限制性内切酶Mlu I蛋白及其硒代衍生物的制备

【背景】限制性内切酶Mlu I是一种常用的工具酶,在分子生物学领域发挥着重要的作用,其三维结构尚未被解析。【目的】在大肠杆菌中克隆表达、纯化重组Mlu I蛋白及其硒代蛋白,并进行结晶条件的研究。【方法】构建重组表达载体pET28b-Mlu I,在大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)pLysS中诱导表达,利用亲和层析和凝胶过滤层析纯化重组Mlu I蛋白和硒代Mlu I蛋白。对蛋白进行质谱检测、圆二色谱检测以及酶活检测,利用坐滴法进行结晶条件的筛选。【结果】构建了重组表达载体pET28b-Mlu I并纯化获得达到结晶纯度的蛋白,通过质谱检测确定硒代Mlu I蛋白中的8个甲硫氨酸全部被取代,结合酶活测试及圆二色谱检测确定了硒代对Mlu I蛋白的活性、结构无明显影响。采用坐滴法进行初步的晶体生长研究,重组蛋白目前已在1种条件下获得针状晶体并进行初步衍射,获得分辨率在0.32 nm左右的衍射数据。【结论】Mlu I蛋白及硒代Mlu I蛋白纯化体系的构建和结晶条件的研究,可为下一步解析Mlu I三维结构、作用机制的探讨及定向改造奠定基础。     

限制性内切酶Mlu Ⅰ蛋白及其硒代衍生物的制备

【背景】限制性内切酶Mlu Ⅰ是一种常用的工具酶,在分子生物学领域发挥着重要的作用,其三维结构尚未被解析。【目的】在大肠杆菌中克隆表达、纯化重组Mlu Ⅰ蛋白及其硒代蛋白,并进行结晶条件的研究。【方法】构建重组表达载体pET28b-Mlu Ⅰ,在大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)pLysS中诱导表达,利用亲和层析和凝胶过滤层析纯化重组Mlu Ⅰ蛋白和硒代Mlu Ⅰ蛋白。对蛋白进行质谱检测、圆二色谱检测以及酶活检测,利用坐滴法进行结晶条件的筛选。【结果】构建了重组表达载体pET28b-Mlu Ⅰ并纯化获得达到结晶纯度的蛋白,通过质谱检测确定硒代Mlu Ⅰ蛋白中的8个甲硫氨酸全部被取代,结合酶活测试及圆二色谱检测确定了硒代对Mlu Ⅰ蛋白的活性、结构无明显影响。采用坐滴法进行初步的晶体生长研究,重组蛋白目前已在1种条件下获得针状晶体并进行初步衍射,获得分辨率在0.32 nm左右的衍射数据。【结论】Mlu Ⅰ蛋白及硒代Mlu Ⅰ蛋白纯化体系的构建和结晶条件的研究,可为下一步解析Mlu Ⅰ三维结构、作用机制的探讨及定向改造奠定基础。     

假坚强芽孢杆菌四氢嘧啶羟化酶的晶体制备及X-射线衍射研究

摘要:【目的】假坚强芽孢杆菌四氢嘧啶羟化酶蛋白纯化、晶体制备及X-射线衍射研究。【方法】通过PCR从假坚强芽孢杆菌OF4中克隆获得四氢嘧啶羟化酶基因,构建原核表达载体,经过原核表达,采用Ni-NTA亲和层析法和分子排阻色谱法纯化蛋白,289 K下采用座滴法进行晶体筛选和制备,在低温100 K下通过X-射线衍射仪(Rigaku MicroMax-007 HF)收集晶体衍射数据。【结果】通过原核表达及纯化成功获得了适合晶体生长的蛋白BpEctD。通过筛选最终在蛋白浓度为6.5 mg/mL及含有0.2 mol/L MgCl2·6H2O,0.1 mol/L Bis-Tris pH6.5,25% (W/V) 聚乙二醇3,350的缓冲液中获得了理想的蛋白晶体,其大小约为360 μm×240μm×60 μm,并在100K下成功收集了衍射数据,晶体衍射分辨率为2.40,空间群为三斜晶系P1,晶胞参数为a=45.18,b=58.87,c=68.81,α=77.48°,β=86.03°,γ=66.97°,每个不对称单位中含有2 个BpEctD单体,马修斯系数为2.44 3/Da,溶剂含量约为49.53%。【结论】衍射数据的成功收集为假坚强芽孢杆菌OF4四氢嘧啶羟化酶三维结构的解析奠定了前期基础,将有助于阐明四氢嘧啶羟化酶的催化机制。     

孕烷X受体配体结合结构域蛋白晶体的X线衍射结构解析

目的:利用X线衍射技术解析孕烷X受体(PXR)配体结合结构域(LBD)蛋白晶体的3维结构。方法:对PXR蛋白LBD(130~434氨基酸残基)序列进行密码子优化并化学合成后克隆至pRSFDuet-1表达载体,再将载体导入大肠杆菌BL21(DE3),对PXR-LBD蛋白进行原核表达与分离纯化;采用晶体筛选试剂盒筛选蛋白结晶条件,采用悬滴法获得目标蛋白的晶体;对获得的蛋白晶体进行X线晶体衍射检测,并收集相关数据建立PXR-LBD的三维结构。结果:获得了PXR-LBD的高质量晶体并利用X线衍射解析了该蛋白质晶体的结构数据,使用Phenix.refine软件和COOT软件等对结构进行修正,最终获得了高分辨率的3维结构数据。结论:完成了孕烷X受体配体结合结构域蛋白晶体的X线衍射结构解析,为研究和开发PXR相关药物奠定了基础。     

幽门螺旋杆菌肿瘤坏死因子α诱导蛋白活性分子的构建、结晶及初步晶体学研究

幽门螺旋杆菌中的肿瘤坏死因子α诱导蛋白(Tipα)被鉴定为幽门螺旋杆菌致病感染中的新型致癌因子.Tipα通过NF-κB的激活诱导肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)的大量表达,从而促使宿主的炎症反应以及肿瘤发生、发展的进程.Tipα的同源二聚体为其发挥生物学功能的活性形式,此二聚体以两个单体间N端半胱氨酸形成的二硫键(Cys25-Cys25与Cys27-Cys27)共价连接.Tipα(25-192)的基因克隆至载体pET22b中,并且在大肠杆菌菌株BL21(DE3)中以可溶形式高水平表达.重组蛋白经过Ni2+金属亲和层析、阳离子交换层析和凝胶阻滞层析进行分离纯化.Tipα蛋白样品分别通过悬滴和microbatch的方法进行结晶搜索和优化.母体和硒代晶体分别衍射到2.2和2.6,均属于C2空间群,并且具有相似的晶胞参数.母体晶体的晶胞参数为a=127.01,b=47.57,c=96.5,α=γ=90°,β=127.5°.     

线虫烯脂酰CoA水合酶的克隆、表达、纯化及初步晶体学分析

生物体β-氧化循环是脂肪酸氧化分解的主要途径,许多代谢疾病都与其密切相关。线虫β-氧化循环与人类相似,但线虫β-氧化循环的研究报道却很少。线虫基因C32E8.9编码的蛋白被WormBase命名为烯脂酰CoA水合酶（WormBase ID：CE29693）,被推测具有催化β-氧化循环第二步反应的功能。作者将C32E8.9基因克隆到原核表达载体上,在大肠杆菌中获得高效表达,并分别纯化了母体蛋白以及硒代蛋白衍生物。多角度静态光散射实验表明该蛋白的聚合状态为三聚体。该蛋白在沉淀剂2-甲基-2,4-戊二醇的作用下形成可供衍射分析的六棱柱形状晶体,空间群为P21,晶胞参数为a=79.0?,b=82.4?,c=79.2?,α=γ=90.0°,β=120°,数据分析表明该晶体非单晶,是一种罕见的蛋白质“三晶”——包含三套晶格。     

辣椒疫霉PcCRN20-C蛋白的表达纯化及结晶 *

CRN(crinkling and necrosis-inducing protein)为疫霉菌在与寄主互作过程中分泌的一类特有胞质效应因子,干扰寄主细胞正常的生理代谢和功能。采用PCR法从辣椒疫霉LT1534菌株cDNA中克隆PcCRN20-C基因。该基因序列长783bp,编码261个氨基酸。构建重组表达载体,并转化大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)。在优化条件下诱导表达重组蛋白,利用Ni-NTA金属螯合层析、离子交换层析、分子筛层析和胰蛋白酶酶解技术获得高纯目的蛋白,SDS-PAGE分析表明,蛋白质分子量约为25kDa。采用座滴气相扩散法进行晶体制备和筛选,成功获得了蛋白质晶体,并通过X-射线衍射仪收集了晶体衍射花样。结合蛋白质晶体学方法,获得了有衍射的辣椒疫霉PcCRN20-C蛋白晶体,为进一步研究CRN蛋白的结构与病原菌致病机制提供参考资料。     

富硒产品中硒的形态分析及化学评分模式的建立

采用微波水解、HPLC-HG-AFS法测定了硒蛋白粉、硒蛋白片、肽粉、富硒原料等19种硒产品中的总硒、硒代氨基酸和亚硒酸根离子[Se(IV)],分析了硒代氨基酸、Se(IV)和其他形态硒占总硒的百分比及不同形态硒代氨基酸的组成比例。以此为依据,将硒产品分为硒蛋白型、单一硒代氨基酸型、其它形态硒型及有机无机硒混合型。根据DBS42/002-2014规定建立了富有机硒产品评分模式,其中18种为富有机硒产品;根据适硒地区母乳中硒代氨基酸的组成比例提出了硒代氨基酸的化学评分模式,评分结果显示13种以蛋白态硒为主的硒产品中硒代氨基酸的组成比例均与母乳相差甚远,不利于人体平衡吸收利用,其中10种SeMet含量远远超过人体所需,SeCys_2为限制硒代氨基酸。该评分模式的建立对硒产品的开发具有指导意义。     

辣椒疫霉PcCRN20-C蛋白的表达纯化及结晶

CRN(crinkling and necrosis-inducing protein)为疫霉菌在与寄主互作过程中分泌的一类特有胞质效应因子,干扰寄主细胞正常的生理代谢和功能。采用PCR法从辣椒疫霉LT1534菌株c DNA中克隆PcCRN20-C基因。该基因序列长783bp,编码261个氨基酸。构建重组表达载体,并转化大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)。在优化条件下诱导表达重组蛋白,利用Ni-NTA金属螯合层析、离子交换层析、分子筛层析和胰蛋白酶酶解技术获得高纯目的蛋白,SDS-PAGE分析表明,蛋白质分子量约为25kDa。采用座滴气相扩散法进行晶体制备和筛选,成功获得了蛋白质晶体,并通过X-射线衍射仪收集了晶体衍射花样。结合蛋白质晶体学方法,获得了有衍射的辣椒疫霉PcCRN20-C蛋白晶体,为进一步研究CRN蛋白的结构与病原菌致病机制提供参考资料。     

人甲状腺激素受体相互作用蛋白15的初步结晶实验及其在人组织表达的研究

目的：构建人甲状腺激素受体相互作用蛋白15（thyroid hormone receptor interacting protein 15,TRIP15）的原核表达载体,在大肠杆菌表达并纯化、结晶表达产物;证实TRIP15在人脐静脉内皮细胞株、血小板、二尖瓣、胆囊和胶质瘤存在表达。方法：以人肝细胞cDNA文库为模板,通过PCR扩增TRIP15的全长编码区序列,双酶切后连接到pGEX-6P-1载体上,转化E.coli BL21（DE3）菌株,通过亲和层析及分子筛对表达产物进行纯化,采用气相扩散悬滴法筛选并优化结晶条件,通过X射线晶体衍射技术检测晶体衍射;采用RT-PCR和Western blot研究TRIP15在人脐静脉内皮细胞株、血小板、二尖瓣、胆囊和胶质瘤的表达情况。结果：成功构建了TRIP15的原核表达载体,获得了电泳纯TRIP15蛋白,得到了蛋白质晶体,但衍射能力很弱;通过RT-PCR证实其在人脐静脉内皮细胞株、血小板、二尖瓣、胆囊和胶质瘤存在表达。结论：成功构建了TRIP15的原核表达载体、建立了表达纯化策略并获得了初步结晶的实验条件,为最终解析其三维结构奠定了基础;初步证实TRIP15在人脐静脉内皮细胞株、血小板、二尖瓣、胆囊和胶质瘤存在表达,为相关研究的开展奠定了基础。     

Identification and localization of vegetative STORAGE PROTEINS IN LEGUME LEAVES

Leaves from 12 legume species representing two subtribes were examined by various techniques for the presence of vegetative storage proteins (VSPs) similar to the 27, 29, and 94 kD VSPs of soybean. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) of leaf protein followed by western immunoblotting using antibody that recognizes soybean VSP94, a lipoxygenase, demonstrated that this protein is present in six of the nine species tested. Blotting with antibody to soybean VSP27/29, which are glycoproteins, gave labelling in seven species and glycoprotein affino-blots showed that glycosylated proteins ranging around 27 to 29 kD were present in all nine species examined. Immunocytochemical localization studies of eight species demonstrated that proteins antigenically similar to VSP94 and VSP27/29 are specifically accumulated in the vacuole of paraveinal mesophyll (PVM) cells. They were not detectable at significant levels in other mesophyll cells using this technique. Comparisons of protein compositions of isolated PVM and mesophyll protoplasts from seven species further confirmed the specialized nature of the PVM. VSP94 and proteins ranging from 25 to 35 kD molecular mass were the major proteins of PVM of all but one species while Rubisco was quite low in amount compared to mesophyll protoplasts. The results show that VSP synthesis and accumulation is a general feature of legume leaves containing a PVM layer and indicate that the PVM plays a specialized role in nitrogen metabolism and partitioning in these species.     

Vegetative storage protein in Litchi chinensis, a subtropical evergreen fruit tree, possesses trypsin inhibitor activity

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Vegetative storage proteins (VSPs) are commonly bioactive in herbaceous plants but few VSPs with bioactivity have been identified in trees. In addition, information on the characterization of VSPs in evergreen trees is limited. The objective of this study was to characterize the VSPs with bioactivity in evergreen trees. Methods The VSP in lychee (Litchi chinensis), an evergreen fruit tree, was characterized by a combination of cytological, biochemical and molecular biological techniques. KEY RESULTS: The VSP in lychee was a 22-kDa protein. It accumulated in the large central vacuoles of protein-storing cells (PSCs) in two distinguishable forms, granular and floccular. The PSCs were of a novel type. The 22-kDa protein is distributed in mature leaves, bark tissues of branches, trunk and large roots, paralleling the distribution of PSCs. Its homologues were present in mature seed. During young shoot development and fruiting, the 22-kDa protein decreased apparently, suggesting a nitrogen-storage function. The 22-kDa protein had several isoforms encoded by a small multigene family. One gene member, LcVSP1, was cloned. The LcVSP1 had no intron and contained a 675 bp open reading frame encoding a putative protein of 225 amino acids. LcVSP1 was homologous to Kunitz trypsin inhibitors. The 22-kDa protein inhibited trypsin and chymotrypsin, but had no inhibitory effect on subtilisin. CONCLUSIONS: Lychee is rich in a 22-kDa VSP with trypsin inhibitor activity. The VSP plays an important role in nitrogen storage while its possible defensive function remains to be elucidated.     

Giardia duodenalis: direct experimental evidence for the absence of a glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor in a variant surface protein

The trophozoites of Giardia duodenalis express variant surface proteins (VSPs) that cover the entire surface of the cell and can be altered by antigenic variation. In the present study, a VSP (VSPH7) expressed by the Giardia GS isolate was purified using Triton-X-114 extraction/phase partitioning and a combination of column chromatography methods. The purified VSP was typed by mass spectrometric fingerprint mapping and peptide sequencing and found to share 58-99.8% peptide identity with the VSPH7 protein sequence previously deduced from the cloned cDNA. Carbohydrate compositional analyses consistently showed the presence of galactose in the VSP preparations but a direct association of carbohydrate with the VSPH7 could not be established. Analysis of the C-terminal part of the purified VSPH7 by off-blot myo-inositol analysis provided for the first time direct experimental evidence that this protein is not modified via a GPI lipid.     

Vegetative storage protein with trypsin inhibitor activity occurs in Sapindus mukorassi, a sapindaceae deciduous tree

A vegetative storage protein (VSP) with trypsin inhibitor activity in a deciduous tree,Sapindus mukorassi,was characterized by means of sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis,Western-blot,immuno-histochemical localization,light- and electro-microscopy,together with analysis of proteinase inhibitor activity of the purified VSP in vitro.There were two proteins with molecular masses of about 23 and 27 kDa in a relatively high content in the bark tissues of terminal branches of S.mukorassi in leafless periods.The proteins decreased markedly during young shoot development,indicating their role in seasonal nitrogen storage.Immuno-histochemical localization with the polyclonal antibodies raised against the 23 kDa protein demonstrated that the 23 kDa protein was the major component of protein inclusions in protein-storing cells.The protein inclusions were identified by protein-specific staining and should correspond to the electron-dense materials in different forms in the vacuoles of phloem parenchyma cells and phloem ray parenchyma cells under an electron microscope.So,the 23 kDa protein was a typical VSP in S.mukorassi.The 23 and 27 kDa proteins shared no immuno-relatedness,whereas the 23 kDa protein was immuno-related with the 22 kDa VSP in lychee and possessed trypsin inhibitor activity.The 23 kDa protein may confer dual functions:nitrogen storage and defense.     

The Crystal Structure of Arabidopsis VSP1 Reveals the Plant Class C-Like Phosphatase Structure of the DDDD Superfamily of Phosphohydrolases

Arabidopsis thaliana vegetative storage proteins, VSP1 and VSP2, are acid phosphatases and belong to the haloacid dehalogenase (HAD) superfamily. In addition to their potential nutrient storage function, they were thought to be involved in plant defense and flower development. To gain insights into the architecture of the protein and obtain clues about its function, we have tested their substrate specificity and solved the structure of VSP1. The acid phosphatase activities of these two enzymes require divalent metal such as magnesium ion. Conversely, the activity of these two enzymes is inhibited by vanadate and molybdate, but is resistant to inorganic phosphate. Both VSP1 and VSP2 did not exhibit remarkable activities to any physiological substrates tested. In the current study, we presented the crystal structure of recombinant VSP1 at 1.8 Å resolution via the selenomethionine single-wavelength anomalous diffraction (SAD). Specifically, an α-helical cap domain on the top of the α/β core domain is found to be involved in dimerization. In addition, despite of the low sequence similarity between VSP1 and other HAD enzymes, the core domain of VSP1 containing conserved active site and catalytic machinery displays a classic haloacid dehalogenase fold. Furthermore, we found that VSP1 is distinguished from bacterial class C acid phosphatase P4 by several structural features. To our knowledge, this is the first study to reveal the crystal structure of plant vegetative storage proteins.     

VSP417-6, a variant-specific surface protein encoded at a sixth locus within the vsp417 gene subfamily of Giardia intestinalis

A sixth locus (vsp417-6) belonging to the vsp417 gene subfamily, a subset of the family of genes that encodes 'variant-specific' surface proteins (VSP) in Giardia, is described. The sequence of vsp417-6(A-I), the ortholog representing the vsp417-6 locus in isolates of the type A-I (Assemblage A, Group I) genotype of Giardia intestinalis, was determined from a cloned 5.5-kb Hind III fragment of genomic DNA derived from isolate Ad-1/C1. The gene encodes a 704 residue polypeptide (VSP417-6(A-I), Mr 71,674) that has 75% identity (92% similarity) over a 718 residue overlap with the prototype of the VSP417 subfamily, VSP417-1(A-I)-encoded by the vsp417-1 (syn. tsa417) locus in type A-I isolates. Alignment of VSP417-6(A-I) with the deduced sequences of other known members of this subfamily identified one polypeptide, encoded by a gene found in type A-II (Assemblage A, Group II) isolates, whose homology with VSP417-6(A-I) (91% identity, 98% similarity over 713-residues) indicated that it was VSP417-6(A-II), the VSP417-6 ortholog in type A-II isolates. Sequence-based phylogenetic analyses of known VSP417 subfamily members defined several loci that predate the emergence of the A-I and A-II sublineages of G. intestinalis. Related sequences that may correspond to additional, uncharacterised vsp417 subfamily genes were identified in genomic DNA by Southern hybridisation using subfamily- and locus-specific probes. Variant-specific expression of vsp417-1 and vsp417-6 within axenic cultures of G. intestinalis was detected by in situ mRNA hybridization, indicating that these genes are functional and that they are expressed in an alternative fashion with other vsp genes in these organisms.     

Purification of the Major Soybean Leaf Acid Phosphatase That Is Increased by Seed-Pod Removal

Fruit removal for 5 weeks after flowering increased acid phosphatase activity 10-fold in soybean (Glycine max L. Merr. Var Hobbit) leaves compared with normal seed-pod-bearing plants. The major acid phosphatase activity in leaves was purified over 2700-fold, yielding a single polypeptide of 51 kD with a specific activity of 1353 units/mg protein using p-nitrophenylphosphate as the substrate. Isoelectric focusing demonstrated that the purified protein co-migrated with a majority of the activity that increased in leaves following seed-pod removal. Immunoblot analysis demonstrated that at least part of the increased activity was due to an increased abundance of the phosphatase protein. In situ enzyme activity staining localized most of the total phosphatase activity to vascular tissues, the leaf paraveinal mesophyll cell layer, and the lower epidermis. This distribution and the response to seed-pod removal paralleled previous results for soybean vegetative storage protein (VSP) [alpha] and [beta]. However, in a native polyacrylamide gel the VSP detected by immunological staining of electrophoretically transferred protein did not migrate with the majority of the phosphatase activity. Fractionation of crude leaf protein on concanavalin A-Sepharose yielded a fraction containing 97% of the total VSP but only 0.1% of the total acid phosphatase activity.     

Efficient Down-Regulation of the Major Vegetative Storage Protein Genes in Transgenic Soybean Does Not Compromise Plant Productivity

Soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) contains two related and abundant proteins, VSP alpha and VSP beta, that have been called vegetative storage proteins (VSP) based on their pattern of accumulation, degradation, tissue localization, and other characteristics. To determine whether these proteins play a critical role in sequestering N and other nutrients during early plant development, a VspA antisense gene construct was used to create transgenic plants in which VSP expression was suppressed in leaves, flowers, and seed pods. Total VSP was reduced at least 50-fold due to a 100-fold reduction in VSP alpha and a 10-fold reduction in VSP beta. Transgenic lines were grown in replicated yield trials in the field in Nebraska during the summer of 1999 and seed harvested from the lines was analyzed for yield, protein, oil, and amino acid composition. No significant difference (alpha = 0.05) was found between down-regulated lines and controls for any of the traits tested. Young leaves of antisense plants grown in the greenhouse contained around 3% less soluble leaf protein than controls at the time of flowering. However, total leaf N did not vary. Withdrawing N from plants during seed fill did not alter final seed protein content of antisense lines compared with controls. These results indicate that the VSPs play little if any direct role in overall plant productivity under typical growth conditions. The lack of VSPs in antisense plants might be partially compensated for by increases in other proteins and/or non-protein N. The results also suggest that the VSPs could be genetically engineered or replaced without deleterious effects.