套袋对油梨果实生长发育及品质动态变化的影响

以‘Pollock’油梨为试验材料,在第2次生理落果后采用无纺布袋、白纸袋、牛皮纸袋3种套袋材料对果实进行套袋处理,并定期测定油梨的果实色泽参数、果形指数、果皮色素含量以及果实可溶性糖、可溶性固形物、Vc、脂肪和可溶性蛋白质含量等内外品质指标的变化,探讨不同套袋材料对油梨果实生长发育过程中外观品质和内在品质的影响,为油梨高产优质栽培提供理论依据。结果表明:(1)3种套袋材料均能显著促进油梨果实的生长,显著提升成熟果实的单果重,但对果实生长发育趋势及成熟期无显著影响。(2)无纺布套袋可显著提升油梨果实的果形指数,其余2种套袋材料效果不显著;牛皮纸袋套袋虽能显著增大果实亮度,但会使果皮变黄;白纸袋和无纺布袋可提升果实亮度,但与对照无显著差异。(3)无纺布袋和白纸袋套袋处理可显著提高油梨果皮类胡萝卜素、叶绿素及果肉可溶性糖、可溶性固形物、Vc、脂肪、可溶性蛋白质含量;牛皮纸袋套袋也可显著提高油梨果肉可溶性固形物、可溶性糖、脂肪及可溶性蛋白质含量,但也显著降低了果皮叶绿素含量和果肉Vc含量,并抑制果皮类胡萝卜素的合成积累。(4)各套袋材料还可改变油梨果皮厚度,其中牛皮纸袋可显著提高果皮厚度,无纺布袋和白纸袋则降低果皮厚度,但各材料对果肉密度均无显著性影响。(5)隶属函数法综合分析显示,各套袋处理中以无纺布袋套袋效果最佳,白纸袋次之。研究发现,3种套袋材料均可显著促进油梨果实的生长发育,改善油梨果实的外观品质及内在品质,并且以无纺布套袋综合效果最佳。     

油梨果实的生长和内含物变化的观察

本文报道对油梨果实的生长及内含物的变化的观察结果．果实生长发育过程中,以６—７份生长最快,干物质及脂肪含量由低到高变化,以１１月份增加最快,蛋白质含量由高到低递诚．１１月份后含量相对稳定,总糖和维生素Ｃ含量随果实的发育程度而下降。     

云南不同栽培区域油梨果实品质差异分析

以云南9个不同栽培区域‘哈斯’(Hass)油梨果实为试材,在同一条件下分别观测油梨果实主要内在与外观品质,分析云南不同栽培区域油梨果实主要品质差异,为探索云南油梨栽培适宜生态区域提供借鉴。结果表明：(1)油梨果实外观品质以单果重、种子重量、可食率变异系数较大,分别达到31.31%、38.09%和8.08%,并以LJ产区的油梨单果重和可食率最大;油梨果肉内在品质中以脂肪、可溶性蛋白、维生素C(Vc)含量变异系数较大,分别为37.57%、22.42%和17.89%,脂肪含量以BS产区最高,可溶性蛋白和Vc含量均以BN产区最高。(2)油梨果实Vc、总黄酮、脂肪含量以及单果果肉重、果实纵径等显著受到树龄和气候因子的综合影响。其中：树龄与脂肪、可溶性固形物、Vc、总黄酮含量呈正相关关系,与单果果肉重呈显著负相关关系;经度与脂肪、可溶性固形物、干物质、可溶性蛋白含量呈正相关关系;纬度与可溶性固形物、果肉密度、种子长度呈正相关关系,与Vc、总黄酮含量呈显著负相关关系;海拔与脂肪、可溶性固形物、Vc、总黄酮含量呈正相关关系;年平均气温与果肉密度、单果重、单果果肉重、果实纵径呈正相关关系;年平均降雨量与...     

甜樱桃‘佐藤锦’果实生长发育过程AsA含量及其相关酶活性的变化

以黄肉甜樱桃品种‘佐藤锦’为材料,测定了其果实生长发育过程中抗坏血酸(AsA)和谷胱甘肽(GSH)的含量变化,及其相关代谢酶L-半乳糖脱氢酶(GalDH)、L-半乳糖-1-4-内酯酶(GalLDH)、单脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(MDHAR)、脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(DHAR)、谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)和过氧化物酶(APX)的活性变化,分析它们在果实生长发育过程中对AsA积累所起的作用。结果表明:(1)‘佐藤锦’果实生长发育过程中总抗坏血酸(T-AsA)、还原型抗坏血酸(AsA)、脱氢抗坏血酸(DHA)、氧化型谷胱甘肽(GSSG)含量均在花后0d最高,随后持续下降,而总谷胱甘肽(T-GSH)和还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量先升后降。(2)随着果实生长发育,AsA和DHA的单果积累量均持续增加,且在果实第二次快速生长期增幅最大;各相关代谢酶活性在甜樱桃果实生长发育过程中呈现出不同的变化趋势,其中GalLDH、MDHAR和DHAR的活性变化同AsA含量变化趋势基本一致。(3)相关性分析发现,GalLDH、MDHAR和DHAR的活性与AsA含量呈极显著正相关关系,说明它们是影响甜樱桃果实AsA含量的关键酶。     

苹果果实生长的数学模型及各生长指标间的相关性分析

以富士苹果(Malus domestica‘Fuji’)为试材,测定其果实生长发育期间各生长指标的动态变化,选择5种理论生长方程对纵径、横径、单果重、体积、干重进行拟合,并根据拟合结果确定合适的生长方程建立各生长指标的数学模型,采用多项式拟合建立果形指数变化的数学模型,同时对果实各生长指标之间进行相关性分析。结果表明,果实纵径、横径生长适合选择Logistic方程,单果重、体积、干重适合选择Gompertz方程,果形指数的变化适合采用多项式拟合;果实纵径、横径、单果重、体积、干重两两之间均呈显著正相关,果形指数、果实干物质相对含量均与纵径、横径、单果重、体积、干重之间呈显著负相关,果实密度与纵径、横径、单果重、体积、干重之间呈显著负相关,而与果形指数、果实干物质相对含量之间呈显著正相关。     

梨果柄特征及其与果实主要经济性状的相关性分析

为了解梨果柄生长发育对果实品质的影响,该试验以11个梨品种为材料,对果实主要经济性状、可溶性糖、矿质养分等进行了测定分析,并对果柄显微组织结构进行了解剖观察。结果显示：(1)梨不同品种间果柄形态及显微结构存在明显差异,大果型品种果柄内有10个维管束,中果型品种有9个维管束,小果型品种有5个维管束。(2)大果型砂梨品种中,果柄横截面维管束占比越高,单果重越大。(3)梨果柄粗度与果实大小之间存在显著相关关系,且相关性大小表现为白梨大于砂梨。(4)同一梨品种的中果柄和粗果柄果实的可溶性总糖含量显著高于细果柄果实。(5)果柄粗度影响果实果肉矿质养分含量,‘秋月’的中果柄和粗果柄果实的Ca和B含量显著优于细果柄果实,且中果柄果实的含量最高。研究表明,梨不同品种的果柄形态结构不同,且果柄发育状况影响果实生长发育,尤其果柄粗度是限制果实大小和影响果实品质的重要因素之一;同一梨品种的中果柄果实品质优于粗果柄和细果柄果实。     

罗汉果果实生长发育与内含物变化的研究

罗汉果开花授粉后果实体积不断地增大。纵径在授粉后1至3天生长最快,以后逐渐减慢:横径以授粉后9至15天生长最快,30天果实体积停止增长。果实生长发育过程中,干物质含量由低到高变化,总糖含量由低到高不断增加,但还原糖与非还原糖含量的变化有所不同,维生素C含量在生长发育前期最高,随果实发育,其含量逐渐下降。     

宁夏枸杞果实生长发育期内源激素变化及关系研究

以‘宁杞1号’枸杞为材料,采用高效液相色谱技术,对不同发育时期宁夏枸杞果皮和种子内源激素(ZT、GA3、IAA、ABA)含量进行测定,以揭示其变化规律.结果显示:(1)种子中的生长素与果实横径和果实单粒重均呈极显著的正相关关系,与果实纵径呈显著正相关关系,即种子中的生长素在果实的增大中起着重要的作用.(2)果皮和种子中的赤霉酸含量都远远大于其他3种激素含量,且从第一次快速生长期(花后2～8 d)到缓慢生长期(花后8～25 d),其含量与种子中的生长素含量变化较为一致,进入第二次快速增长期(花后25～33 d)以后,果皮和种子中赤霉酸的含量则迅速下降,而种子中的生长素含量却急速上升,这可能是果皮和种子中的赤霉酸促进了种子内生长素的合成,而种子内的生长素可以直接调节果实细胞的伸长.研究表明,‘宁杞1号’种子中的内源激素在果实生长发育中起着重要的作用,且各激素间存在着平衡关系,果皮和种子中各种激素相互影响,共同促进果实的生长发育.     

黑莓在湖南的引种及果实的生理特性

从江苏引种黑莓品种切斯特（Ｃｈｅｓｔｅｒ）到湖南栽培,对果实生长过程中主要营养成分含量变化和呼吸作用特点进行测定。引种的黑莓生长发育正常;开花后１７～４２ｄ是果实产量、品质形成的关键时期;果实生长过程中呼吸速率经过先降后升再降的变化;果实成熟时呼吸峰不明显;果实呼吸酶对持续低温（０℃）和高温（４５℃）表现较强的抗逆性。     

糖代谢相关酶在灵武长枣叶片和果柄糖积累中的作用

以不同发育时期灵武长枣为试材,测定果实生长发育过程中叶片、果柄可溶性糖含量及蔗糖代谢相关酶活性的变化,探讨果实生长发育过程中叶片、果柄糖的积累与蔗糖代谢相关酶活性的关系。结果表明:(1)灵武长枣叶片、果柄均主要以积累蔗糖为主,叶片、果柄中葡萄糖和果糖含量的变化平缓且随果实发育略有上升,蔗糖含量则呈先下降后迅速上升的趋势,且蔗糖含量始终高于葡萄糖和果糖的含量。(2)在果实的整个发育期,叶片和果柄的酸性转化酶(AI)活性均远高于中性转化酶(NI),AI在前期升高后变化较平稳,而蔗糖合成酶(SS)和蔗糖磷酸合成酶(SPS)活性的变化各不相同。(3)SS分解方向酶活性(SSd)对叶片和果柄蔗糖的积累具有重要的调节作用。研究认为,蔗糖合成酶分解方向酶活性(SSd)对灵武长枣叶片和果柄蔗糖的积累起主要的调控作用。     

BIOCHEMICAL CHANGES DURING GROWTH AND ENCYSTMENT OF THE CELLULAR SLIME MOLD POLYSPHONDYLIUM PALLIDUM

The growth of the cellular slime mold, Polysphondylium pallidum, was studied on a semidefined medium in shaken suspension. When the medium contained large quantities of particulate material, growth was more rapid and the cellular size and protein content were smaller than when growth occurred on a medium containing less particulate material. The cellular levels of DNA, RNA, and protein; of lysosomal enzymes (acid phosphatase, acid proteinase); and of peroxisomal enzymes (catalase) were assayed during growth and the subsequent stationary phase that led eventually to encystment. Only DNA remained at a constant cellular level. Encystment of exponentially growing cells could also be initiated by washing them and introducing them into a soluble peptone medium. The rate of encystment was proportional to the osmolarity of this medium. The encystment process was followed with respect to the cellular levels of DNA, RNA, protein, carbohydrates, acid phosphatase, acid β-N-Ac-glucosaminidase, and catalase. The most dramatic change occurred in the cellular cellulose content, which increased by at least an order of magnitude by the time encystment was morphologically complete. It was concluded that the encystment of this slime mold in suspension exhibits a number of biochemical similarities to the development of this and other cellular slime molds on a surface.     

SEASONAL CHANGES IN THE BIOCHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF A TROPICAL INTERTIDAL PROSOBRANCH MORULA GRANULATA (DUCLOS)

Seasonal changes in total carbohydrates, glycogen, free sugars,proteins, TNPS and lipids, were studied in different body components(foot, gonad-digestive gland complex and viscera) of Morulagranulata from January to December 1982. All biochemical constituentsshowed a progressive increase during May–October and adecrease during November–April; some exhibited a secondaryJanuary peak. These changes were correlated to the reproductivecycle and feeding of the animal. Utilisation of lipids was greaterduring the reproductive season indicating a ‘lipid-oriented’ metabolism. Seasonal changes in the water content offoot, gonad-digestive complexand viscera were also reported.The results are discussed in relation to other observationson gastropods and other molluscs. (Received 24 May 1984;     

葛仙米生长的尺度效应

为考察葛仙米(Nostoc sphaeroides)群体粒径变化对营养成分和光合活性的影响, 测定了生长过程中不同粒径群体的色素成分、光合特性和多糖含量。结果表明: 叶绿素a、藻胆蛋白含量随群体粒径增大而降低; 类胡萝卜素含量在粒径4.85 mm时最高, 藻蓝蛋白/叶绿素a、藻红蛋白/叶绿素a以及别藻蓝蛋白/叶绿素a的比值随粒径增大先降低后升高; 最大潜在光合能力(F_v/F_m)随群体粒径增大逐渐降低, 大群体可通过光系统I介导的环式电子传递链耗散多余能量以保护光合作用系统; 多糖含量在粒径3.03 mm时最高。研究结果显示葛仙米生长具有明显的尺度效应, 细胞组分与光合活性对群体粒径变化具有显著的响应, 开展规模化培养和采收需要关注这一效应。     

Polyuronides in Avocado (Persea americana) and Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) Fruits Exhibit Markedly Different Patterns of Molecular Weight Downshifts during Ripening

Avocado (Persea americana) fruit experience a rapid and extensive loss of firmness during ripening. In this study, we examined whether the chelator solubility and molecular weight of avocado polyuronides paralleled the accumulation of polygalacturonase (PG) activity and loss in fruit firmness. Polyuronides were derived from ethanolic precipitates of avocado mesocarp prepared using a procedure to rapidly inactivate endogenous enzymes. During ripening, chelator (cyclohexane-trans-1,2-diamine tetraacetic acid [CDTA])-soluble polyuronides increased from approximately 30 to 40 [mu]g of galacturonic acid equivalents (mg alcohol-insoluble solids)-1 in preripe fruit to 150 to 170 [mu]g mg-1 in postclimacteric fruit. In preripe fruit, chelator-extractable polyuronides were of high molecular weight and were partially excluded from Sepharose CL- 2B-300 gel filtration media. Avocado polyuronides exhibited marked downshifts in molecular weight during ripening. At the postclimacteric stage, nearly all chelator-extractable polyuronides, which constituted from 75 to 90% of total cell wall uronic acid content, eluted near the total volume of the filtration media. Rechromatography of low molecular weight polyuronides on Bio-Gel P-4 disclosed that oligomeric uronic acids are produced in vivo during avocado ripening. The gel filtration behavior and pattern of depolymerization of avocado polyuronides were not influenced by the polyuronide extraction protocol (imidazole versus CDTA) or by chromatographic conditions designed to minimize interpolymeric aggregation. Polyuronides from ripening tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) fruit extracted and chromatographed under conditions identical with those used for avocado polyuronides exhibited markedly less rapid and less extensive downshifts in molecular weight during the transition from mature-green to fully ripe. Even during a 9-d period beyond the fully ripe stage, tomato fruit polyuronides exhibited limited additional depolymerization and did not include oligomeric species. A comparison of the data for the avocado and tomato fruit indicates that downshifts in polyuronide molecular weight are a prominent feature of avocado ripening and may also explain why molecular down-regulation of PG (EC 3.2.1.15) in tomato fruit has resulted in minimal effects on fruit performance until the terminal stages of ripening.     

麻醉瓜成熟与衰老期间内源激素的变化与呼吸作用的关系

本文对麻醉瓜采收前后及衰老期间的呼吸强度、乙烯生成及内源生长调节物质作了测定。麻醉瓜成熟过程中 ABA 首先生成并积累,当 ABA 达到一定水平后才出现乙烯的生成。与杏果相似,麻醉瓜成熟期间果肉中 ABA 大量积累,生长促进物质迅速消失,这可能是它不耐贮藏的内在生理原因。     

三峡水库秀丽白虾生长与繁殖生物学特征研究

2012 年11 月至2013 年10 月逐月对三峡水库木洞江段秀丽白虾的生长和繁殖生物学特征进行了研究。结果显示秀丽白虾是一年生的虾类, 寿命为1214 个月。雌性个体的平均体长(37.727.92) mm 显著大于雄性(37.086.59) mm, 具有明显的雌雄异形现象。秀丽白虾的渐近体长(L)为59.33 mm, 生长系数(K)是1.6/年, 生长方程为:Lt=59.33-e-1.6(t+0.081)。雌虾繁殖季节从4 月上旬持续至9 月下旬, 繁殖高峰期为4 月中旬至6 月中旬, 由越冬虾和当年虾两个世代的繁殖群体组成。抱卵雌虾的体长为27.0753.71 mm, 平均体长(L50)为37.06 mm。雌雄性比月变化为1.112.36, 平均为1.46, 群体中雌性个体数量显著多于雄性(P 0.001)。绝对繁殖力(FA)为31294 粒, 相对繁殖力(FR)为(11522)粒/g。绝对繁殖力与体长呈幂函数关系(FA=0.0031L2.8632, r=0.72, n=106), 而与体重呈直线关系(FA=104.63W+9.9534, r=0.79, n=106)。卵径(D)平均值为(1215102) m。为合理保护和利用三峡水库秀丽白虾种群资源, 建议加强虾类捕捞管理, 繁殖期间(49 月)禁止捕捞虾类或限制捕捞强度。       

强旱生小灌木绵刺劈裂生长过程中内源激素含量变化的研究

 研究强旱生小灌木绵刺(Potaninia mongolica)劈裂生长过程中内源激素含量的变化。结果表明：1）4种生长状态中,完全劈裂的植株的叶片及劈裂发生部位ABA的含量比其它3种状态的都低,而其根中ABA的含量最大。同其它几种激素相比,ABA在绵刺体内的含量最大;2）劈裂生长发生之前,在劈裂发生部位IAA积累量大,尤其是在即将劈裂的过渡植株的劈裂发生部位IAA含量最大;3）劈裂生长发生过程中GA3含量的变化与IAA的变化有同步性;4）ZR的含量也是在劈裂生长发生前的绵刺的劈裂发生部位中较大,随着劈裂生长的发生,植物从根部向叶片及劈裂发生部位运输的ZR有逐渐降低的趋势,而在劈裂生长发生的过渡阶段,ZR从根部向劈裂发生部位运输的比例较大,分别为19.44%和20%;5）IAA、GA3、ZR 三者协调促进劈裂发生部位细胞的生长和分裂,而ABA的积累对绵刺适应干旱的环境条件起到了一定的调节作用。     

MEASUREMENT OF IN SITU SPECIFIC GROWTH RATES OF MICROCYSTIS (CYANOBACTERIA) FROM THE FREQUENCY OF DIVIDING CELLS1

Diel changes in the frequency of dividing cells (FDC) of three Microcystis species were investigated in a small eutrophic pond from July to October 2005. The representative species was M. aeruginosa (Kütz.) Kütz., constituting 57%–86% of the Microcystis population throughout the study period, and the remainder were M. viridis (A. Braun) Lemmerm. and M. wesenbergii (Komárek) Komárek. The FDC of M. aeruginosa and M. wesenbergii increased in the daytime and fell in the nighttime in July and August, but this regular variation was not observed in September or October. The in situ specific growth rates of Microcystis species were estimated based on the assumption that the specific growth rate can be given as an absolute value of the derivative of FDC with respect to time. The calculated values were similar among species—0.15–0.38 · d^?1 for M. aeruginosa, 0.14–0.63 · d^?1 for M. viridis, and 0.18–0.61 · d^?1 for M. wesenbergii. The specific growth rates in July and August slightly exceeded those in September and October. The analysis of the in situ specific growth rate of Microcystis indicated that recruitment of the benthic population or morphological change, rather than massive growth, was at least partly responsible for the dominance of M. aeruginosa in the study pond.     

Changes in Chlorophyll Content and Photosynthetic Rate of Four Cultivars of Mango during Reproductive Phase

Total chlorophyll (Chl) content, leaf mass per area (LMA), and net photosynthetic rate (P_N) were studied in four cultivars of mango (Mangifera indica L.) from September to May. Maximum Chl contents were found in September and December, the period considered to be crucial for flowering in mango. P_N was maximum during October and maintained almost steady during the fruit growth period. However, LMA varied significantly in all cultivars. Mean Chl content, P_N and LMA were lower in cv. Malaviyabhog than in other cultivars. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

GROWTH AND METABOLISM OF THE EMBRYO AND ATTACHED SEEDLING OF THE VIVIPAROUS MANGROVE,RHIZOPHORA MANGLE

Fruits of Rhizophora mangle were collected at various stages of development, separated into fruit wall, testa, and embryo or seedling. Wet weight, dry weight, and percent water content was determined for each. All parts of the fruit showed a similar growth pattern with a period of rapid exponential growth during the first 100 days, followed by a period of slower growth after the radicle-hypocotyl axis emerged through the fruit wall. In the final 45 days of seedling attachment the fruit wall and testa did not grow, and seedling growth rate was further reduced. Water content of the fruit wall was constant at 65 % throughout development; that of the testa decreased uniformly from 60 to 54%; embryo water content was uniformly 80%. In the germinated seedling, water content declined progressively to 58 % by the time detachment occurred. Growth of isolated seedlings in sterile culture was not responsive to inhibition by abscisic acid or to stimulation by benzyl adenine, and these hormones had no effect on incorporation of ³H-amino acids into protein or of ³H-uridine into RNA. These results are interpreted in relation to a theory which proposes that development of water stress in the seed is the signal for the inception of dormancy.