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β-木糖苷酶是木聚糖酶酶系的一种酶,其功能主要是降解半纤维素中最常见及含量最高的组分——木聚糖。近些年,研究人员发现一些微生物来源的β-木糖苷酶具有生物活性物质转化功能,可通过转糖基作用形成带有木糖基的生物活性物质,也可通过水解作用将带有木糖基的物质,如三七皂苷R1和R2、黄芪甲苷IV (astragaloside IV,ASI)、7-木糖-10-去乙酰紫杉醇(7-xylosyl-10-deacetyltaxol,XDT)和花青素转化为生物活性物质,因此,这些β-木糖苷酶在食品和医药等领域具有巨大的潜在应用价值。此外,研究人员揭示了β-木糖苷酶在生物活性物质转化功能方面的一些机制。本文主要介绍了β-木糖苷酶的生物活性物质转化功能、酶来源、家族分类、转化机制及应用,以期为β-木糖苷酶的进一步开发利用提供参考。 相似文献
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肠道微生物对苷类化合物的体内代谢十分重要,可分泌代谢酶进行脱糖基、脱甲基、脱羟基、水解和氧化还原等反应将苷代谢生成次级苷、苷元或其他代谢产物,从而促进苷类药物的吸收并发挥药效。本文论述了肠道微生物及代谢酶对苷类化合物代谢的意义,总结了肠道微生物对不同结构类型的苷类化合物的代谢规律及代谢产物,为了解苷类药物的疗效基础、作用机理及利用微生物转化开发苷类药物提供参考。 相似文献
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【背景】在高浓度葡萄糖引起的碳代谢抑制效应下,产β-葡聚糖苷酶(β-glucosidase)功能微生物群落为适应碳代谢压力的变化,会差异化表达糖耐受和非糖耐受的功能基因。在堆肥中添加生物炭可以改变微生物生存的环境,进而影响微生物群落的组成与功能。【目的】分析在不同碳代谢压力下添加生物炭对产β-葡聚糖苷酶功能微生物群落的结构组成与功能的影响。【方法】在生物炭牛粪-稻草堆肥中添加葡萄糖、纤维二糖及β-葡聚糖苷酶抑制剂,构建不同的碳代谢压力。以细菌来源GH1家族的β-葡聚糖苷酶基因为分子标记基因构建基因克隆文库。同时测定羧甲基纤维素酶酶活和β-葡聚糖苷酶酶活。【结果】放线菌、变形菌和拟杆菌是功能微生物群落中的优势菌群。其中,CL处理组变形菌数量有所下降,在添加了抑制剂的处理组中,拟杆菌的数量明显上升。高浓度葡萄糖显著抑制了羧甲基纤维素酶酶活,但对β-葡聚糖苷酶酶活影响不大,其中低浓度纤维二糖的处理可以显著诱导β-葡聚糖苷酶活性。GHCH处理组中β-葡聚糖苷酶表现出高浓度葡萄糖激活特性。【结论】添加生物炭未明显影响参与纤维素降解的功能微生物群落对碳代谢抑制效应的应答。与自然堆肥相比,在添加了生... 相似文献
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唾液酸苷酶(EC.3.2.1.18)是一类重要的糖苷水解酶,在动物和微生物中广泛存在.该类酶催化寡糖或糖缀合物上非还原末端唾液酸水解,具有重要的生物学功能,如参与溶酶体降解代谢物、癌症发生、微生物致病等多种生理和病理过程.除了水解活性外,有的唾液酸苷酶还具有转糖基活性,能够以唾液酸单糖或糖苷为糖基供体,催化唾液酸转移到受体分子上,一步合成寡糖和糖苷化合物.这种合成活性对于唾液酸相关糖链的大量获得具有重要意义,有利于推动该类寡糖的基础研究及其在食品和医药中的应用.本文综述了唾液酸苷酶的结构和催化机理、生理功能、转糖基作用及其在寡糖合成中的应用. 相似文献
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目的 观察α 半乳糖苷酶对猕猴类人B抗原的酶解效果 ,探讨α 半乳糖苷酶酶解对猕猴红细胞结构、功能的影响。方法 采用热吸收放散试验从 30只华南猕猴中选取类人ABO血型抗原较强的 2只A型、3只B型猕猴做为实验对象 ,以基因重组的α 半乳糖苷酶体外酶解猕猴类人B型血抗原 ,并回输到A型猕猴体内 ,测定红细胞脆性、自身溶血率、胆固醇、高铁血红蛋白、乙酰胆碱脂酶、ATP等红细胞的结构功能指标。结果 经α 半乳糖苷酶酶解后 ,猕猴红细胞胞膜完整、携氧能力正常 ,酶解后的“通用”型血回输给受体猕猴无任何输血反应发生。结论 α 半乳糖苷酶酶解对于猕猴红细胞的形态、结构、功能无不良影响 ,且在实验动物体内是安全的。 相似文献
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【目的】建立采用3,5-二硝基水杨酸(DNS)法快速测定柚皮苷水解率的方法,并利用该方法对柚苷酶催化水解柚皮苷生成柚皮素的反应过程进行优化研究。【方法】利用棘孢曲霉JMUdb058发酵得到的柚苷酶催化水解柚皮苷,采用DNS法对柚皮苷酶解过程中还原糖的生成量进行分析,经过换算得到柚皮苷的水解率,并在此基础上通过单因素实验优化柚皮苷的酶解过程。【结果】在柚皮苷的水解过程中,还原糖的生成量与柚皮苷的水解量及柚皮素的生成量均呈现出良好的线性关系,因此可利用DNS法测定体系中还原糖的生成量,并通过换算得到柚皮素的生成量。利用该方法优化柚皮苷的酶解过程得到柚苷酶转化柚皮苷的最适温度为50°C、pH为5.0、酶用量为8 U/mL、底物浓度为0.2 g/100 mL。在此条件下,柚皮苷酶解150 min后可达到平衡,此时其水解率为85%。通过Lineweaver-Burk双倒数作图法测得Km为 相似文献
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中国数字化可视人体鞍上池的横断面解剖与CT、MRI对照研究 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
目的:探讨鞍上池在中国数字化可视人体(Chinese visible human,CVH)与CT、MRI上的横断面解剖形态学表现。方法:选择做64层螺旋CT和MRI头部检查的健康志愿者各60例,获得5mm层厚横断面图像。从第2例中国数字化可视人体数据集中选取与CT、MRI相对应层面的头部薄层连续横断面标本图像,对照观察鞍上池在CVH、MRI与CT图像上的正常解剖形态、毗邻及内部结构。结果:CVH图像上,鞍上池表现为六角形和五角形两种形状。CVH薄层横断面图像能连续、清晰地显示鞍上池的正常形态、毗邻及内部结构。60例CT及MRI图像上,鞍上池全部显示,但解剖结构均不及CVH清晰。鞍上池在CT、MRI横断面图像上形状变化更大,以六角形最多,五角形次之,四角形最少,相应毗邻及内部结构也有所不同。六角形鞍上池在CVH、CT、MRI上有良好的对应关系,五角形鞍上池部分相匹配,CVH图像上无四角形鞍上池。结论:通过与CT、MRI进行对照研究,中国数字化可视人体能为颅脑疾病的影像识别和诊断提供断层解剖学依据。 相似文献
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Human liver mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase: three-dimensional structure and the restoration of solubility and activity of chimeric forms 下载免费PDF全文
Ni L Zhou J Hurley TD Weiner H 《Protein science : a publication of the Protein Society》1999,8(12):2784-2790
Human liver cytosolic and mitochondrial isozymes of aldehyde dehydrogenase share 70% sequence identity. However, the first 21 residues are not conserved between the human isozymes (15% identity). The three-dimensional structures of the beef mitochondrial and sheep cytosolic forms have virtually identical three-dimensional structures. Here, we solved the structure of the human mitochondrial enzyme and found it to be identical to the beef enzyme. The first 21 residues are found on the surface of the enzyme and make no contact with other subunits in the tetramer. A pair of chimeric enzymes between the human isozymes was made. Each chimera had the first 21 residues from one isozyme and the remaining 479 from the other. When the first 21 residues were from the mitochondrial isozyme, an enzyme with cytosolic-like properties was produced. The other was expressed but was insoluble. It was possible to restore solubility and activity to the chimera that had the first 21 cytosolic residues fused to the mitochondrial ones by making point mutations to residues at the N-terminal end. When residue 19 was changed from tyrosine to a cysteine, the residue found in the mitochondrial form, an active enzyme could be made though the Km for NAD+ was 35 times higher than the native mitochondrial isozyme and the specific activity was reduced by 75%. This residue interacts with residue 203, a nonconserved, nonactive site residue. A mutation of residue 18, which also interacts with 203, restored solubility, but not activity. Mutation to residue 15, which interacts with 104, also restored solubility but not activity. It appears that to have a soluble or active enzyme a favorable interaction must occur between a residue in a surface loop and a residue elsewhere in the molecule even though neither make contact with the active site region of the enzyme. 相似文献
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The poly(A) site sequence in HDV RNA alters both extent and rate of self-cleavage of the antigenomic ribozyme 下载免费PDF全文
The ribozyme self-cleavage site in the antigenomic sequence of hepatitis delta virus (HDV) RNA is 33-nt downstream of the poly(A) site for the delta antigen mRNA. An HDV antigenomic ribozyme precursor RNA that included the upstream poly(A) processing site was used to test the hypothesis that nonribozyme sequence near the poly(A) site could affect ribozyme activity. Relative to ribozyme precursor without the extra upstream sequences, the kinetic profile for self-cleavage of the longer precursor was altered in two ways. First, only half of the precursor RNA self-cleaved. The cleaved fraction could be increased or decreased with mutations in the upstream sequence. These mutations, which were predicted to alter the relative stability of competing secondary structures within the precursor, changed the distribution of alternative RNA structures that are resolved in native-gel electrophoresis. Second, the active fraction cleaved with an observed rate constant that was higher than that of the ribozyme without the upstream sequences. Moreover, the higher rate constants occurred at lower, near-physiological, divalent metal ion concentrations (1–2 mM). Modulation of ribozyme activity, through competing alternative structures, could be part of a mechanism that allows a biologically significant choice between maturation of the mRNA and processing of replication intermediates. 相似文献
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Structural insights into rice BGlu1 beta-glucosidase oligosaccharide hydrolysis and transglycosylation 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Chuenchor W Pengthaisong S Robinson RC Yuvaniyama J Oonanant W Bevan DR Esen A Chen CJ Opassiri R Svasti J Cairns JR 《Journal of molecular biology》2008,377(4):1200-1215
The structures of rice BGlu1 β-glucosidase, a plant β-glucosidase active in hydrolyzing cell wall-derived oligosaccharides, and its covalent intermediate with 2-deoxy-2-fluoroglucoside have been solved at 2.2 Å and 1.55 Å resolution, respectively. The structures were similar to the known structures of other glycosyl hydrolase family 1 (GH1) β-glucosidases, but showed several differences in the loops around the active site, which lead to an open active site with a narrow slot at the bottom, compatible with the hydrolysis of long β-1,4-linked oligosaccharides. Though this active site structure is somewhat similar to that of the Paenibacillus polymyxa β-glucosidase B, which hydrolyzes similar oligosaccharides, molecular docking studies indicate that the residues interacting with the substrate beyond the conserved -1 site are completely different, reflecting the independent evolution of plant and microbial GH1 exo-β-glucanase/β-glucosidases. The complex with the 2-fluoroglucoside included a glycerol molecule, which appears to be in a position to make a nucleophilic attack on the anomeric carbon in a transglycosylation reaction. The coordination of the hydroxyl groups suggests that sugars are positioned as acceptors for transglycosylation by their interactions with E176, the catalytic acid/base, and Y131, which is conserved in barley BGQ60/β-II β-glucosidase, that has oligosaccharide hydrolysis and transglycosylation activity similar to rice BGlu1. As the rice and barley enzymes have different preferences for cellobiose and cellotriose, residues that appeared to interact with docked oligosaccharides were mutated to those of the barley enzyme to see if the relative activities of rice BGlu1 toward these substrates could be changed to those of BGQ60. Although no single residue appeared to be responsible for these differences, I179, N190 and N245 did appear to interact with the substrates. 相似文献
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Glycosphingolipids were shown to persist in human fecal excretions from birth up 2 years of age. The pattern of glycosphingolipids was dependent on blood group and secretor status of the child and changed dramatically during the first months of life. Perinatally cerebroside, hematoside and blood group active fucolipids were dominating among fecal glycolipids. From the time of weaning lactosylceramide abruptly became and then persisted as a dominating glycolipid although cerebroside, complex gangliosides and blood group active fucolipids could still be detected in feces even at 2 years of age. 相似文献
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微生物发酵中草药的研究现状 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
中草药作为天然传统药物,具有纯天然、无药残、无抗药性和毒副作用小等特点,在临床医疗和日常保健中被广泛使用。微生物发酵中草药过程中,中草药经微生物产生的酶作用后,细胞壁中的纤维素、木质素等物质被降解,其活性成分得以释放;中草药活性成分酶解为小分子物质,增强药效以利于机体消化吸收。部分中草药经发酵可以降低其毒性,减少毒副作用,甚至产生新活性物质。同时中草药中的某些成分可促进微生物的生长繁殖,由此可见中草药与微生物协同作用、相辅相成。本文从发酵中草药的优势、常用微生物、应用现状、存在的问题和关键因素等方面进行综述,并对中草药发酵的应用前景进行展望。相信随着发酵技术的成熟和中草药的现代化发展,微生物发酵中草药将具有更广阔的发展潜力和应用价值。 相似文献
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Functional and crystal structure analysis of active site adaptations of a potent anti-angiogenic human tRNA synthetase 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Yang XL Guo M Kapoor M Ewalt KL Otero FJ Skene RJ McRee DE Schimmel P 《Structure (London, England : 1993)》2007,15(7):793-805
Higher eukaryote tRNA synthetases have expanded functions that come from enlarged, more differentiated structures that were adapted to fit aminoacylation function. How those adaptations affect catalytic mechanisms is not known. Presented here is the structure of a catalytically active natural splice variant of human tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase (TrpRS) that is a potent angiostatic factor. This and related structures suggest that a eukaryote-specific N-terminal extension of the core enzyme changed substrate recognition by forming an active site cap. At the junction of the extension and core catalytic unit, an arginine is recruited to replace a missing landmark lysine almost 200 residues away. Mutagenesis, rapid kinetic, and substrate binding studies support the functional significance of the cap and arginine recruitment. Thus, the enzyme function of human TrpRS has switched more to the N terminus of the sequence. This switch has the effect of creating selective pressure to retain the N-terminal extension for functional expansion. 相似文献
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Growth of normal human mammary cells in culture 总被引:27,自引:0,他引:27
M. Stampfer R. C. Hallowes A. J. Hackett 《In vitro cellular & developmental biology. Plant》1980,16(5):415-425
Summary Reduction mammoplasty tissue was used to obtain short-term cultures of human epithelial cell populations. Digestion of tissue
with collagenase and hyaluronidase resulted in cell clusters (organoids) resembling ductal and alveolar structures; these
could be separated by filtration from the stromal components. Epithelial outgrowth from these organoids was greatly enhanced
by the addition of conditioned medium from other human epithelial and myoepithelial cell lines. Additionally, the mammary
epithelial growth was stimulated by insulin, hydrocortisone, epidermal growth factor, and steroid hormones. With this enriched
nutritional environment, active cell division could be maintained for 1 to 3 months and cells could be serially subcultured
1 to 4 times.
This research was supported by Grant PDT-72 from the American Cancer Society and Grant CP-70510 from the National Institutes
of Health. 相似文献
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《Protein science : a publication of the Protein Society》2018,27(8):1498-1508
Carbohydrate hydrolyzing α‐glucosidases are commonly found in microorganisms present in the human intestine microbiome. We have previously reported crystal structures of an α‐glucosidase from the human gut bacterium Blaubia (Ruminococcus) obeum (Ro‐αG1) and its substrate preference/specificity switch. This novel member of the GH31 family is a structural homolog of human intestinal maltase‐glucoamylase (MGAM) and sucrase–isomaltase (SI) with a highly conserved active site that is predicted to be common in Ro‐αG1 homologs among other species that colonize the human gut. In this report, we present structures of Ro‐αG1 in complex with the antidiabetic α‐glucosidase inhibitors voglibose, miglitol, and acarbose and supporting binding data. The in vitro binding of these antidiabetic drugs to Ro‐αG1 suggests the potential for unintended in vivo crossreaction of the α‐glucosidase inhibitors to bacterial α‐glucosidases that are present in gut microorganism communities. Moreover, analysis of these drug‐bound enzyme structures could benefit further antidiabetic drug development. 相似文献