贵州省梵净山自然保护区黔金丝猴的种群数量

<正>黔金丝猴(Rhinopithecus brelichi),隶属灵长目(Primates),猴科(Cercopithecidae),疣猴亚科(Colobinae)仰鼻猴属(Rhinopithecus),是中国一级保护珍稀动物,世界自然保护联盟(IUCN)将其列为濒危(En)物种,仅分布在贵州省铜仁市梵净山国家级自然保护区内。对于黔金丝猴的研究,迄今为止仅有关于这个物种的种群遗传多样性(Pan et al.,2011)、夜宿地选择(Xiang et al.,2009b)以及保护状态(Xiang et al.,2009a)等少量的报道。对于该物种的保护而言,首先需要了     

滇金丝猴(Rhinopithecus bieti)

滇金丝猴(Rhinopithecus bieti),又名黑白仰鼻猴,当地人称为“雪猴”。属灵长目(Primates),猴科(Cercopithecidae),金丝猴属(Rhinopithecus)。是我国特有珍稀濒危灵长类动物,保护级别Ⅰ级。世界自然保护联盟(IUCN)将其列为世界高度濒危物种。     

基于红外相机的黔金丝猴及其同域分布物种种间关联

种间关系是群落生态学研究的核心内容之一,是研究物种演化和物种多样性保护的关键。掌握黔金丝猴(Rhinopithecus brelichi)与其所在群落物种的种间生态学关系对黔金丝猴的综合保护具有重要指导意义。本研究基于2017–2022年在梵净山国家级自然保护区开展的红外相机监测数据,运用空间关联方法构建黔金丝猴地栖鸟兽关联网络,探讨了黔金丝猴在群落中的生态学作用及其保护问题。结果表明:(1)黔金丝猴与藏酋猴(Macacathibetana)、红腹角雉(Tragopantemminckii)、中华鬣羚(Capricornis milneedwardsii)、食蟹獴(Herpestes urva)、马来豪猪(Hystrix brachyura)、猪獾(Arctonyx collaris)、野猪(Sus scrofa)、勺鸡(Pucrasiamacrolopha)和小麂(Muntiacusreevesi)存在空间关联,其所处群落的物种组成与川金丝猴(Rhinopithecus roxellana)较为相似。(2)梵净山国家级自然保护区没有捕食黔金丝猴的地栖性天敌。(3)黔金丝猴与中华鬣羚、...     

金丝猴属物种高海拔适应遗传机制

正金丝猴属(Rhinopithecus)属于灵长目、猴科、疣猴亚科,是亚洲疣猴亚科中特化程度最高的一个类群。金丝猴属包括5个近缘物种:滇金丝猴(R.bieti)、怒江金丝猴(R.strykeri)、川金丝猴(R.roxellana)、黔金丝猴(R.brelichia)和越南金丝猴(R.avunculus)。所有物种均被列为红色物种名录濒危物种。除了重要保护生物学价值,金丝猴属物种还发展出以树叶为食的特化食性,而且占据了从低海拔到高海拔的生境类型(800~4500 m)。黔金丝猴和越南金丝猴     

滇金丝猴研究取得新进展

金丝猴为我国特有的珍稀灵长类动物,属于灵长目,猴超科,疣猴科,仰鼻猴属(或称金丝猴属),除越南金丝猴外,其余三种金丝猴,即川金丝猴、黔金丝猴和滇金丝猴,仅分布于我国。在产于我国的三种金丝猴中,由于滇金丝猴生活在滇西北和西藏芒康县一带海拔3200—4200米的人烟稀少的高寒峡谷山区,因此过去对它的了解甚少。 滇金丝猴初由法国人Soulie于1871年在云南发现并将皮张与骨骼标本送藏于巴黎博物馆,但到1879年才由Milne-Edwards正式报道。此后将近一百年动物学界不知其是否仍有存在,因也有人认为可能已经绝灭。1962年,中国科     

黔金丝猴活动区苔藓植物多样性研究

通过对梵净山东北部岩高坪区域苔藓植物以及对黔金丝猴活动区生境的研究,报道了黔金丝猴活动区苔藓植物46科,85属,249种(含种以下分类单位),其中贵州新记录种5个.从该区苔藓植物的组成看,温带区系成分最为丰富,占整个区系成分的43.32％;不同海拔的森林植被下苔藓植物的分布有明显的差异:阔叶林的苔藓植物多样性最高,竹林...     

金丝猴生齿序和年龄关系的研究

灵长类中根据牙齿的萌出情况和换齿序来确定年龄的研究国内较少。曾中兴等1965在“猕猴精巢发育的研究”中顺带谈到换齿序和年龄的关系,1980年又在“猕猴乳齿的发育”文章中提到乳齿发育与年龄关系。国外研究较多,如赫尔曼(Hurme)、詹姆斯(James)等,对猕猴的出齿序和年龄关系均有论述。肯尼(Kenney),又将前几位学者的工作进行了综述并有所推进。金丝猴(Rhinopithecus roxellanae)的出齿序和年龄的关系,则尚未见有报道。本文目的就是根据我国珍稀动物金丝猴的资料(牙齿:     

黔金丝猴的行为谱及PAE编码系统

2009年10月~2014年4月,在贵州梵净山国家级自然保护区和北京动物园,采用焦点动物取样法和随意取样法,观察记录了野外和圈养黔金丝猴Rhinopithecus brelichi行为发生的过程及环境特征。按照以"姿势-动作-环境"(posture-act-environment,PAE)为轴心,以行为的生态功能为依据的PAE编码系统,对黔金丝猴的行为进行分类和系统编码并构建PAE行为谱。分辨并记录了黔金丝猴的16种姿势,107种动作及163种行为,将记录到的行为分别划归于摄食、排遗、调温、交配、分娩、育幼、亲密、作威、冲突、通讯、聚群、休息、运动和杂类等14个类别中;区别了各种行为在雄性、雌性、亚成体、幼猴和婴猴之间的相对发生频次以及发生季节。与川金丝猴R.roxellana和滇金丝猴R.bieti相比,黔金丝猴在个体行为和社会行为方面均有所不同,这可能与三者生活环境差异有关。     

金丝猴金黄色葡萄球菌感染的诊治一例

金丝猴Rhinopithecus roxellanae属我国特产珍稀动物,具有很高的观赏价值和研究价值.国内外十分重视和关注这一物种的研究,在驯养繁殖及疾病防治等方面作了许多研究和报道(戚汉君,郝先谱,1992;赵斌建等,1999;姜传坤,2001;高丰等,2006;唐璐等,2007),但未见关于金丝猴感染金黄色葡萄球菌Staphyloccocus aureus的报道.笔者就本园一金丝猴感染该菌的发病、诊断、治疗及预后等情况作一报道.     

金丝猴分类及系统发育关系

本文对金丝猴的99项形态学特征的研究结果表明:川、滇、黔金丝猴应为三个独立的种;根据我国的地质变迁推测,川、滇金丝猴间分离最早,其次是川、黔金丝猴,最后是滇、黔金丝猴;由于特殊的生态环境,滇金丝猴是属中进化较完善者,而黔金丝猴是最原始者;至于分布在阿萨姆和上缅甸的金丝猴,如果存在,很可能是一个新种或属于滇金丝猴的一个新亚种。     

Social organization of black-and-white snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus bieti) at Deqin, China

Data on social organization of two bands of black-and-white snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus bieti) were collected when the monkeys were crossing an open spot at Nanren and Bamei (northwest of Yunnan, China) using a sampling rule where individuals within one social unit are spatially closer to each other than individuals between social units. The typical pattern of social organization in this sample was multiple adult females (AFs) and their offspring with one adult male (AM) in a one-male unit (OMU), similar to that of many other colobines. In such units, on average one male is associated with 4.0 AFs and 2.5 of their offspring. Moreover, there are multimale/multifemale units and monogamous units besides OMUs. All bisexual units traveled together with at least one all-male unit as a cohesive band. In two bands of monkeys, 87% of AMs in bisexual units were within OMUs, 7.8% within monogamous units and 5.2% within multimale, multifemale units. In the Bamei band, 6.7% of AMs were in the all-male unit. The size of OMUs in the Nanren band was larger than that of the Bamei band, with more AFs and juveniles, which may be related to better conservation in the Nanren band's habitat. For the Nanren band, the average number of AFs in OMUs varied across time, increasing from 4.3 in 1994 to 5.1 in 2001, and then decreasing to 3.8 in 2005. This article suggests three possible explanations for this variation, but more data are needed for these hypotheses to be tested.     

A preliminary study on the function of food begging in Sichuan snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus roxellana): challenge to begging for nutritional gain

Several hypotheses have been developed to explain what benefits a donor may gain from sharing food with another individual, with nutritional gain assumed to be the sole benefit for the beggar. Recently, it has been proposed that begging behaviour serves a social function in non-human primates. In this study, the nutritional-gain assumption was again challenged based on observations on a captive group of Sichuan snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus roxellana), or golden snub-nosed monkeys. The major findings from this study are that (1) beggars sometimes left their own branches or passed by available branches to beg for similar food from other individuals, (2) beggars occasionally ignored branches that were acquired by begging and (3) food begging occurred more frequently in the all-male unit after the social rank had changed between 2 individuals in this unit. Overall, these preliminary findings suggest that some begging behaviours in captive golden snub-nosed monkeys were not driven by nutritional gain only; instead, we propose that these begging behaviours could be interpreted as attempts at deriving social benefits.     

Fission–Fusion Behavior in Yunnan Snub-Nosed Monkeys (Rhinopithecus bieti) in Yunnan, China

Several species of mammals live in relatively large social groups that temporarily fission or subgroup in response to changes in food availability, predation risk, foraging strategies, and mating competition. Although the dynamics of subgrouping are not well understood, evidence of facultative fission–fusion behavior in species that generally exhibit a highly cohesive group structure may help to clarify the set of ecological and social factors that constrain or affect group size in primates. We here examined patterns of subgrouping in Yunnan snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus bieti) inhabiting the Baimaxueshan National Nature Reserve in Yunnan, China. Rhinopithecus bieti lives in a large multilevel society consisting of 6–41 one-male, multifemale units (OMUs) and one all-male unit (AMU). Over a 5-yr period from 2003 through 2008, we tracked a group of >450 Rhinopithecus bieti. We recorded the location in the group’s home range where fission and fusion events occurred, the size and number of subgroups, days spent in subgroups, and food availability, and monitored predator sightings. The results indicate that the focal group underwent12 group fission events, all of which occurred between mid-June and July, and all in the same area of the group’s range. During these fissioning events, the AMU also showed subgrouping behavior. In all cases, the presence of bamboo shoots, an important seasonal component of the snub-nosed monkey diet, appeared to trigger subgrouping behavior. The subgroups reunited in other parts of their range after a period of 2–11?d. We found no evidence that the presence of predators had a direct affect on subgrouping behavior in Rhinopithecus bieti, as proposed in previous studies.     

A preliminary study of food transfer in Sichuan snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus roxellana)

Food transfer happens regularly in a few nonhuman primates species that are also characterized by remarkable social tolerance. Sichuan snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus roxellana), or golden monkeys, which exhibit high social tolerance in their social relationships are thus of interest to see whether tolerance would extend to food transfer. In this study, branch feeding activity was observed in a semi-captive group of Sichuan snub-nosed monkeys, which consisted of 10 subjects that included a one-male unit (OMU) and an all-male unit (AMU). We recorded 1,275 food interactions over 27 days, and 892 instances of food transfer. The most commonly observed types of food transfer behavior were co-feeding (62.1%) and relaxed claim (22.8%). Of 892 food transfers, 756 (84.8%) took place in the OMU, most of which were among adults (34.7%) and among juveniles (42.1%). The transfer success rate was high in both the cases (87.9% for adults and 78.9% for juveniles). Food transfer in the AMU took place less often than that among adults in the OMU though with similar high transfer success. Food transfer between the OMU and AMU was limited to juvenile males from the OMU and adults from the AMU. These results provide the first evidence of food transfer in golden monkeys and suggest that tolerant social relationships in golden monkeys make transfer possible.     

野生川金丝猴一个全雄青年猴群的同性爬背行为

本研究采用行为取样方法,首次对秦岭野生川金丝猴全雄青年群中的同性爬跨行为进行报道。研究中我们共观察到21 次同性爬背行为,其平均持续时间为5.53 ± 3.11s;雄性同性爬背发生前的行为中以玩耍行为(47.62% )和3 种不同姿势的邀配模仿行为(42.85% )为主;而同性爬背行为发生后则主要为彼此间的相互理毛行为(47.62% )和玩耍行为(23.81% )。对比先前婴幼猴时期的相关研究结果,青年猴同性爬背行为前邀配模仿资势的多样化在一定程度上体现了野生状态下雄性川金丝猴个体青少年阶段的性行为发育进程。考虑到川金丝猴全雄群的社会结构,青年猴同性爬背行为具有巩固社群稳定和加强个体关系的功能。此外,研究中观察到76.19% 的同性爬背行为发生在昼间休息期之后的第一个小时内,这可能是“睡眠与觉醒循环”对性激素的反调节作用所致。     

云南无量山印支灰叶猴社会结构初步研究

乌叶猴属物种主要以一雄多雌的小群活动,其群体大小一般不超过20只。泰国东北部的印支灰叶猴生活在一雄多雌或多雄多雌群的小群中,而云南无量山的印支灰叶猴却生活在多雄多雌的大群中,有些群大小超过100只,但是对无量山印支灰叶猴的社会结构缺乏研究。2012年9月至2015年7月,在云南无量山国家级自然保护区大寨子片区开展一群习惯化印支灰叶猴的社会结构研究。采用10min间隔的焦点动物瞬时记录法,记录焦点成年雄性5 m范围内不同性别年龄个体的数量。观察期间共有594次准确识别焦点雄性5 m范围内其它个体年龄性别的有效数据 (至少有1只其他个体)。其中,焦点雄性周围出现其它成年雄性的几率为44.2%,数量为(0.62 ± 0.85)只;同时出现成年雄性和成年雌性的几率是32.5%。取食时焦点雄性周围出现其它雄性的比例 (60.0%) 和数量 (平均0.93只) 都大于休息和移动时,数量最多为5只成年雄性。结果表明该群灰叶猴的社会结构不是由多个OMU和AMU组成的重层社会,而是多雄多雌的社会结构。无量山印支灰叶猴群内成年雄性间相互容忍度较高,个体的空间分布在取食时尤其密集,说明无量山印支灰叶猴的食物丰富 (至少在某些季节),这也部分解释了为什么无量山印支灰叶猴能够生活在大群中。本文为进一步研究亚洲疣猴社会结构的多样性和进化提供了重要的基础资料。     

川金丝猴社会行为节目及其动作模式

正确区分和定义川金丝猴各项社会行为节目及其动作模式是研究川金丝猴社会行为的重要基础。本文的目的是按照现代习性学的基本观点,探讨川金丝猴在演化过程中所形成的物种典型行为以及它们的固定动作模式。数据收集时间为1988～2005 年,采用焦点动物取样法和随意取样法,对川金丝猴笼养条件下的繁殖群、半笼养条件下的繁殖群和全雄群、以及其自然栖息地神农架林区的野生猴群进行观察,总计观察约3 000 h。初步确定了川金丝猴54 项物种典型行为节目及其动作模式,其中45 项是群内个体之间用以进行社会交往的社会行为节目,包括8 种在其他灵长类物种中目前还没有报道或比较少见的。     

Social interactions among adult male langurs (Presbytis entellus) at Rajaji Wildlife Sanctuary

A population of langurs (Presbytis entellus)at the Rajaji Wildlife Sanctuary in northern India was investigated for 1820 hr throughout a 10-month period in 1978. Data were collected from four bisexual troops and the adult males that ranged outside of bisexual troops. Most (60%) of the observation hours occurred with a main study troop from which social and ecological data were collected. The langur population at Rajaji shows pronounced birth and mating seasons. The population density is high (ca. 80/km ²), with about 75% of the adult males living outside of bisexual troops, which typically are large and multimale. Males outside of bisexual troops occur in small all-male bands or as isolates. Relations between bisexual troops and all-male bands are characterized by relatively low levels of aggression, and members of all-male bands are able to associate with bisexual troops for prolonged periods during the mating season. As a result of these associations, nontroop males are about as successful as troop males in achieving reproductive access to troop females. These associations between bisexual troops and all-male bands occurred with a minimal amount of agonistic behavior and without mortality or injury to troop females or immatures.     

利用过夜地粪便估计白马雪山黑白仰鼻猴种群大小和组成

介绍了应用过夜地粪便来估计白马雪山黑白仰鼻猴群大小和组成的一种方法。该物种以单雄多雌单元和全雄组的形式在树上过夜。粪粒根据其大小可分为3种类型成年雄性的(最大)、成年雌性的(中等大小)和未成年个体的(最小)。2000—2001年,搜集了滇西北白马雪山国家级自然保护区北部南任村(99°04′E,28°34′N)附近黑白仰鼻猴群每个季节2个过夜地的粪粒。根据2001年11月猴群通过开阔地的数据来确定猴群组成。每个季节,由于单雄多雌单元的成年个体数与其粪粒数正相关,所以二者回归直线的斜率可以看作是每个个体每晚的平均排便量。由于该物种的栖息地主要为高山峡谷,而且能见度较低,因此,利用过夜地粪便比以前通过猴群活动痕迹来估计猴群大小和组成相对准确、可靠。从估计成年雌性个体数的角度看,利用粪粒来估计种群大约有9·4%的偏差。导致偏差的可能原因有杂草和灌丛对粪粒准确计数的影响、个体排粪率的差异以及成年雄性最小粪粒与成年雌性最大粪粒的混淆等。该方法适应于栖息地和主要食物与本文研究种群相似的其他种群。     

A Proximity-Based Social Network of a Group of Sichuan Snub-Nosed Monkeys (Rhinopithecus roxellana)

Studies of spatial proximity between individuals are important for an understanding of social structure because animals are more likely to interact with individuals in close spatial proximity. Here, we apply social network analysis to proximity data collected between 2001 and 2003 from an individually identified, provisioned, free-ranging band of Sichuan snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus roxellana) in the Qinling Mountains, central China. We aimed to quantify the social network structure and to gain insight into each individual’s position within the social network. The overall network connectivity of the study band was sparse, with a low group density of 0.17. We identified nine one-male-multifemale units (OMUs) in the study band using hierarchical cluster analysis, which confirms that this species forms a multilevel society in its natural habitat. Based on sex differences in eigenvector and betweenness centralities, adult females have more important social roles than males. Among females, lactating females scored higher betweenness and eigenvector centralities than other females. However, our results do not suggest the existence of key individual(s) in the social network of the study band. The global clustering coefficient characteristic of the band was 0.3?±?0.1, with little variation between individuals, suggesting that the removal or death of any specific individual would not significantly disrupt its general network structure. Our results also show that proximity commonly occurs among unit members, but can also occur between females of different OMUs. These observations suggest that snub-nosed monkeys have a loose-knit or fluid rather than a rigid female-bonded social system, which may be a common trend for species living in multilevel societies.