibition was reversed by Zn²⁺. However, the inhibition of ‘hatching’ of eggs in externally applied hatching fluid, or the hydrolysis of leucinamide in hatching fluid was generally less marked.