固定化细胞和酶的工业应用

早在十九世纪初,人们就已利用固定化细胞生产醋酸,二十世纪初固定化细胞又用于废水处理.特别是本世纪六十年代以来,固定化细胞和酶技术的发展十分迅速,并广泛应用于工业生产中,同时还逐步扩展到固定化动植物细胞和藻类,成为生物技术中研究十分活跃的领域.     

碳源对固定化细胞生产柠檬酸的影响

柠檬酸是利用微生物代谢生产的一种极为重要的有机酸．广泛应用于食品、饮料、化工、冶金、印染等各个领域。在国外,近10年来,利用固定化细胞生产柠檬酸已获得较广泛的研究^〔1－6〕,国内也有学者指出,柠檬酸发酵的趋向是利用固定化细胞进行连续化生产⑺。而国内这方面的研究报道很少〔8,9〕。我们利用海藻酸钙凝胶包埋固定化黑曲霉细胞生产柠檬酸．探讨了碳源种类及其浓度对固定化细胞生产柠檬酸的影响。现将结果报道如下。     

固定化细胞凝胶内扩散行为研究进展

固定化细胞凝胶内扩散行为对于生化反应器的分析和设计是必不可少的信息,也是固定化细胞获得实际应用之前必须研究的问题。该方面的研究工作日趋活跃。本文就固定化细胞凝胶颗粒内氧气的扩散、溶质的扩散、改进固定化细胞扩散性能的方法以及提高固定化细胞体系氧浓度的方法等方面的研究作一综述介绍。并提出了以后的研究方向。     

一种制备珠型固定化细胞颗粒的简易方法

珠型固定化细胞颗粒有总表面积大、机械强度高和便于操作等优点,从而被固定化细胞实验广泛采用。实验室包理制备珠型固定化细胞颗粒多用注射器滴注法,但由于海藻酸钠、聚乙烯醇等的高粘度,以及手的用力不均,致使注射器制备固定化颗粒费力、大小不均一,且常带有小突起,而固定化颗粒的均一性对于它的应用是非常重要的。本文用蠕动泵代替注射器制备固定化细胞颗粒,得到了较好的效果。该法简单易操作,现介绍如下。l材料与方法1．l菌种假单胞菌（hen咖monasSPJ门及1．2主要化学试剂和仪器海藻酸钠（化学纯）,聚乙烯醇（化学纯）,蠕动…     

固定化对微生物生理变化的影响

固定化微生物技术近年来得到了广泛的应用研究,然而,人们关于固定化对微生物生理特性影响方面的知识还很缺乏,文献报道不多且比较零散,严重滞后于固定化微生物的应用研究。综述了固定化对微生物生理特性方面的影响,包括固定化对微生物生长速率、对微生物活性、对有毒物质的耐受性以及对细胞中DNARNA总量变化等方面的影响。     

固定化生物催化剂的研究动向

近年来,国内外对于固定化酶、固定化细胞、固定化细胞器以及生物传感器的研究很活跃,在固定化方法上取得了较大进展,一部分固定化酶、固定化微生物细胞以及生物传感器在食品发酵工业、有机合成工业、化学分析、临床诊断以及能源开发等方面得到了应用。目前,大多数固定化酶、固定化细胞以及生物传感器还处在实验室研究阶段或中试阶段,有待改进;动物细胞、植物细胞以及细胞器的固定化研究还处于探索阶段、有待深入。     

固定化微生物细胞在发酵工业上的应用

近年来,固定化微生物细胞用于单一酶反应的工业化生产,在发酵工程方面越来越引起人们的兴趣。特别是固定化微生物细胞,用于多步生化反应中合成产品以及在发酵工业中,必将有广泛的前途。这个新技术的应用范围也越来越广。我们以乙醇、乳酸、柠檬酸和葡萄糖酸的生产为例子,来阐明厌气和好气性微生物细胞固定化后的发酵过程。     

利用渗透交联固定化细胞促进生物转化

固定化技术已在生物工程中得到广泛的实际应用,特别是应用于生物转化以提高酶或细胞的稳定性,实现连续操作等。对于含胞内酶的细胞的生物转化．一般先破碎细胞,使酶释放出来,再进行酶固定化。由于酶的稳定性通常与细胞膜的结台有关^[1],细胞破碎中常导致酶的失活。如果不破碎细胞,对完整细胞固定化,又会有传质困难抑制酶活力的发挥。我们研究出渗透交联固定化细胞技术以解决这个矛盾。先采用某种试剂(多为表面活性剂)处理细胞,提高细胞的通透性,再进行交联固定化．可以保证酶的活力破坏较小,又减小了传质阻力。既提高了固定化细胞的稳定性,又提高了固定化细胞的表观酶活。称这种固定化技术为渗透交联固定化细胞技术。Prabhuaney等采用CTAB-戊二醛处理聚丙烯酰胺凝胶包理的含青霉素酰化酶E. coli细胞^[2]。Nmhida采用1,6-己二胺-戊二醛处理含天冬氨酸酶的E．Coli细胞^[3]。渗透交联固定化处理会损伤细胞和酶是这种技术的一个矛盾。本文采用多乙烯多胺-戊二处理方法．因多乙烯多胺既起到表面活性剂的作用．又是交联剂。而且渗透能力比CTAB和1,6-已二 胺为低,故对细胞和酶损伤较小。     

固定化蔗糖酶的初步研究

固定化酶的研究是酶学工程学发展的需要,用完整细胞制备固定化酶用于工业生产已显示出极大的应用潜力,并已有综合文献报导。完整细胞固定化酶可免去酶分离纯化等复杂过程。酶在细胞内维持天然状态,稳定性增加,有利于连续发酵,便于迅速分离提取产物,提高产品质量。因此,已在国外广泛使用。由于卡氏酵母(Saccharamyes Carlsbergensis)的蔗糖酶含量高,具有工业上生产转化的重要性,国外固定化蔗糖酶已用于食品工业。一般固定化细胞用聚丙烯胺凝胶包埋,由于对食品可能有毒,不宜应用。本文报导了用海藻酸钙、琼脂、明胶三种无毒天然凝胶包埋卡氏酵母,制备固定化蔗糖(?)的方法,测定并比较三种固定化蔗糖酶的酶活性,相对比活性、转化率。并     

光交联聚氨酯作载体的固定化细胞产生a-淀粉酶的研究

将可光交联的聚氨酯预聚物与枯草杆菌细胞悬浮液混匀后经紫外光照射交联,制得固定化细胞,用于产生a-淀粉酶。探讨了交联和固定化条件对裁体结构和固定化细胞产酶性能的影响,研究了这种固定化细胞的使用特性。结果表明:光交联聚氨酯能有效地固定枯草杆菌细胞,进行正常增殖和产酶,改变交联和固定化条件能调节载体的孔容、孔径和比表面,从而调节固定化细胞的产酶性能和其它使用特性;枯草杆菌经光交联聚氮酯载体固定化后对温度和pH的适应性提高,在同样条件下,这种固定化细胞的产酶能力比游离细胞提高约30％,亦高于用k-角叉菜胶作载体的固定化细胞．     

Evaluation of some gelling agents for immobilization of aerobic microbial cells in alginate and carrageenan gel beads

Summary Different gelling agents were used to immobilized viable cells in either alginate or -carrageenan gel beads. Based on cell leakage from the gel beads, oxygen and glucose diffusion coefficients and toxicity of the gelling agents, SrCl₂ was found to be the best for immobilization of aerobic microbial cells in, not only alginate but also carrageenan gel beads.     

Simultaneous anaerobic and aerobic degradation of the sulfonated azo dye Mordant Yellow 3 by immobilized cells from a naphthalenesulfonate-degrading mixed culture

The naphthalenesulfonate-oxidizing bacterium Sphingomonas sp. BN6 was immobilized in calcium alginate. These beads were incubated under aerobic conditions in a medium with the sulfonated azo dye, Mordant Yellow 3 (MY3), and glucose. The immobilized cells converted MY3, but only a marginal turnover of the dye was found under these conditions with freely suspended cells of Sphingomonas sp. BN6. Under anaerobic conditions, suspended cells of Sphingomonas sp. BN6 reductively cleaved the azo bond of MY3 to 6-aminonaphthalene-2-sulfonate (6A2NS) and 5-aminosalicylate. The turnover of MY3 by the immobilized cells under aerobic conditions resulted in the formation of more than equimolar amounts of 5-aminosalicylate, but almost no (6A2NS) was detected. Cells of Sphingomonas sp. BN6 aerobically oxidize 6A2NS to 5-aminosalicylate. It was therefore concluded that the cells in the anaerobic center of the alginate beads reduced MY3 to 6A2NS and 5-aminosalicylate and that 6A2NS was oxidized to 5-aminosalicylate by those cells that were immobilized in the outer aerobic zones of the alginate beads. The presence of oxygen gradients within the alginate beads was verified by using oxygen micro-electrodes. A coimmobilisate of Sphingomonas sp. BN6 with a 5-aminosalicylate degrading bacterium completely degraded MY3. The immobilized cells also converted the sulfonated azo dyes Amaranth and Acid Red␣1. Received: 6 May 1996 / Received revision: 6 August 1996 / Accepted: 12 August 1996     

Trichloroethylene degradation by cells of a methane-utilizing bacterium,Methylocystis sp. M,immobilized in calcium alginate

When Methylocystis sp. M cells were immobilized in calcium alginate, the resulting cell beads showed optimum trichloroethylene (TCE) degradation activity at pH 7.0 and 35°C. In comparison with free cells, the immobilized cells were more stable at low pH, and to some extent, at higher temperatures. Studies on the kinetics and the influence of cell density suggest that oxygen permeation was a rate-limiting step. Investigation of the storage stability and the optimum concentration of dissolved oxygen revealed that the TCE degradability was greater under anaerobic than aerobic conditions. Although a toxic effect caused by TCE was observed, methane seemed to restore activity, suggesting that the development of a two-step reactor system might be advantageous. The finding that the immobilized cells showed TCE degradation activity in actual groundwater suggests that TCE bioremediation could be achieved through the use of bioreactors with such cells.     

Continuous penicillin production by Penicillium chrysogenum immobilized in calcium alginate beads

Summary A high penicillin-producing Penicillium chrysogenum strain immobilized in calcium alginate beads was used for continuous penicillin fermentation in a bubble column and in a conical bubble fermentor. The fermentation was limited by the growth rate, dilution rates and the stability of the alginate beads. The immobilized cells lost their ability to produce penicillin in the bubble column after 48 h from beginning of the continuous fermentation. In the conical bubble fermentor the immobilized cells remained active for more than 7 days. This bioreactor ensured a good distribution of nutrients and oxygen as well as a higher mechanical stability of the alginate beads.     

Oxygen diffusivity in gel beads containing viable cells

This article proposes a simple steady-state method for measuring the effective diffusion coefficient of oxygen (D(e)) in gel beads entrapping viable cells. We applied this method to the measurement of D(e) in Ca- and Ba-alginate gel beads entrapping Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Pseudomonas ovalis. The diffusivity of oxygen through gel beads containing viable cells was measured within an accuracy of +/-7% and found not to be influenced by cell density (0-30 g/L gel), cell type, and cell viability in gel beads. The oxygen diffusivity in the Ca-alginate gel beads was superior to that of the Ba-alginate gel beads, and the D(e) in the Ca-alginate gel beads nearly equalled the molecular diffusion coefficient in the liquid containing the gel beads. The oxygen concentration profile in a single Ca-alginate gel bead was calculated and compared to the distribution of mycelia of Aspergillus awamori grown in that gel bead. This procedure indicated that the oxygen concentration profile is useful for the estimation of the thickness of the cell layer in a gel bead. Numerical investigation revealed that high effectiveness factors, greater than 0.8, could be obtained using microgel beads with a radius of 0.25 mm.     

Co-immobilized Nitrosomonas europaea and Nitrobacter agilis cells: validation of a dynamic model for simultaneous substrate conversion and growth in kappa-carrageenan gel beads

A dynamic model for two microbial species immobilized in a gel matrix is presented and validated with experiments. The model characterizes the nitrification of ammonia with Nitrosomonas europaea and Nitrobacter agilis co-immobilized in K-carrageenan gel beads. The model consists of kinetic equations for the microorganisms and mass transfer equations for the substrates and products inside and outside the gel beads. The model predicts reactor bulk concentrations together with the substrate consumption rate, product formation, and biomass growth inside the gel beads as a function of time. A 50-day experiment with immobilized cells in a 3.3-dm(3) air-lift loop reactor was carried out to validate the model. The parameter values for the model were obtained from literature and separate experiments. The experimentally determined reactor bulk concentrations and the biomass distribution of the two microorganisms in the gel beads were well predicted by the model. A sensitivity analysis of the model for the given initial values indicated the most relevant parameters to be the maximum specific growth rate of the microorganisms, the diffusion coefficient of oxygen, and the radius of the beads. The dynamic model provides a useful tool for further study and possible control of the nitrification process. (c) 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Oxygen supply to immobilized cells

Summary Oxygen supply is a critical point in technical processes when aerobic cells are used in immobilized preparations. In this study p-benzoquinone is used as a substitute for oxygen in the oxidation of glycerol to dihydroxyacetone by immobilized Gluconobacter oxydans cells. The reaction rate was much higher when p-benzoquinone was used compared to when oxygen was used. In an experiment with free cells p-benzoquinone gave a rate more than four times that of oxygen, and with immobilized cells the difference was even greater. p-benzoquinone is more effective than oxygen because it gives a higher maximal reaction rate (the reason for this fact is discussed) and because it is more soluble in water than oxygen. The operational stability of the process is comparatively good. In one experiment the productivity decreased from 60 to 10 mmol/h·g over an 8-day period when p-benzoquinone was used. When oxygen was used in a similar experiment the productivity decreased from 14 to 6 mmol/h·g. The byproduct formed from p-benzoquinone, hydroquinone, can be oxidized to p-benzoquinone which can be re-used. Seven succesive regenerations of p-benzoquinone were performed without any loss of efficiency.     

Enhancement of oxygen transfer rates in fermentation using oxygen-vectors

Oxygen transfer is one of the bottlenecks in conventional fermentation technology and it has so far been almost totally overlooked with regards to high cell densities and immobilized cells. This review presents some new concepts to improve oxygen supply in aerobic fermentations, especially the use of oxygen-vectors. The oxygen-vectors generally used are liquids which are insoluble in the fermentation media. Their utilization in an emulsified form can significantly increase the oxygen transfer coefficient between gas and aqueous phases. It seems that the vector acts as an active intermediate in the oxygen transport from gas bubbles to aqueous phase, but the mechanisms involved in this unconventional technique of aeration are not yet known.     

固定化谷氨酸棒杆菌T6—13细胞的酶学性质研究

比较研究了固定化谷氨酸棒杆菌细胞和自然细胞的谷氨酸脱氢酶、异拧檬酸脱氢酶,葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶的一些性质。最适pH、温度对二者酶促反应速度的影响基本相似;pH、热稳定性固定化细胞高于自然细胞;底物表观米氏常数谷氨酸脱氢酶,异柠檬酸脱氢酶有所增大,而葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶则有所下降;辅酶表观米氏常数均有所增大。这些是影响固定化细胞应用的主要因素。     

Performance and stability of ethanologenic Escherichia coli strain FBR5 during continuous culture on xylose and glucose

Escherichia coli FBR5 containing recombinant genes for ethanol production on plasmids that are also required for anaerobic growth was cultivated continuously on 50 g/l xylose or glucose in the absence of antibiotics and without the use of special measures to limit the entry of oxygen into the fermenter. Under chemostat conditions, stable ethanol yields of ca. 80–85% of the theoretical were obtained on both sugars over 26 days at dilution rates of 0.045/h (xylose) and 0.075/h (glucose), with average plasmid retention rates of 96% (xylose) and 97% (glucose). In a continuous fluidized bed fermenter, with the cells immobilized on porous glass beads, the extent of plasmid retention by the free cells fell rapidly, while that of the immobilized cells remained constant. This was shown to be due to diffusion of oxygen through the tubing used to recirculate the medium and free cells. A change to oxygen-impermeable tubing led to a stable high rate of plasmid retention (more than 96% of both the free and immobilized cells) with ethanol yields of ca. 80% on a 50 g/l xylose feed. The maximum permissible level of oxygen availability consistent with high plasmid retention by the strain appears to be of the order of 0.1 mmol per hour per gram dry biomass, based on measurements of the rate of oxygen penetration into the fermenters. Revertant colonies lacking the ethanologenic plasmid were easily detectable by their morphology which correlated well with their lack of ampicillin resistance upon transfer plating.