含铬固氮酶组分Ⅰ蛋白的纯化和特性

在含Mo固氮培养基中不能生长而在无Mo条件下可固氮生长的固氮菌(Azotobacter vinelandii Lipmann)突变种UW3, 能在无Mo而含Cr的无氮培养基中生长.从菌体中分离得到的部分纯固氮酶组分Ⅰ蛋白含有Cr和Fe 原子(Fe/Mo/Cr为11.60∶0.41∶1.00),并能表达相当于棕色固氮菌野生型固氮菌MoFe蛋白对乙炔和质子还原的70%的活性.与从Mn中生长的UW3菌体中所提取纯化的MnFe蛋白不同,这种含铬蛋白与MoFe蛋白(α2β2)一样,是由两种亚基组成的四聚体.初步结果表明,这种含Cr蛋白可能是一种固氮酶组分Ⅰ蛋白.     

含铬固氮酶组分Ⅰ蛋白的纯化和特性(英文)

在含Mo固氮培养基中不能生长而在无Mo条件下可固氮生长的固氮菌 (AzotobactervinelandiiLipmann)突变种UW3 ,能在无Mo而含Cr的无氮培养基中生长。从菌体中分离得到的部分纯固氮酶组分Ⅰ蛋白含有Cr和Fe原子 (Fe/Mo/Cr为 11.6 0∶0 .41∶1.0 0 ) ,并能表达相当于棕色固氮菌野生型固氮菌MoFe蛋白对乙炔和质子还原的 70 %的活性。与从Mn中生长的UW3 菌体中所提取纯化的MnFe蛋白不同 ,这种含铬蛋白与MoFe蛋白 (α2 β2 )一样 ,是由两种亚基组成的四聚体。初步结果表明 ,这种含Cr蛋白可能是一种固氮酶组分Ⅰ蛋白。     

缺失nifH的棕色固氮菌突变种固氮酶钼铁蛋白的结晶

从限氨固氮培养基中培养的缺失nif H的棕色固氮菌(Azotobacter vinelandii Lipmann)突变种DJ54中,分离纯化出部分纯的缺失FeMoco的钼铁蛋白(△nifH Av1).用相同纯化方法分别从DJ35和UW45突变种中纯化的△nifE Av1和NifB- Av1的纯度明显高于△nifH Av1的纯度.在合适的结晶条件下,可得到这三种蛋白的深棕色短斜四棱柱晶体.△nifH Av1与NifB- Av1一样,晶体形成所需的时间比△nifE Av1的长.而它结晶所需的沉淀剂和缓冲液最适浓度则与△nifE Av1的相同.SDS-PAGE鉴定表明,结晶的△nifH Av1与OP Av1的组成相似.这表明,在△nifH Av1溶液中形成的晶体可能就是该蛋白质的晶体.     

含铬固氮酶组分I蛋白的纯化和特性

在含Mo固氮培养基中不能生长而在无Mo条件下可固氮生长的固氮菌（Azotobacter vinelandii Lipmann)突变种UW3,能在无Mo而含Cr的无氮培养基中生长。从菌体中分离得到的部分纯固氮酶组分I蛋白含有Cr和Fe原子（Fe/Mo/Cr为11.60:0.41:1.00),并能表达相当于棕色固氮菌野生型固氮菌MoFe蛋白对乙炔和质子还原的70％的活性。与从Mn中生长的UW3菌体中所提取纯化的MnFe蛋白不同,这种含铬蛋白与MoFe蛋白（α2β2)一样,是由两种亚基组成的四聚体。初步结果表明,这种含Cr蛋白可能是一种固氮酶组分I蛋白。     

含锰固氮酶组分Ⅰ蛋白的纯化和特性

棕色固氮菌（Azotobacter vinelandii Lipmann)突变种UW3能在无Mo的无氨培养基中固氮生长,低浓度的Mn对UW3突变种生长有促进作用,从在Mn中生长的UW3菌体中分离得到的部分纯固氮酶组分Ⅰ蛋白含量有Mn和Fe原子（Fe/Mo/Mn为10．41：0．19：1．00）并有OP MoFe蛋白一半的还原乙炔和质子的活性。这种蛋白的吸收光谱和圆二色谱与MoFe蛋白存在明显的差异,含Mn蛋白的亚基分子量都与MoFe蛋白的α亚基相近。初步结果表明,这种含Mn蛋白可胡是一种固氮酶组分Ⅰ蛋白。     

在有无结合态氮的培养条件下棕色固氮菌对钼的吸收和转化

在尿素中培养的棕色固氮菌,从培养液中吸收。~(99)MoO_4~-的量与N_2下培养的菌基本上是相同的。凝胶过滤实验指出,有尿素时掺入菌体内的~(99)Mo也主要与蛋白质结合,而不是以无机(99)MoO_4~-的状态存在。在尿素和N_2下生长的棕色固氮菌体内的。~(99)Mo-蛋白质可以用DEAE-纤维素柱层析区别开来。     

棕色固氮菌突变种UW3部分提纯的固氮酶CrFe蛋白溶液中残存细菌铁蛋白的晶体生长及鉴定

从无钼、无氨而含铬的固氮培养基中生长的棕色固氮菌(Azotobacter vinelandii Lipmann)突变种UW3中纯化得到了部分纯的CrFe蛋白.在试图培养CrFe蛋白大晶体时发现,棕色晶体和砖红色晶体可同时或单独出现.SDS-PAGE和厌氧天然PAGE皆表明,棕色晶体主要由与固氮酶钼铁蛋白(Av1)类似大小的亚基(～60 kD)组成,而砖红色晶体则由～20kD亚基组成.免疫分析表明只有～60kD的亚基可与固氮酶钼铁蛋白的抗体反应,而～20kD亚基则无这种反应.在部分纯的CrFe蛋白溶液中,～20 kD的总蛋白含量远低于～60 kD蛋白的含量,表明由这种小亚基组成的蛋白只是CrFe蛋白溶液中的一种污染蛋白.用3,5-二氨基苯甲酸染色的天然电泳表明,形成砖红色和棕色晶体的蛋白是迁移率不同的两种含铁蛋白.质谱分析表明砖红色晶体蛋白为棕色固氮菌的细菌铁蛋白.分辨率为2.34 A的X射线衍射结果也表明,砖红色晶体属于H3空间群,晶胞参数为a=124.965A,b=124.965A和c=287.406 A.即将发表的三维结构解析表明,此砖红色晶体确为24聚体的细菌铁蛋白.     

棕色固氮菌缺失nifE的突变种固氮酶钼铁蛋白的结晶

从限氨固氮培养基中培养棕色固氮菌(Azotobacter vinelandii Lipmann)缺失nifE的突变种DJ35中,分离纯化得到缺失FeMoco的钼铁蛋白(ΔnifE Av1).在一定条件下结晶得到深棕色短斜四棱柱晶体.结晶溶液中各组分的浓度以及结晶方法等对其晶核数目、晶体大小和质量有明显影响.目前用气相扩散的悬滴法所得的最大晶体的二维边长分别为0.12 mm和0.13 mm.     

Mo-Fe-S模型化合物模拟甲基紫精-硝酸还原酶促反应的研究

对黄嘌呤氧化酶中甲基紫精-硝酸(MVH-NO_3~-)还原酶促反应所必须的活性组分研究表明:具有 MVH-NO_3~-还原活性的含钼因子与固氮酶铁铝辅因子(FeMo-Co)相类似,除 Mo 外还有 Fe 和 S 的参加。卢嘉锡蔡启瑞根据固氮酶钼活性位置的结构和功能,分别提出了具有独特见解的“福州模型”和“厦门模型”。它们都是含有 Mo、Fe、S 的原子簇化合物。根据该模型合成出的模型化合物与棕色固氮菌缺钼铁辅基的突变种 UW45的粗提物互补,显示了它们的乙炔还原乙烯和固氮的活性。本文报道用这些模型化合     

棕色固氮菌突变种UW3部分提纯的固氮酶CrFe蛋白溶液中残存细菌铁蛋白的晶体生长及鉴定

从无钼、无氨而含铬的固氮培养基中生长的棕色固氮菌(Azotobacter vinelandii Lipmann)突变种UW3中纯化得到了部分纯的CrFe蛋白。在试图培养CrFe蛋白大晶体时发现,棕色晶体和砖红色晶体可同时或单独出现。SDS-PAGE和厌氧天然PAGE皆表明,棕色晶体主要由与固氮酶钼铁蛋白(Av1)类似大小的亚基(～60kD)组成,而砖红色晶体则由～20kD亚基组成。免疫分析表明只有～60kD的亚基可与固氮酶钼铁蛋白的抗体反应,而～20kD亚基则无这种反应。在部分纯的CrFe蛋白溶液中,～20 kD的总蛋白含量远低于～60 kD蛋白的含量,表明由这种小亚基组成的蛋白只是CrFe蛋白溶液中的一种污染蛋白。用3,5-二氨基苯甲酸染色的天然电泳表明,形成砖红色和棕色晶体的蛋白是迁移率不同的两种含铁蛋白。质谱分析表明砖红色晶体蛋白为棕色固氮菌的细菌铁蛋白。分辨率为2.34的X射线衍射结果也表明,砖红色晶体属于H3空间群,晶胞参数为a=124.965,b=124.965和c=287.406。即将发表的三维结构解析表明,此砖红色晶体确为24聚体的细菌铁蛋白。     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.     

Composition and diversity of bird communities in Swedish farmland–forest mosaic landscapes

CapsuleThe amount of forest (at local and landscape scales) and occurrence of residual habitats at the local scale are shown to be the major factors influencing bird community composition in farmland–forest landscapes in central Sweden.

Aims To investigate the importance of local habitat and landscape structure for breeding birds in farmland–forest landscapes in central Sweden.

Methods Breeding birds were censused at 292 points. A detailed habitat mapping was made within 300 m of the points. Within a 300–600 m radius only two major habitats (forests and arable fields) were identified.

Results Cluster analyses of bird communities identified three site types that also differed in habitat composition: (i) partially forested sites in forested landscapes; (ii) heterogeneous sites with residual habitats in mosaic landscapes; and (iii) field-dominated farmland sites in open landscapes. A total of 19 of 25 farmland bird species (restricted to farmland or using both farmland and forest) had the highest abundance in farmland sites with mosaics of forest and farmland, while only six farmland species had the highest abundance in field-dominated sites. The bird community changed from being dominated by farmland species to being dominated by forest species (common in forest landscapes without farmland) at small proportions (10–20%) of forest at the local scale. A major difference in habitat composition between heterogeneous and field-dominated sites was the occurrence of different residual habitats (e.g. shrubby areas and seminatural grasslands). These habitats seemed to influence bird community composition more than land-use, despite covering <10% of the area. Seminatural grasslands were important for bird community composition and species-richness, but grazing seemed to be less important. Among different land-use types, cereal crops were the least preferred fields. Set-asides with tall vegetation and short rotation coppices were positively associated with species-richness of farmland birds.

Conclusion In general, the composition of the landscape was important for bird community composition, although amount and distribution of forests, occurrence of residual habitats and land-use of fields at the local scale had the strongest influence on bird community composition. The possible implications of these patterns for managing farmland–forest landscapes are discussed.     

Chemical constituents from the fruits of Rhus typhina L. and their chemotaxonomic significance

This work describes the isolation and characterization of twenty-nine compounds from the fruits of Rhus typhina L., including eleven flavonoids (1–11), eleven phenols (12–22), two pentacyclic triterpenes (23–24), two organic acids (25–26), one lumichrome (27), one courmarin (28) and one pyrimidine (29) on the basis of their spectroscopic data. Compounds apigenin (1), daidzein (4), orobol (5), 3′, 5, 5′, 7-tetrahydroxyflavanone (6), naringenin (7), butein (8), (-)-catechin (9), quercetin-3-O-α-L-(3″-O-galloyl)-rhamnoside (11), 2-hydroxybenzoic acid (13), 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde (14), vanillin (15), methyl 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate (16), 3,5-dihydroxybenzamide (18), tyrosol (19), caffeic acid (20), 3-(2,4,6-trihydroxyphenyl)-1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-propan-1-one (21), phlorizin (22), friedelin (23), oleanolic acid (24), 4,4-dimethyl-heptanedioic acid (25), anthranilic acid (26), lumichrome (27), scoparone (28) and uracil (29) have not been recorded before in this plant. This is the first report on the occurrence of compounds 4–7, 9, 11, 13–14, 16, 18–21, 25–29 from the genus Rhus. Moreover, the chemotaxonomic significance of these isolated compounds was also summarized.