家蚕中的5-氧脯氨酸酶及保幼激素类似物对它的影响

本工作首次在家蚕Bombyx mori的马氏管、中肠、丝腺及脂肪体等组织中测到了γ-谷氨酰循环中一个关键酶——5-L-氧脯氨酸酶的活力.该酶以马氏管中活力最高,在蚕的中肠、血淋巴中均存在有游离的5-氧脯氨酸.观察了保幼激素类似物(JHA)处理后,家蚕中肠、丝腺和脂肪体中5-L-氧脯氨酸酶活力的变化,同时观察了血淋巴中5-氧脯氨酸含量的变化.对该酶及γ-谷氨酰循环在蚕体中氨基酸转运上的可能作用进行了讨论.     

蓖麻蚕γ-谷氨酰转肽酶的研究

L-γ-谷氨酰转肽酶(γ-GTP)广泛分布在蓖麻蚕Philosamia cynthia ricinI的中肠、马氏管、后丝腺、脂肪体、体壁等组织中;并存在于蚕个体发育中的各个阶段。酶活力以马氏管、中肠为最大。在五龄蚕前中期各组织均显示γ-GTP最大活力。在脂肪体和表皮组织中,蛹形成时又分别出现γ-GTP活力峰。昆虫生长发育必需的10种氨基酸均是蚕各组织γ-GTP酶促反应的受体。这些结果表明,γ-GTP作为L-γ-谷氨酰循环中一个关键酶,在蓖麻蚕体内对氨基酸的吸收和转运起着重要作用。     

蓖麻蚕芳基酰酰胺酶的研究

芳基酰酰胺酶(E.C.3,5,1,13)为水解N-酰基芳香胺的酶,本工作对该酶在蓖麻蚕个体发育中的活力变化及其性质进行了观察和研究,结果如下:ⅰ)该酶存在于蚕个体发育中的各个阶段,广泛分布在蚕体内各组织。在中肠、马氏管组织的活力在熟蚕时最大,结茧后明显下降。在五龄中前期,蛹中后期,脂肪体和真皮的酶活力均出现高峰,以蛹中后期活力最高。该酶在中枢神经系统中有相当高的活力,在后部丝腺、蚕卵都显示活力,但血淋巴中没有可检出的活力。ⅱ)蓖麻蚕各组织的芳基酰酰胺酶,绝大部分活力存在于细胞浆。对N-乙酰对硝基苯胺容易水解,但对γ-谷氨酰对硝基苯胺和γ-谷氨酰α-萘胺均不能水解。钙、钴阳离子能促进酶活力;瞟呤霉素有明显抑制酶活力的作用,但L-γ-谷氨酸(0-羧基)苯肼无抑制作用。从该酶在蚕体广泛分布,并随变态而活力有明显变化以及对底物芳香胺N-乙酰基团显示特异性等特点来看,它可能具有多种功能,并与芳香胺的代谢有关。     

家蚕Wnt信号通路下游关键基因Pangolin转录剪接体X3的克隆和分析

【目的】克隆家蚕Bombyx mori Wnt信号通路下游关键基因Pangolin isoforms A/H/I/S转录剪接体X3 (Pangolin X3),分析其序列和表达特征。【方法】从NCBI数据库检索家蚕Pangolin X3,根据其编码序列(coding sequence, CDS)设计引物,利用PCR从家蚕幼虫中肠和血淋巴中进行克隆并测序验证。利用SilkDB 3.0, SMART, 多序列比对和系统发育树分析Pangolin X3的序列特征。利用qRT-PCR分析Pangolin X3在家蚕5龄第3 天幼虫不同组织(头、血淋巴、体壁、性腺、中肠、前部丝腺、中部丝腺、后部丝腺、脂肪体和马氏管)中的相对表达水平。【结果】从家蚕幼虫中肠和血淋巴克隆了Pangolin X3(GenBank登录号: XM_038020921)的CDS,其开放阅读框长1 560 bp,编码519个氨基酸残基,预测分子量为55.86 kD,预测等电点为7.53。Pangolin X3蛋白含有保守的β catenin结合位点和HMG结构域,其氨基酸序列在不同的昆虫中比较保守,特别是与DNA结合的HMG结构域,而与β-catenin结合的N末端CTNNB1结构域部分氨基酸残基发生变异。组织表达谱显示,Pangolin X3在家蚕5龄第3 天幼虫中肠、血淋巴和性腺中的相对表达水平较高,在头、体壁、前部丝腺、中部丝腺、后部丝腺、脂肪体和马氏管中的相对表达水平较低。【结论】本研究克隆了家蚕Pangolin X3,分析了其序列和表达特征,为深入研究家蚕Pangolin的生物学功能提供了基础。     

蓖麻蚕和家蚕中的谷胱甘肽及正丁基高半胱氨酸亚砜亚胺对它的抑制作用

本文利用乙醛酸排除昆虫中比较高的游离半胱氨酸的干扰,用5,5′-二硫代双(2-硝基苯甲酸)(DTNB)方法测定了蓖麻蚕、家蚕中还原谷胱甘肽的含量及其组织分布,观察到脂肪体、后部丝腺、中肠等均含有非常丰富的谷胱甘肽(GSH),说明谷胱甘肽在昆虫氨基酸的代谢调节控制中起着重要的作用。蓖麻蚕和家蚕中,GSH含量及分布有所区别。五龄中期注射S-正丁基高半胱氨酸亚砜亚胺(BSO)引起家蚕脂肪体GSH含量明显降低,提示蚕γ-谷氨酰半胱氨酸合成酶受RSO强烈抑制;五龄后期,可能由于合成酶活力及GSH周转率均处于较低水平,未观察到GSH含量有明显下降。     

造血器官机能障碍后家蚕血淋巴中蛋白质成分的变化

为了研究家蚕Bombyx mori造血器官机能障碍后其血淋巴中蛋白质成分的变化,利用重离子射线局部照射家蚕幼虫的造血器官,检测了照射后家蚕血淋巴中的蛋白质成分及注射大肠杆菌后在体内诱导出现的应急蛋白量的变化。结果表明,照射蚕血淋巴中的蛋白质含量与对照蚕之间没有明显的差异。但在成分分析时发现,5龄起蚕血淋巴中70 kD附近的3条蛋白质谱带比对照蚕的浓度要高,随着个体的发育两者的浓度都上升;5龄后期则相反,对照蚕的浓度比照射蚕高;脂肪体中贮藏蛋白质的含量具有相似的变化趋势。用家蚕贮藏蛋白质SP-1及SP-2的抗血清进行免疫印迹反应的结果显示：70 kD附近的3条蛋白质谱带的最上面的一条为贮藏蛋白质SP-1,下面的二条为贮藏蛋白质SP-2;同时照射蚕血淋巴中分子量约为24 kD的蛋白质成分也发生变化,5龄前期的浓度比对照蚕低,5龄第3天几乎检测不到;全体照射与造血器官局部照射蚕之间的结果相似。照射蚕注射大肠杆菌后在体内诱导出现的应急蛋白量明显比对照蚕要少。由此认为家蚕幼虫造血器官与血淋巴中的蛋白质成分有关,造血器官的机能障碍、血球的数量减少可影响脂肪体中蛋白质的合成,从而使存在于血淋巴中的蛋白质成分发生变化。     

GSTs和GSH-Px在家蚕幼虫抵御球胞白僵菌感染过程中的作用

本实验研究家蚕幼虫解毒和抗氧化防御体系在抗真菌感染过程尤其是真菌毒素解毒过程中的作用。检测了家蚕幼虫感染球孢白僵菌以及注射球孢白僵菌毒素之后血淋巴、中肠和脂肪体中谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶(GSTs)活力、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活力、谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)活力和谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量的变化及GST、GSH-Px基因表达水平的变化,同时还检测了注射GSH和毒素对家蚕幼虫感染球孢白僵菌后存活率的影响。结果表明球孢白僵菌感染家蚕幼虫后脂肪体、中肠、血淋巴中的GSTs、GR、GSH-Px酶活力性显著提高,各组织中BmGSTd1、BmGSTs1、BmGSTo1和BmGSH-Px的表达量在感染后期(54~72 h)也显著上调表达,说明家蚕幼虫可以通过增加酶活力并上调解毒和抗氧化因子的表达量以增强抗真菌感染能力。毒素注射实验表明家蚕幼虫对球孢白僵菌毒素的解毒作用主要在脂肪体和血淋巴中依赖GSTs、GR和GSH来完成,同时定量实验表明BmGSTs1和BmGSTo1在注射毒素24 h后显著上调表达,说明它们可能是家蚕幼虫对球孢白僵菌毒素的主要解毒基因。存活率实验结果表明GSH能够缓解球孢白僵菌毒素对蚕体的损害,延长家蚕幼虫的半数致死时间(约6 h)。本研究结果表明家蚕幼虫GSTs和GSH-Px构成的解毒和抗氧化防御系统在抗真菌感染过程中起到重要作用,丰富了对家蚕与病原真菌互作机制的认识。     

昆虫激素调节控制的研究——保幼激素类似物对合成甘氨酸和丙氨酸有关酶系的调节控制

五龄后期蚕丝腺后部的细胞几乎只合成蚕丝的丝心蛋白。保幼激素类似物(JHA)能增加蚕丝心蛋白的生物合成。家蚕和蓖麻蚕丝心蛋白中,甘氨酸和丙氨酸的含量约占75%。我们用ZR515和ZR777分别处理五龄蚕后,观察到丝腺后部和脂肪体中合成甘氨酸和丙氨酸有关转氨酶的活力均有明显增加。(1)用ZR515处理五龄家蚕后,使五龄期延长1～2天,茧层量增加约10%。蚕丝腺后部的丙氨酸-乙醛酸转氨酶,丙氨酸-酮丙二酸转氨酶,谷丙转氨酶和谷天转氨酶活力,JHA 组均比对照组增高约10～40%,脂肪体中这些酶活力也相应地比对照组增高约30%,其中丙氨酸-乙醛酸转氨酶活力增加到165%。酶活力增加的持续时间约3～5天。(2)用ZR777处理五龄蓖麻蚕后,丝腺后部和脂肪体中的谷天转氨酶、异亮氨酸-α-酮戊二酸转氨酶和丙氨酸-乙醛酸转氨酶活力,均比对照组高。本文认为JHA 对蚕丝腺后部和脂肪体中形成甘氨酸和丙氨酸的转氮酶有明显的调控作用,从而为丝心蛋白的合成提供更多的甘氨酸和丙氨酸。这也许是JHA 增丝机制的一个重要方面。     

脂多糖对家蚕幼虫Toll样受体基因BmToll9-2表达的影响

【目的】Toll样受体是昆虫Toll信号传导途径的一个重要组成成员,对激活昆虫机体对入侵病原微生物的先天免疫应答起着至关重要的作用。本研究旨在探究脂多糖对家蚕Bombyx mori幼虫中Toll样受体基因BmToll9-2基因表达的影响。【方法】利用RT-PCR分析BmToll9-2基因在家蚕大造品系4龄和5龄幼虫表皮、脂肪体、马氏管、中肠、神经、丝腺、胸部肌肉共7种组织中的表达特征;将脂多糖和大肠杆菌Escherichia coli注射到5龄幼虫体腔内,诱导其免疫系统响应,采用实时荧光定量PCR分析注射后不同时间BmToll9-2基因在中肠中的表达水平。【结果】RT-PCR结果表明,BmToll9-2基因在家蚕4龄幼虫的脂肪体、马氏管、神经和丝腺中高度表达,在5龄幼虫脂肪体、中肠、马氏管和神经中均有较高表达。实时荧光定量PCR结果显示,注射脂多糖能诱导5龄幼虫中肠中BmToll9-2基因转录,在注射后6 h时的诱导效果最好;注射大肠杆菌也能诱导BmToll9-2基因转录,在注射后3和6 h时的诱导效果最好。【结论】家蚕幼虫BmToll9-2基因在脂多糖和大肠杆菌处理后上调表达,提示BmToll9-2受体可能参与昆虫Toll样受体对脂多糖和细菌的识别过程。     

昆虫激素调节控制的研究——保幼激素类似物对合成甘氨酸和丙氨酸有关酶系的调节控制

五龄后期蚕丝腺后部的细胞几乎只合成蚕丝的丝心蛋白。保幼激素类似物(JHA)能增加蚕丝心蛋白的生物合成。家蚕和蓖麻蚕丝心蛋白中,甘氨酸和丙氨酸的含量约占75%。我们用ZR515和ZR777分别处理五龄蚕后,观察到丝腺后部和脂肪体中合成甘氨酸和丙氨酸有关转氨酶的活力均有明显增加。(1)用ZR515处理五龄家蚕后,使五龄期延长1～2天,茧层量增加约10%。蚕丝腺后部的丙氨酸-乙醛酸转氨酶,丙氨酸-酮丙二酸转氨酶,谷丙转氨酶和谷天转氨酶活力,JHA组均比对照组增高约10～40%,脂肪体中这些酶活力也相应地比对照组增高约30%,其中丙氨酸-乙醛酸转氨酶活力增加到165%。酶活力增加的持续时间约3～5天。(2)用ZR777处理五龄蓖麻蚕后,丝腺后部和脂肪体中的谷天转氨酶、异亮氨酸吨-α-酮戊二酸转氨酶和丙氨酸-乙醛酸转氨酶活力,均比对照组高。本文认为JHA对蚕丝腺后部和脂肪体中形成甘氨酸和丙氨酸的转氨酶有明显的调控作用,从而为丝心蛋白的合成提供更多的甘氨酸和丙氨酸。这也许是JHA增丝机制的一个重要方面。     

荧光定量PCR检测家蚕核型多角体病毒在其宿主体内的增殖动态

为了研究家蚕核型多角体病毒(Bombyx mori nuclear polyhedrosis virus,BmNPV)在其宿主幼虫体内不同组织中的增殖动态,对敏感性家蚕品种306幼虫进行经口定量滴注病毒。在接种后9个时间点,对中肠、血淋巴和脂肪体进行取样。以BmNPV DNA 聚合酶基因(dnapol)指示病毒拷贝数,同时以家蚕细胞质肌动蛋白A3(actin A3)基因作为参比基因,用荧光定量PCR的方法分别检测各个时间点的中肠、血淋巴和脂肪体中病毒的拷贝数。结果表明经口感染2 h,病毒进入中肠;12 h,病毒已经到达血淋巴和脂肪体;再经过约12 h的潜伏期,病毒在各组织中开始快速增殖,到84 h各组织中病毒增殖达到平台期。     

The influence of ouabain on the elimination of injected and orally applied dyes in Drosophila hydei

The sour dyes azocarmine and indigocarmine are excreted through the Malpighian tubules and the midgut after injection into the body cavity of third instar Drosophila hydei larvae. After injection, the other organs are free of dyes. The epithelium of the midgut does not allow orally applied dyes to pass into the haemolymph. Ouabain diminishes significantly the content of dyes in the cavity of the Malpighian tubules and of the midgut. The maximal concentration of azocarmine decreases in the Malpighian tubules to about 65 per cent and in the midgut to about 70 per cent. Indigocarmine decreases in the Malpighian tubules to about 55 per cent. The content of indigocarmine of the midgut does not change significantly after ouabain injections. As ouabain inhibits active ion transport, the decrease of the concentration of dyes is seen as proof of the coupling of active ion transport processes and of excretion of the dyes. Moreover, this decrease points to an ouabain-sensitive transport mechanism, which is localized in the epithelia of the Malpighian tubules and midgut.     

Absorption of toxic beta-glucosides produced by plants and their effect on tissue trehalases from insects

Trehalases present in body wall, Malpighian tubules, fat body, midgut and haemolymph from Tenebrio molitor (Coleoptera), Musca domestica (Diptera), Spodoptera frugiperda and Diatraea saccharalis (Lepidoptera) were assayed in the presence and absence of toxic beta-glucosides produced by plants or their aglycones. The glucosides used were phlorizin, amygdalin, prunasin and the aglycone mandelonitrile. In addition, T. molitor and S. frugiperda trehalases were assayed with and without esculin. More than 60% of total trehalase activity was found in the midgut of these insects. As a rule, trehalases present in each insect were inhibited by at least two of the glucosides. Prunasin was the best inhibitor in tissues with highest trehalase activity. S. frugiperda beta-glucosidases were not able to hydrolyze esculin. Nevertheless, their larval midguts absorb the intact glucoside that is recovered from the fat body, Malpighian tubules and mainly from haemolymph. Mature larvae fed on a diet containing 3 mM (0.1%) esculin have 0.2 mM esculin in their haemolymph, and weigh 60% of control larvae. In vitro, haemolymph trehalase activity is abolished by 0.5 mM esculin. This inhibition may play a role in the decrease of body weight and in animal survival. S. frugiperda larvae reared in 0.1% amygdalin-containing diet present higher trehalase activity in tissues than the larvae reared in 0.1% esculin-containing diet. Higher trehalase activity should be the reason why the S. frugiperda development is not impaired by 1% dietary amygdalin, in contrast to what is observed when insects are reared in 0.1% esculin. The data suggest that many plant beta-glucosides are toxic because they inhibit trehalase, a key enzyme controlling glucose availability in insects.     

Bt抗、感种群亚洲玉米螟幼虫取食Bt玉米后Cry1Ab杀虫蛋白在其体内的组织分布与含量

采用ELISA方法检测了实验室汰选的对Cry1Ab产生107倍抗性的亚洲玉米螟Ostrinia furnacalis (Guenée)种群与敏感种群3龄幼虫取食表达Cry1Ab杀虫蛋白的Bt玉米心叶后,杀虫蛋白在幼虫体内的分布情况。结果表明：Cry1Ab杀虫蛋白在抗性种群幼虫中的组织分布情况与敏感种群相近,主要存在于中肠组织和血淋巴中。抗、感种群中均以含有内含物的中肠组织中含量最高,分别为277.2 ng/g 和104.9 ng/g;其次为血淋巴,分别为93.7 ng/g 和69.5 ng/g;不含内含物的中肠组织中52.7 ng/g 和40.1 ng/g;在丝腺和马氏管组织的含量很低,丝腺中分别为8.5 ng/g和11.7ng/g,而马氏管中分别为6.7 ng/g和6.5 ng/g。脂肪体、生殖器官中未检测到杀虫蛋白。抗性种群中肠组织(含有内含物和不含内含物)中Cry1Ab的含量显著高于敏感种群。幼虫期取食过Bt玉米的亚洲玉米螟发育的蛹、成虫及其卵中均不含杀虫蛋白,说明Bt杀虫蛋白不会通过幼虫取食向蛹、成虫及卵传递。     

Distribution of nutrient reserves during spinning in tissues of the larva of the fly, Rhynchosciara americana

The amount of protein, carbohydrate, lipids, and free amino acids were examined in the spinning stage in the fat body, haemolymph, skeletal muscle, and gut of Rhynchosciara americana. Protein and lipids increase in the fat body soon after the animal stopped feeding, probably at the expense of the digestion of the gut contents and of the reserves of the gut wall. Afterwards there is a fall in protein and lipids in the fat body. Haemolymph protein rises a little at the beginning of spinning and then decreases steadily during cocoon production. Carbohydrate and free amino acids decrease from the beginning of spinning in all tissues studied. Quantitatively, the most important decrease of carbohydrate during spinning occurs in the fat body whereas that of free amino acids occurs in the haemolymph. Lipid increases during spinning in the skeletal muscle, probably due to enlargement of the lateral fat body which occurs as a contaminant in the skeletal muscle preparation. The Malpighian tubules contain a large amount of calcium carbonate, which is eliminated during spinning. A correlation of our chemical data with histochemical data recently published is presented and the physiological implications of our findings are discussed in comparison to other insects.     

Uric acid levels during last larval instar of Manduca sexta, an abrupt transition from excretion to storage in fat body

Levels of uric acid in the whole body of the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta increased steadily for the 9 days of the fifth instar. However, concentrations in the haemolymph were lowest during the transition from the feeding stage to the wandering stage (days 3, 4), the time when there was a switch from uric acid excretion by the Malpighian tubule-hindgut system to storage in the fat body. Haemolymph volumes, determined for larvae between 2 and 6 days into the fifth instar by isotope dilution with [¹⁴C]-inulin, were used to calculate rates of incorporation of uric acid into Malpighian tubules and fat body of larvae injected with [¹⁴C]-uric acid. These labelling studies indicated that the Malpighian tubules ceased to remove uric acid from the haemolymph some time between the last 6 hr of day 3 of the fifth instar and the first 18 hr of day 4. At the same period, fat body removed significant quantities of uric acid from the haemolymph. The times of initial decreases and increases in levels of uric acid in haemolymph and fat body, respectively, indicated that storage in the fat body started before cessation of elimination via the Malpighian tubule-hindgut system.     

Age- and diapause-related acid and alkaline phosphatase activities in the intestine and malpighian tubules of the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say)

Specific activities for soluble (s) and membrane (m)-bound acid (ACP) and alkaline phosphatases (ALP) were determined in the midgut, hindgut, and Malpighian tubules for developing, prediapausing, and diapausing adult Colorado potato beetles, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say). High ACP activities were found in the hindgut and Malpighian tubules while high ALP activities were found in the Malpighian tubules. Variation in both ACP and ALP activities in each tissue reflects fluctuation in protein synthesis and secretion involved with digestion, excretion, and other unknown functions. Phosphatase activities in the tissues examined show the dynamic nature of diapause in this insect. Diapausing beetles showed increases in phosphatase activity after hormone treatments. JHA treatments increased s-ACP and m-ACP activities in all tissues but 20-HE did not increase activity in any tissue. Allatotropin tended to mimic the effects of JHA treatment. The s-ALP activity was also increased in all tissues whereas m-ALP was increased in the midgut and hindgut by JHA treatment. Malpighian tubule m-ALP activity was only increased by 20-HE treatments. Allatotropin was not as effective in increasing ALP activities as it was with ACP activities.