甲真菌病的中西医治疗进展

<正>1甲真菌病的病因引起甲真菌病的真菌多为皮肤癣菌、霉菌及酵母菌等。由皮肤癣菌引起的甲真菌病又称为甲癣。皮肤癣菌主要分为毛癣菌属和小孢子菌属和表皮癣菌属,以毛癣菌属最常见^[1]。2甲真菌病的中医认识2.1 病因病机中医称之为“灰指/趾甲”,认为“肝其华在爪”,甲之华乃肝之气所生,甲之病与肝密切相关,但对其病因病机各家认识不一。单敏洁等^[2]认为此病是虫淫侵蚀肌肤、甲板所致;杨文喜^[3]认为本病发病责之脾肾阳虚,腠理不密,     

637例甲真菌病临床类型及致病真菌分析

目的了解637例甲真菌病患者的临床分类、致病真菌菌种构成及其分布。方法按甲真菌病诊断标准收集近3a来637例真菌培养阳性甲真菌病患者并临床分类,按真菌学分类标准诊断致病菌种类,分析各菌种在临床病种、年龄段、性别等的分布。结果临床分型以远端侧位甲下型为主(72.06%)。菌种构成为皮肤癣菌占69.39%、酵母菌占18.68%、非皮肤癣菌霉菌占11.93%。皮肤癣菌中红色毛癣菌353株(79.86%),酵母菌中白念珠菌67株(56.30%),非皮肤癣菌中以青霉和曲霉为主。致病菌种的分布在不同年龄段及性别间存在差异,但均以皮肤癣菌为主。结论甲真菌病的临床类型以远端侧位甲下型为主,红色毛癣菌为优势致病菌。     

甲真菌病治疗失败的原因与对策

甲真菌病是真菌引起的指（趾）甲感染,病原菌包括皮肤癣菌、酵母菌（主要是念珠菌）和霉菌,在2002～2004年对中国部分地区甲真菌病的致病菌调查研究表明,皮肤癣菌感染占甲真菌病的66．4％-67．9％,多数为红色毛癣菌和须癣毛癣菌 。甲真菌病约占浅部真菌病的30％,     

汕头地区甲真菌病病原菌流行病学研究

目的了解近年来汕头地区甲真菌病病原菌的种类和构成情况,掌握流行病学资料。方法对2005年12月～2008年12月间来我院皮肤科就诊的214例甲真菌病患者进行病甲标本真菌学检查和分析。结果214例患者分离出163株致病菌。酵母菌居首位,占53．99％,其中自念珠菌占22．09％,近平滑念珠菌占17．18％,热带念珠菌占6．75％,其他酵母菌占7．97％;皮肤癣菌居第2位,占37．42％,其中红色毛癣菌占23．93％,须癣毛癣菌占12．27％,断发毛癣菌占1．23％;霉菌居第3位,占8．59％,以曲霉和青霉为主,分别占3．07％和2．45％。结论汕头地区近年来甲真菌病病原菌为酵母菌、皮肤癣菌和霉菌,其中以红色毛癣菌、白念珠菌、近平滑念珠菌和须癣毛癣菌最常见。     

安康地区1000例甲真菌病病原菌分析

甲真菌病是由皮肤癣菌、酵母和霉菌侵犯甲板和（或）甲下组织引起的病变,而甲癣是特指皮肤癣菌所致的甲感染。安康地区位于秦岭以南的大巴山区,汉江穿流而过,气候温暖潮湿多雨,是真菌性皮肤病发病率较高的地区,为了解安康地区甲真菌病的病原菌种类和构成情况,我们筛选了安康地区9县1区提供的1000例甲真菌病镜检阳性患者,采用统一多点培养法进行致病菌调查,现将结果报告如下。     

国内多中心甲真菌病病原菌流行病学调查

目的了解国内甲真菌病病原菌的种类和构成情况,掌握流行病学资料。方法对真菌镜检阳性的1 428例甲真菌病患者进行真菌培养和临床分析。结果真菌培养阳性率为53.9%,分离出病原菌800株。其中皮肤癣菌占84.0%,以红色毛癣菌为主(80.9%),其次为指(趾)间毛癣菌和絮状表皮癣菌。酵母菌占11.4%,以念珠菌属为主(10.1%),尤以近平滑念珠菌为主,其次为白念珠菌和热带念珠菌。其他霉菌占4.6%,以枝顶孢霉为主(2.3%),其次曲霉属、青霉属、毛壳菌属、镰刀菌属和帚霉属等。结论本研究显示甲真菌病病原菌以皮肤癣菌为主,其次为酵母菌和霉菌。     

PCR快速诊断甲真菌病的初步探讨

甲真菌病是皮肤科的常见病和多发病,致病菌包括皮肤癣菌、酵母菌(主要是念珠菌)和非皮肤癣菌的霉菌.系统用药是治疗甲真菌病的主要方法,其疗程较长,费用较高,加之药物潜在的不良反应,因此,正确诊断对甲真菌病的治疗具有重要意义.     

南京地区734例甲真菌病临床及致病菌分析CSCD

甲真菌病是由皮肤癣菌、酵母菌和非皮肤癣菌性霉菌,侵犯甲板和/或甲床所致的病变。其中由皮肤癣菌引起的甲真菌病又称为甲癣。甲真菌病的发病率占自然人群的2%~18%[1]。在真菌镜检的基础上再做真菌培养,明确病原菌的种类,将为药物选择带来较明确的方向。     

82株甲真菌病致病菌分布及药敏结果分析

<正>甲真菌病是甲及其周围组织的真菌感染,是皮肤科最常见的甲病,占甲病的50%。致病真菌包括皮肤癣菌、念珠菌等酵母菌及非皮肤癣菌性霉菌等。其中,红色毛癣菌是最常见的致病菌,约占90%~([1])。本文对我院2014年11月~2015年1月皮肤科门诊甲真菌病患者的菌种分布和体外药敏试验做一回顾性分析,为临床诊断治疗提供用药依据。1资料与方法     

805例甲真菌病真菌培养结果分析

目的了解近年来我院甲真菌病病原菌的种类和构成分布情况,并研究其流行病学特点。方法收集2008年6月-2012年11月间我院皮肤科实验室甲真菌病患者病甲真菌学培养阳性的病例并进行分析。结果共收集到805例病甲真菌培养阳性的甲真菌病病例。酵母菌407株,占50．55％,皮肤癣菌385株,占47．95％,霉菌13株,占1．61％。不同年龄段的甲真菌病患者的菌属分布存在差异。结论我院近年来甲真菌病病原菌最常见为酵母菌,其次为皮肤癣菌和霉菌。年龄是影响菌属分布的重要因素。     

Pathogenic Dermatophytes Survive in Nail Lesions During Oral Terbinafine Treatment for Tinea Unguium

Tinea unguium caused by dermatophyte species are usually treated with oral antimycotic, terbinafine (TBF). To understand the mechanisms of improvement and recalcitrance of tinea unguium by oral TBF treatment, a method of quantifying dermatophyte viability in the nail was developed, and the viability of dermatophytes was analyzed in toenail lesions of 14 patients with KOH-positive tinea unguium treated with oral TBF 125 mg/day for up to 16 weeks. Mycological tests, including KOH examination and fungal culture, and targeted quantitative real-time PCR for internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region, including rRNA, were demonstrated at the initial visit and after 8 and 16 weeks of treatment. Assays in eight patients showed that average ITS DNA amount significantly decreased, to 44% at 8 weeks and 36% at 16 weeks compared with 100% at initial visit. No significant difference was observed between at 8 and 16 weeks, despite the TBF concentration in the nail supposedly more than 10-fold higher than the minimum fungicidal concentration for dermatophytes. This finding suggests the pathogenic dermatophytes in nail lesions could survive in a dormant form, such as arthroconidia, during oral TBF treatment. Both antimycotic activity and nail growth are important factors in treatment of tinea unguium.     

Incidence of dermatophytosis in Jordan with special reference to tinea capitis

Clinical data on 1068 cases of dermatophytosis as well as mycological data on 382 of these cases seen from March 1983 to September 1984 are reported. Tinea cruris was present in 34.1%, with Trichophyton rubrum and Epidermophyton floccosum isolated from 31% and 25% respectively. Tinea corporis was found in 17.9% of all patients of dermatophytosis with T. tonsurans responsible in 30.8%. Tinea pedis and Tinea unguium were present in 7.2% and 2% respectively, T. rubrum being the main causative agent; nail involvement was present in 27.3% of these cases. Tinea capitis was observed in 38.7% of 1068 dermatophytosis cases with T. violaceum and M. canis causing 48% and 32% of all T.C. cases respectively.The dermatophytic flora of the West Bank of Jordan apparently comprises about 14 dermatophytes, T. violaceum being the predominant agent of infection (in more than 34%). Other most common agents found in this survey were M. canis, T. rubrum, E. floccosum, T. schoenleini, T. tonsurans, and T. mentagrophytes.Formerly Assistant Professor at the Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Jordan, Amman     

Dermatophytes

Dermatophytes are keratinophilic fungi that are responsible for common infections such as tinea pedis, tinea capitis, and tinea unguium. Their wide prevalence is mainly due to the existence of large human and animal reservoirs coupled with their ease of transmission from one host to another and their high inherent resistance to harsh environmental conditions. Although normally noninvasive, dermatophytic infections may rarely disseminate, particularly in immunocompromised hosts. In spite of the multitude of options now available for the diagnosis and treatment of dermatophytic infection, certain forms, such tinea unguium, are often challenging to manage.     

Tinea unguium in the north-west of Iran (1996-2004)

Tinea unguium is a common mycosis in many part of the world including Iran. The prevalence of this mycosis varied depending on time, health level and geographical location. To stabilise the etiological, epidemiological and risk factors of tinea unguium in North-west Iran, a study of patients with suspected dermatophyte infections of their nails was carried out between 1996 and 2004. During this study 590 (354 females and 236 males) patients with clinical presentation of fungal infection in fingernails, toenails or in the both sites, were investigated using direct microscopy and culture of clinical samples. Tinea unguium was documented in 41 cases (7%) and among positive cases, 16 cases (39% total positive cases) were female and 25 cases (61% total positive cases) were male. Seventeen patients (41% total positive cases) had tinea unguium in their finger nails and 24 patients (59% total positive cases) had infection in their toe nails. According to the isolated etiologic agent, 66% (19 cases) of tinea unguium infections were caused by zoophilic drematophytes, 31% (9 cases) were caused by anthropophilic drematophytes and 3% (1 case) were caused by geophilic dermatophytes. With regard of sex, tinea unguium did not show a significant difference. The highest prevalence of tinea unguium was found in patients between 11 and 40 years of age. In conclusion the current results identified the etiological agents and epidemiological aspects of tinea unguium in North-west Iran. Tinea unguium in this region is associated with animal husbandry and direct or indirect contact with their products (wool, leather).     

甲癣局部用药体外药效实验方法研究进展

甲真菌病是皮肤科的常见病,是由皮肤癣菌、酵母菌和非皮肤癣菌性霉菌侵犯甲板和(或)甲床所致的病变,其中由皮肤癣菌感染引起的甲真菌病称为甲癣。人甲板中角蛋白硬、厚且致密,从而形成一个完美屏障。针对甲板的特殊解剖结构,需要局部治疗药物具备穿透指甲屏障,体现高活性抗皮肤癣菌的特质。目前,甲癣的局部用药体外药效学研究没有统一的标准,缺乏指导依据。本文查阅近年来文献报道,综述甲癣局部治疗药物的体外药敏实验、药物与甲板内角蛋白亲和力实验以及药物在甲板内的渗透等,并阐述上述实验方法的模型选择、方式方法及方法间的比较,以推荐适合化合物筛选的方法。     

New data on the epidemiology of Tinea cruris in Israel

Among 250 patients with tinea cruris (160 males, 90 females) lesions of both tinea pedis and tinea unguium were found in 221 and lesions of only tinea pedis in another 25. The four children were free of associated dermatophytic lesions. The predominant causative agent was T. rubrum, which was also found to be responsible for the hairy area invasion of the beard and pubis in 12 patients and for the widespread lesions of tinea corporis in 10 patients with lymphoma. None of these patients had noticed the discrete nail and foot involvement. It is therefore recommended that all patients with tinea cruris be subjected to careful examination of all possible mycotic foci, particularly the feet and nails.     

Clinical and epidemiological study in an AIDS patient with Microsporum gypseum infection

A 37 years old homosexual male with AIDS was diagnosed as having Tinea cruris and Tinea corporis. The patient was a garden designer and therefore he used to handle soil very often. Microsporum gypseum was identified on cultures from skin-scrapings and biopsy material taken from different cutaneous lesion. The same species was isolated from samples of soil the patient used to work with. The clinical history of the patient and its epidemiological aspects were deeply studied by the authors. We stress the value of identifying possible sources of dermatophytic infections in order to give advice to patients.     

Epidemiology of Dermatophytoses in an Area South of Tehran,Iran

Dermatophyte infections have been considered to be a major public health problem in many parts of the world. The aim of this study was to identify the etiological and epidemiological factors of dermatophyte infections in an area south of Tehran. A total of 1254 patients suspected to have dermatophytic lesions were examined over a period of three years (1999-2001). Material collected from skin, hair, and nails was submitted to direct microscopic examination using KOH, cultured in Sabouraud dextrose agar and microscopically examined for colony morphology, in order to the identify the 169 dermatophytes isolated. The prevalence of dermatophytoses was 13.5% (95% CI: 11.7-15.5%). Their incidence was 10.6 per 100,000 person-years (95% CI: 8.5-13.2). Epiderophyton floccosum was the most frequent dermatophyte isolated (31.4%) followed by Trichophyton rubrum (18.3%), T. mentegrophytes (17.2%), T. violaceum (16.6%), Microsporum canis (6.5%), T. verrucosum (4.7%) and M. gypseum (4.1%). Epidermophytes floccosum was found to be the most common isolated dermatophyte in age groups 20-29 (30.2%). Tinea corporis (31.4%) was the most common type of infection, followed by tinea cruris (20.7%), tinea manuum (15.4%), tinea capitis (12.4%), tinea pedis (10.6%), tinea faciei (7.1%), and tinea unguium (2.4%). The frequency rate of all of the types of tinea was higher in males than in females. The anthrophilic species E. floccosum was the most common dermatophyte as a causative agent of tinea. The most prevalent fungal infection was tinea corporis caused by E. floccosum.     

Fungal infections of the nails in Western Australia

Between 1963 and 1972, 986 fungi were isolated from the nails of patients in Western Australia. Three clinical types of infections in both finger and toe nails were studied. All 3 types occurred more commonly in adults over the age of 20. Multiple infections were relatively frequent. Two hundred and fourteen of the nail infections were caused by dermatophyte fungi.Trichophyton rubrum was the predominant aetiologic agent isolated from both finger and toe nails,T. mentagrophytes and other dermatophytes were involved to a lesser degree. Paronychia of the finger nails was common and mainly caused byC. albicans. Aspergillus species were the most frequent fungi grown from superficial white onychomycosis.     

Onychomycosis in Rome,Italy

This report presents the results of a study conducted between 1985 and 1994 on onychomycosis observed in the city of Rome. Six thousand six hundred and eighty eight patients were examined during this period. Among them 1,762 (26.3%) were affected by fungal nail infections. Because the etiologic agents could not be isolated in 105 cases (6%), the results refer to 1,657 subjects (24.8% of the total), presenting with positive microscopic and cultural examinations. Thirty eight patients (2.3%) had onychomycosis of both their hands and feet.From an etiological point of view, 59.1% of the nail infections were caused by yeasts, 23.2% were infected with dermatophytes and 17.6% by non-dermatophytic fungi. The etiology of onychomycosis of the hands differed from that of the feet. Yeasts were primarily responsible for onychomycosis of the hands (86.2%), while dermatophytes caused tinea unguium peduum (48%). Fungal fingernail infections by Candida spp. were the most common (50.3%), followed by those of the feet by dermatophytes (20%). Candida albicans was responsible for 70.6% of the hand infections but for only 15.9% of those of the feet. Trichophyton rubrum and T mentagrophytes were the most common dermatophytes, mainly causing toenail infections (23.4% and 21%, respectively), while Aspergillus spp., Scopulariopsis brevicaulis, Acremonium spp. and Aspergillus niger were the most common non-dermatophytes observed.With regard to sex, the fungal nail infections were more widespread in women (72.1%) and in subjects of both sexes over the age of 50.