野生角额壁蜂与果园角额壁蜂的生活力

为探讨野生角额壁蜂Osmia cornifrons(Radoszkowski)与果园角额壁蜂的生活力是否存在差异,在苹果梨园进行二者的出茧率和繁殖比比较试验。结果表明:野生角额壁蜂与连续3年在果园释放和回收的果园角额壁蜂的出茧率和繁殖比差异都显著,野生角额壁蜂与果园角额壁蜂的出茧率分别为80.75%和65.69%,繁殖比分别为1.55和1.14。野生角额壁蜂的生活力明显比果园角额壁蜂强。     

为苹果梨授粉的角额壁蜂与长角壁蜂的生物学特性比较

连续 2年在延边苹果梨园释放角额壁蜂OsmiacornifronsRodoszkowski和长角壁蜂O .longnicornisMor.,对其生物学特性进行观察。结果表明 :2种壁蜂都能在释放的苹果梨园中定居、营巢及繁殖后代 ;角额壁蜂日访花数为 4 1 5 8朵 ,长角壁蜂日访花数为 4 35 9朵 ;长角壁蜂个体较大 ,抗低温能力、抗风飞行能力和日访花能力等均较强 ,是较好的苹果梨授粉用昆虫。     

果树授粉昆虫角额壁蜂的形态和生物学研究

角额壁蜂一年发生1代。人工驯化释放的壁蜂,喜欢以芦苇管或纸管为巢穴。早春果树开花季节,越冬成蜂相继破茧出巢,交配活动。雌蜂借腹部腹毛刷采集大量花粉花蜜。在巢穴中分小室产卵繁殖后代。幼虫孵出后即以花粉团为食,8月中下旬成蜂羽化后在茧内越冬。翌年破茧出巢。成蜂访花采粉效率高,以蜂巢周围60m内的座果率为最高。角额壁蜂访花频率较蜜蜂高,因此,大大提高了果树座果率。成蜂活动要求的温度较低,适合我国北方多种果树开花期的授粉。果园放蜂试验证明对苹果、梨、杏等有明显的增产作用。     

角额壁蜂的出茧起点温度和有效积温

角额壁蜂Ｏｓｍｉａｃｏｒｎｉｆｒｏｎｓ(Ｒｏｄｏｓｚｋｏｗｓｋｉ)属蜜蜂总科切叶蜂科壁蜂属。该蜂是果树、大棚蔬菜等的良好传粉昆虫[1] 。日本、美国、韩国等先后利用该蜂给果树授粉获得成功[2 ] 。我国也对角额壁蜂进行了多方面的研究和利用 ,取得了较好的效果。但目前尚未见有关该蜂的出茧起点温度和有效积温的报道。为了准确掌握角额壁蜂的生物学特性 ,改进蜂茧保存与放蜂方法 ,为实际应用提供可靠依据 ,本文对角额壁蜂出茧起点温度和有效积温进行了研究 ,现将结果报道如下。1　材料与方法1 1　材料将 1 999年春天在野外采集的壁蜂…     

角额壁蜂共生放线菌分离、鉴定及其发酵产物抗菌活性研究

近年来,昆虫与共生菌的关系受到越来越多的关注,研究昆虫共生菌的种类及生物学功能具有重要意义。对从烟台、威海采集的角额壁蜂及其巢室进行放线菌的分离、纯化和16S rRNA序列测序并构建系统发育树,分别采用菌块对峙法和纸片扩散法测定菌株及其发酵液抗真菌和抗细菌活性。共计得到37株放线菌,鉴定结果表明共生菌菌株分别归属于7个属:链霉菌属26株,小单孢菌属3株,拟诺卡氏菌属2株,珊瑚状放线菌属1株,马杜拉放线菌属3株、假诺卡氏菌属1株和疣孢菌属1株。Streptomyces sp.OC1611-8A和Streptomyces sp.R1706-8菌体抗真菌作用较强,对杨生盾壳霉和云南刺盘孢抑菌圈直径更是达到了25~32 mm;Micromonospora sp.OC1403-4发酵液对大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和枯草芽孢杆菌均有较好的抗菌活性,抑菌圈直径达到了16~19 mm。本研究为进一步分离角额壁蜂共生菌的发酵产物,鉴定具有新型结构的抗菌化合物提供了参考。     

凹唇壁蜂在云南高原苹果产区的应用

本文开展了凹唇壁蜂Osmia excavata（Altken）授粉技术在云南高原苹果产区的研究与应用,结果表明：凹唇壁蜂在高海拔、低纬度的苹果种植区能正常发育与繁殖,田间羽化率可达88．8％,雌雄比1：3,雌蜂繁殖率1：5．36,蜂管可单用芦苇本色,不需染色处理;长15cm的蜂管能满足凹唇壁蜂繁殖要求。昭通市的放蜂时间可确定在3月10日至4月中下旬凹唇壁蜂繁殖基本结束。壁蜂授粉区的座果率、果形周正率、果形指数分别达到了79．9％、73．44％、0．84,分别比对照区增加31．32％、44．11％、0．05,苹果外观质量得到了明显改善,示范效果显著。利用壁蜂授粉已成为高原优质苹果生产的一项关键新技术。     

壁蜂及蜜蜂授粉对苹果和大樱桃授粉服务功能分析

【目的】传粉昆虫在果树生产中发挥着非常重要的授粉服务功能。但有关壁蜂授粉、蜜蜂授粉对苹果和大樱桃的服务功能不清楚。本论文针对苹果、大樱桃传粉昆虫不足、果品品质不高等科学问题,连续3年系统地调查和分析了胶东半岛主要传粉昆虫(壁蜂、蜜蜂)对苹果、大樱桃的产量与品质促进作用,以评价传粉昆虫对苹果与大樱桃的生态服务功能。【方法】2015-2018年在山东省胶东半岛选择了6个果园进行了壁蜂、蜜蜂释放与不放蜂对照处理,系统测定了经壁蜂授粉、蜜蜂授粉、常规授粉等不同的授粉处理后苹果、大樱桃的座果率、Vc含量、可溶性固形物、总糖及产量的变化。【结果】利用壁蜂、蜜蜂授粉可以显著提高苹果、大樱桃的座果率、Vc含量、可溶性固形物、总糖、总酸含量及风味(固酸比)值;可以增加苹果、大樱桃产量,显著提高其果品品质;而且壁蜂授粉的效果均高于蜜蜂授粉。【结论】在胶东果园可以通过释放壁蜂和蜜蜂,以提高苹果、大樱桃的授粉服务功能;且由于壁蜂具有耐低温、采集速度快、授粉效率高、管理简便、应用成本低的优势,壁蜂的应用前景更为广阔。     

信息素促进凹唇壁蜂访花提高苹果座果率和果实品质

【目的】凹唇壁蜂Osmia excavata Alfken是我国北方早春重要的果树传粉昆虫之一,但是其访花活动容易受到早春低温等不良天气的影响。为应对低温等不良天气,研究信息素(蜜蜂活动增强剂)对凹唇壁蜂活动规律、苹果树花朵座果率以及果实产量的影响具有重要意义。【方法】测定苹果树在释放信息素与不释放信息素的条件下,凹唇壁蜂的访花活动规律、花朵座果率及果实产量等数据。【结果】苹果对凹唇壁蜂授粉的依赖程度为0.95。释放信息素区域的凹唇壁蜂访花效率是对照的1.34倍,显著提高苹果的座果率,增加程度为12%;增加平均单果重3.53 g;显著提高0.15 mg/100 g的维生素C含量。【结论】在低温等不良环境条件下,可以通过释放信息素等人工管理措施,提高授粉昆虫对作物的访花效率,进而改善作物品质,提高作物产量,减少损失。     

花粉生活力的测定

在农业和林业的常规育种中,为了进行人工辅助授粉或杂交授粉,需要早期采集和储藏花粉。尤其是在杂交育种工作中,为解决亲本花期不一致或进行远距离杂交的困难,则更需要保存花粉的活力。当使用采集和贮存的花粉之前,通常要做花粉     

凹翅单锤角细蜂在我国新发现及其雄性首次记述(膜翅目,锤角细蜂科)

记述我国单锤角细蜂属Monelata Frster1新纪录种,凹翅单锤角细蜂Monelata incisipennis Huggert,1982,并首次记述该种的雄性成虫。研究标本保存于华南农业大学膜翅目标本室(SCAU)。     

凹唇壁蜂的耐寒性及生殖潜力研究

在滞育期和滞育结束后 (成虫出茧之前 ) ,分别测定凹唇壁蜂越冬成虫的耐寒性 ,结果表明 :滞育期成虫的过冷却点和体液冰点分别为 -2 6 4 8℃和 -2 0 91℃ ,解除滞育后分别为 -1 8 4 0℃和-1 1 78℃。自然条件下 ,凹唇壁蜂在我国北方大部分地区可安全越冬。在筑巢前期 ,对雌蜂的生殖系统解剖观察发现 ,卵巢由 6根卵巢管组成 ,卵母细胞总数平均为 55 9± 4 4 6个 ,卵原区在成虫筑巢期不再产生卵母细胞。     

Manganese deficiency in maize affects pollen viability

Maize (Zea mays L. cv. G2) was grown with 0.55 mg L^–1 (sufficient), or 0.0055 mg L^–1 (deficient) manganese in sand. Manganese-deficient plants developed visible deficiency symptoms and showed poor tasseling and delayed anther development. Compared to Mn-sufficient plants, Mn-deficient plants produced fewer and smaller pollen grains with reduced cytoplasmic contents. Manganese deficiency reduced in vitro germination of pollen grains significantly. Ovule fertility was not significantly affected by Mn. But in Mn-deficient plants seed-setting and development was reduced significantly.     

Consistent mixing of near and distant resources in foraging bouts by the solitary mason bee Osmia lignaria

Female bees are usually confronted with a choice among severalflower species that differ in their location and abundance withinthe community, and in the efficiency with which their pollenand nectar can be harvested. We investigated the effects ofdistance and flower density of two flower species on pollencollection by providing nest locations for the mason bee Osmialignaria in natural settings. Distance weakly affected pollenuse; on average, bees nesting near a flower species tended tocollect more of its pollen than did bees nesting at a greaterdistance. Flower density did not predictably impact pollen use,and use did not track changes in density during the season.Bees consistently mixed pollen from more distant species, despitesubstantial added foraging costs, and also mixed when one specieswas an order of magnitude less abundant than the other. Beesrequire nectar as well as pollen to feed their offspring, andour preliminary data suggest that the efficiencies of pollenand nectar collection are inversely related between the twoflower species, which would favor visitation to both species.Bees appear to collect some pollen from the low-pollen, high-nectarplant while visiting it for nectar. Thus, a nectar-collectingconstraint may favor collecting pollen from mixtures of species.     

Pollen viability as a bio-indicator of air quality

Many air pollutants cause plant deterioration. In this study pollen viability was used as bio-indicator of air quality. The study was carried out in the city of Perugia where road traffic is the most important cause of air pollution. Three areas, with different intensity of road traffic (very high, medium and absent) but all characterized by the presence of the same plant species, were selected. Eight species were studied: Hedera helix L., Convolvulus sepium L., Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers., Quercus ilex L., Dactylis glomerata L., Parietaria diffusa M. et K., Daucus carota L. and Tilia cordata Miller. The pollen of these species was treated with TTC (2, 3, 5 Tryphenil-Tetrazolium-Chloride) staining solution and viability was then estimated by light microscopy. The results showed that the pollen viability was inversely proportioned with pollution. The highest difference in pollen viability between the areas was registered in Tilia cordata. Quercus ilex instead showed that there was no difference in pollen viability between the three different areas. Parietaria diffusa showed a particular behaviour; the highest pollen viability percentage was in polluted areas. The statistical analysis (ANOVA) showed that the main source of variability of the pollen viability depends on the plant but also the site and the interaction between plant and site were very important with a high significant level (p < 0.0001). This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Tree pollen viability in areas subject to high pollutant deposition

Summary The wet deposition process, including fog, is a major pathway of acidic pollutants from the atmosphere to the biosphere. Pollen grains are known to be sensitive biological indicators of pollution at this interface. In southern Québec, pollen viability of three hardwood species (sugar maple, white and yellow birch), was significantly reduced above the mean cloud base height (600 m) for two successive years (1987–1988) at two mountain sites (Roundtop and Tremblant). Ozone concentrations, fog water and precipitation pH values over the sampling periods are discussed.     

Modeling spring emergence of Osmia cornifrons Radoszkowski (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae) females in Korea

The Japanese hornfaced bee, Osmia cornifrons Radoszkowski (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae), is an important pollinator of apple. It overwinters as diapausing adult in cocoon and the synchronization of the adult emergence in spring with apple blossom is critical for successful pollination, specifically in the environment with variable climate. To this end, prediction model of adult emergence would help manage O. cornifrons populations for planed pollination. In this study, by using temperature-dependent emergence data of O. cornifrons, emergence rate were mathematically described using linear and Lactin's nonlinear regression methods. The lower emergence thresholds estimated from linear regression for female was 7.98 °C and the thermal constant (DD, degree days) was 112.43DD. Pattern of emergence completion was described by using Weibull function and prediction of spring emergence was modeled based on functions of emergence rate and distribution. The model predicted the emergence of O. cornifrons between 100–130 Julian date and the observation fell between 108–129 Julian date. The prediction ranges of O. cornifrons emergence were wider than that of observation. This model could help predict spring emergence of O. cornifrons in the field and optimize planed pollination program for pollination service in agricultural systems in the climate change era.     

Pollen viability,germination capability and pollen production level of some grape varieties (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Vitis vinifera</Emphasis> L.)

In this study, pollens of Burdur dimriti, Sariemin, Tilki kuyrugu, Razaki, Buzgulu, Siyah buzgulu, and Siyah gemre table grape varieties (Vitis vinifera L.) grown in Isparta, Turkey were tested in vitro for viability, germination capability, and production level. It was determined that active pollen levels varied between 23.8 % and 80.8 % in FDA (flourescein diacetat), 31.5 % and 68.8 % in TTC (2,3,5-triphenyl tetrazolium chloride) tests. In respect to pollen germination rates, the best medium in hanging drop method and saturated petri method were 20 % sucrose concentration and 1 % agar+15 % sucrose solution, respectively. The highest and the lowest pollen production levels per flower were determined 9000 in Siyah gemre and 2906 in Siyah dimrit grape varieties, respectively.     

杂种鹅掌楸及其亲本花部形态和花粉活力的遗传变异

对鹅掌楸属(Liriodendron L.)种间杂种[L.chinense(Hemsl.)Sarg.×L.tulipifera     

Pollen dispersion, pollen viability and pistil receptivity in Leymus chinensis

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Leymus chinensis is an economically and ecologically important grass that is widely distributed across eastern areas of the Eurasian steppe. A major problem facing its propagation by man is its low sexual reproductivity. The causes of low fecundity are uncertain, largely because many aspects of the reproductive biology of this species remained unknown or incomplete. This study aims to address some of these issues. METHODS: Pollen dispersion, pollen viability, pollen longevity and pistil receptivity were studied in a representative, natural population of L. chinensis growing in Inner Mongolia. KEY RESULTS: Flowering of L. chinensis occurred at the end of June and lasted for 5 d. Pollination peaked between 1600 h and 1700 h, and about 56.1 % of the total pollen grains were released at this time. Pollen density was highest towards the middle of flowering spikes and lowest at the bottom over the 5 d measurement period. Pollen viability (62.4 %) assessed using TTC was more accurate than using IKI (85.6 %); 50 % of pollen arriving on stigmas germinated. Pollen remained viable for only 3 h and the pollen : ovule ratio was 79 333 : 1. Pistil receptivity lasted for only 3 h and, overall, 86.7 % of pistils were pollinated. Within the spike, the relative fecundity of different positions was middle > lower > upper throughout the period of pollination; daily variation of fecundity was similar to that of the pollen flow. The spikes that opened on the day of highest pollen density exhibited the highest fecundity (36.0 %). No seeds were produced by self-pollination. CONCLUSIONS: The data suggest that low pollen viability, short pollen longevity and short pistil receptivity all appear to contribute to the low seed production typical of this important forage crop.