重组人PCNA突变体的克隆与稳定表达

目的:构建重组人PCNA突变体(mutant PCNA,mPCNA)的真核表达质粒,并建立稳定高表达该目的蛋白的宫颈癌细胞系Hela.为进一步研究PCNA在DNA损伤修复中重要的生物学功能奠定基础.方法:将舍有定点突变的PCNA cDNA序列克隆到T载体中,然后再亚克隆到真核表达栽体pCDNA3.1/V5-His A上,构建真核表达载体质粒pCDNA3.1/V5-His A-mPCNA,稳定转染到Hela细胞中;Western Blotting法检测蛋白的表达情况;白细胞记数法测定细胞的生长速率.结果:真核表达质粒pCDNA3.1/V5-His A-mPCNA经酶切、测序分析与实验设计的序列完全一致;稳定建系后,Western Blotting结果显示在相应位置可见清楚的目的条带;稳定高表达mPCNA的细胞系与野生型细胞相比两者的生长速率基本一致.结论:成功构建了真核表达质粒pCDNA3.1/V5-His A-mPCNA;建立了稳定高表达该突变体的Hela细胞系;PCNA突变体的高表达不影响Hela细胞的正常生长.     

抑制eIF3I蛋白的泛素化降解促进人宫颈癌细胞增殖

目的:研究eIF3I蛋白在细胞中的泛素化修饰,阐明其对人宫颈癌细胞系Hela增殖的影响.方法:通过点突变技术获得突变体K282R,与野生型eIF3I比较泛素化的水平,研究细胞内的泛素化修饰调控.经流式细胞仪分析细胞周期,研究野生型蛋白eIF3I和突变体K282R对Hela细胞的细胞周期影响.再从周期蛋白水平研究eIF3I对细胞增殖的调控作用.结果:突变体K282R比野生型eIF3I蛋白的外源表达量大.在Hela细胞中K282R突变体的泛素化水平低,抑制了该蛋白的泛素-蛋白酶体途径降解.过表达eIF3I能上调周期蛋白Cyclin D1的表达量,促进细胞进入由G1期进入S期.同时,泛素化程度低的突变体K282R具有较强的促进细胞增殖的作用.结论:抑制eIF3I的泛素-蛋白酶体途径降解能上调周期蛋白CyclinD1的表达,促进肿瘤细胞增殖,提示eIF3I在细胞增殖和肿瘤发生发展中发挥作用.     

PCNA泛素化修饰对DNA损伤应答途径的调控

机体细胞在多种化学物质和内外环境不断攻击下会诱发DNA损伤。为了维持基因组的稳定性,细胞内拥有一系列完善而精确的细胞应答机制来保护基因组DNA的完整性。细胞首先通过DNA损伤检测点,然后通过一系列细胞信号转导通路,启动细胞周期阻滞,进而介导细胞修复或凋亡。大量研究表明泛素化作为一种重要的蛋白质翻译后修饰方式,参与调控了多种细胞生理过程。近期研究表明,DNA损伤导致复制应激可诱发PCNA的翻译后泛素化修饰,泛素化修饰的PCNA可能参与了多种DNA损伤应激过程,影响细胞选择不同的DNA损伤应答途径,导致细胞截然不同的转归。因此,更好地了解PCNA泛素化的作用及其影响DNA损伤应答通路可为我们更深入地了解人类细胞如何调控异常的DNA代谢过程和癌症的发生和发展机制提供依据。     

杨梅黄酮通过Wnt通路改善细胞因子诱导的胰岛β细胞功能障碍的实验研究

本文探讨杨梅黄酮对细胞因子诱导的胰岛β细胞功能障碍的影响及Wnt通路在其中的作用.MTT法检测细胞的存活率;放射免疫法检测RIN-m5fβ细胞在基础状态和高糖状态下胰岛素的分泌水平;Western blot法检测Wnt通路相关蛋白的表达情况.肿瘤坏死因子α、白介素1β和γ干扰素联合作用细胞48 h后,与空白对照组相比,细胞的存活率显著下降;基础状态下胰岛素的分泌量增加至空白对照组的2.45倍,而高糖刺激状态下胰岛素的分泌量减少至空白对照组的39.6%.Western blot结果显示,细胞因子处理后使Wnt通路相关蛋白的表达量下降.而杨梅黄酮作用后,与细胞因子组相比,可使细胞存活率上升.另外,20μmol/L杨梅黄酮可逆转细胞因子对胰岛素分泌的影响,使基础状态下胰岛素的分泌减少,高糖刺激状态下胰岛素分泌量显著增加.Western blot结果显示,杨梅黄酮提高了Wnt通路相关蛋白的表达水平.上述结果表明,细胞因子联合作用48 h能诱导RIN-m5f细胞功能障碍,杨梅黄酮干预后能减少这种细胞损伤,保护机制可能与其激活Wnt通路有关.     

稳定表达GFP-Parkin融合蛋白的SH-SY5Y细胞系的建立和功能初探

目的:建立稳定表达GFP-Parkin的SH-SY5Y细胞系,并检测Parkin对MPP~+引起的SH-SY5Y细胞损伤的保护作用。方法:将Parkin编码序列克隆到载体pEGFP-C1中,构建重组质粒pEGFP-Parkin,转染SH-SY5Y细胞,通过G418筛选,建立稳定表达GFP-Parkin的SH-SY5Y细胞系;荧光显微镜和Western印迹鉴定Parkin表达,MTT法检测Parkin对MPP~+致细胞损伤的保护作用。结果:酶切鉴定及测序结果表明重组质粒pEGFP-Parkin构建正确;荧光显微镜下可见细胞内有GFP-Parkin的融合表达,Western印迹检测发现相对分子质量79×103的蛋白条带;MTT结果显示Parkin能够减弱MPP~+对SH-SY5Y细胞的损伤,与对照组相比,存活率高约15%,差异显著(P0.05)。结论:构建了稳定表达GFP-Parkin的SH-SY5Y细胞系,为进一步研究Parkin的细胞保护作用和其他功能机制奠定了基础。     

蜗牛多肽混合物对过氧化氢诱导的SH-SY5Y细胞PCNA表达的影响

采用H2O2诱导人神经母细胞瘤细胞株(SH-SY5Y)细胞损伤,MTT法测定细胞存活率,不同浓度蜗牛多肽混合物(SPM)处理后,Hoechst染色检测细胞凋亡,细胞免疫化学技术和Western blot技术检测细胞PCNA的表达。结果发现1.54 mmol/L H2O2可诱导SH-SY5Y细胞凋亡,PCNA的表达明显降低。经用39 mg/L(SPM-L组)和156 mg/L(SPM-H组)浓度的SPM处理后,SH-SY5Y细胞凋亡明显减少(H2O2VS.SPM-L:58.39±8.67%VS.44.06±4.35%,P0.05;H2O2VS.SPM-H:58.39±8.67%VS.32.45±9.44%,P0.01),同时PCNA的表达呈浓度依赖性升高。提示SPM可抑制H2O2诱导的SH-SY5Y细胞凋亡,其作用机制可能与其增加细胞PCNA的表达有关。     

可诱导型敲低PICH的MDA-MB-231细胞系的构建及鉴定

目的:构建稳定表达可诱导型polo样激酶1相关检查点解旋酶(PICH)短发夹RNA(shRNA)的三阴乳腺癌细胞系MDA-MB-231,并通过检测加入诱导剂后细胞的增殖评价敲低效果。方法:设计并合成2条特异靶向PICH的shRNA序列,用分子克隆技术构建pLKO.1-tet-on-shPICH-Puromycin质粒,经菌落PCR及基因测序验证;慢病毒包装并感染细胞,通过抗性筛选获得嘌呤霉素抗性的细胞;经强力霉素(DOX)诱导表达后,Western印迹检测PICH的敲低效果,并通过MTT法对细胞增殖进行检测。结果:菌落PCR凝胶电泳及DNA测序结果显示pLKO.1-tet-on-shPICHPuromycin质粒构建成功;Western印迹结果表明,在DOX诱导下,MDA-MB-231细胞中的PICH蛋白质表达下降,表明可诱导型PICH稳定敲低细胞系构建成功;进一步实验结果显示,MDA-MB-231细胞的增殖随PICH的表达下调而受到显著抑制。结论:构建了可诱导稳定敲低PICH的三阴乳腺癌细胞系MDA-MB-231,为进一步研究PICH在三阴乳腺癌中的作用以及具体的分子机制奠定了实验基础。     

IQGAP1高表达抑制食管鳞癌细胞对顺铂化疗的敏感性

本文旨在研究含IQ模序的GTP酶激活蛋白1(IQ motif containing GTPase-activating protein 1,IQGAP1)过表达或基因干扰是否影响食管鳞癌细胞对顺铂化疗的敏感性。质粒转染构建IQGAP1高表达和基因干扰的稳定细胞系,并采用Western blot进行鉴定。然后,采用不同浓度(2.5μmol/L、5μmol/L、10μmol/L、20μmol/L、40μmol/L)的顺铂处理细胞,通过3-(4,5-二甲基-2-噻唑)-2,5-二苯基溴化四氮唑噻唑蓝[3-(4,5-Dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide,MTT]法检测IQGAP1高表达、IQGAP1基因干扰和相应对照细胞的活力,通过4′,6-二脒基-2-苯基吲哚(4′,6-Diamidino-2-phenylindole,DAPI)染色和流式细胞技术检测细胞凋亡率,Western blot检测凋亡相关蛋白的表达。结果显示,IQGAP1高表达和基因干扰的稳定细胞系成功建立。在不同浓度的顺铂处理后,MTT结果表明,IQGAP1...     

人表皮角质形成细胞自噬功能细胞模型的构建及鉴定

目的: 建立稳定表达GFP-LC3的人永生化角质形成细胞HaCaT细胞系。方法: 将构建的pcDNA3.1-GFP-LC3 真核表达载体转入HaCaT细胞,经G418筛选稳定表达的细胞系。HaCaT细胞中GFP-LC3的表达分别用荧光显微镜与Western blot方法检测,并利用该稳定表达的细胞系观察验证Rapamycin对细胞发生自噬透射电镜超微结构的变化。结果: 获得了3株转染并经G418反复筛选的HaCaT细胞系,在倒置荧光显微镜下观察可见绿色荧光细胞的表达率在95% 以上,Western blot结果证实了GFP-LC3融合蛋白的表达。Western blot和激光共聚焦显微镜均证明Rapamycin可以诱导自噬的发生。透射电镜细胞超微结构的观察表明Rapamycin可以有效地诱导HaCaT-LC3细胞自噬的发生。结论: 成功构建GFP-LC3稳定表达的HaCaT系,该细胞系可以作为研究人角质形成细胞自噬功能的一种细胞模型。     

细胞色素C在apoptin诱导宫颈癌Hela细胞凋亡中的作用

目的研究肿瘤特异性凋亡基因（apoptin）在诱导Hela细胞凋亡中的信号转导机制。方法用含有apoptin基因的真核表达载体瞬间转染体外培养的Hela细胞;采用MTT法检测Hela细胞的凋亡;以比色法检测caspase-8和caspase-3的相对活性;Western blotting检测凋亡细胞中细胞色素C的表达量。结果 MTT法证明ap-optin基因瞬间转染的Hela细胞凋亡率明显高于其他各组（P〈0.01）;caspase-3的活性升高,但caspase-8活性没有明显变化;细胞色素C释放量明显增多。结论 Apoptin基因可能通过促进线粒体释放细胞色素C激活caspase-3,进而诱导Hela细胞凋亡。     

Proliferation dependence of topoisomerase II mediated drug action

Topoisomerase II mediated DNA scission induced by both a nonintercalating agent [4'-demethylepipodophyllotoxin 4-(4,6-O-ethylidene-beta-D-glucopyranoside) (VP-16)] and an intercalator [4'-(9-acridinylamino) methanesulfon-m-anisidide (m-AMSA)] was studied as a function of proliferation in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO), HeLa, and mouse leukemia L1210 cell lines. Log-phase CHO cells exhibited dose-dependent drug-induced DNA breaks, while plateau cells were found to be resistant to the effects of VP-16 and m-AMSA. Neither decreased viability nor altered drug uptake accounted for the drug resistance of these confluent cells. In contrast to CHO cells, plateau-phase HeLa and L1210 cells remained sensitive to VP-16 and m-AMSA. Recovery of drug sensitivity by plateau-phase CHO cells was found to reach a maximum approximately 18 h after these cells regained exponential growth and was independent of DNA synthesis. DNA strand break frequency correlated with cytotoxicity in CHO cells; log cells demonstrated an inverse log linear relationship between drug dose (or DNA damage) and colony survival, whereas plateau-derived colony survival was virtually unaffected by increasing drug dose. Topoisomerase II activity, whether determined by decatenation of kinetoplast DNA, by cleavage of pBR322 DNA, or by precipitation of the DNA-topoisomerase II complex, was uniformly severalfold greater in log-phase CHO cells compared to plateau-phase cells.     

PTIP/Swift is required for efficient PCNA ubiquitination in response to DNA damage

Monoubiquitination of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) enables translesion synthesis (TLS) by specialized DNA polymerases to replicate past damaged DNA. We have studied PCNA modification and chromatin recruitment of TLS polymerases in Xenopus egg extracts and mammalian cells. We show that Xenopus PCNA becomes ubiquitinated and sumoylated after replication stress induced by UV or aphidicolin. Under these conditions the TLS polymerase eta was recruited to chromatin and also became monoubiquitinated. PTIP/Swift is an adaptor protein for the ATM/ATR kinases. Immunodepletion of PTIP/Swift from Xenopus extracts prevented efficient PCNA ubiquitination and polymerase eta recruitment to chromatin during replicative stress. In addition to PCNA ubiquitination, efficient polymerase eta recruitment to chromatin also required ATR kinase activity. We also show that PTIP depletion from mammalian cells by RNAi reduced PCNA ubiquitination in response to DNA damage, and also decreased the recruitment to chromatin of polymerase eta and the recombination protein Rad51. Our results suggest that PTIP/Swift is an important new regulator of DNA damage avoidance in metazoans.     

A role for PCNA ubiquitination in immunoglobulin hypermutation

Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) is a DNA polymerase cofactor and regulator of replication-linked functions. Upon DNA damage, yeast and vertebrate PCNA is modified at the conserved lysine K164 by ubiquitin, which mediates error-prone replication across lesions via translesion polymerases. We investigated the role of PCNA ubiquitination in variants of the DT40 B cell line that are mutant in K164 of PCNA or in Rad18, which is involved in PCNA ubiquitination. Remarkably, the PCNA^K164R mutation not only renders cells sensitive to DNA-damaging agents, but also strongly reduces activation induced deaminase-dependent single-nucleotide substitutions in the immunoglobulin light-chain locus. This is the first evidence, to our knowledge, that vertebrates exploit the PCNA-ubiquitin pathway for immunoglobulin hypermutation, most likely through the recruitment of error-prone DNA polymerases.     

The Histone H2A Deubiquitinase USP16 Interacts with HERC2 and Fine-tunes Cellular Response to DNA Damage

Histone ubiquitination at DNA double strand breaks facilitates the recruitment of downstream repair proteins; however, how the ubiquitination is dynamically regulated during repair and terminated after repair is not well understood. Here we report that the histone H2A deubiquitinase USP16 interacts with HERC2, fine-tunes the ubiquitin signal during repair, and importantly, is required for terminating the ubiquitination signal after repair. HERC2 interacts with the coiled-coil domain of USP16 through its C-terminal HECT domain. HERC2 knockdown affects the levels of ubiquitinated H2A through the action of USP16. In response to DNA damage, USP16 levels increase, and this increase is dependent on HERC2. Increased USP16 serves as a negative regulator for DNA damage-induced ubiquitin foci formation and affects downstream factor recruitment and DNA damage response. The functional significance of USP16 is further manifested in human Down syndrome patient cells, which contain three copies of USP16 genes and have altered cellular response to DNA damage. Finally, we demonstrated that USP16 could deubiquitinate both H2A Lys-119 and H2A Lys-15 ubiquitination in vitro. Therefore, this study identifies USP16 as a critical regulator of DNA damage response and H2A Lys-15 ubiquitination as a potential target of USP16.     

Epstein-Barr virus BPLF1 deubiquitinates PCNA and attenuates polymerase η recruitment to DNA damage sites

PCNA is monoubiquitinated in response to DNA damage and fork stalling and then initiates recruitment of specialized polymerases in the DNA damage tolerance pathway, translesion synthesis (TLS). Since PCNA is reported to associate with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) DNA during its replication, we investigated whether the EBV deubiquitinating (DUB) enzyme encoded by BPLF1 targets ubiquitinated PCNA and disrupts TLS. An N-terminal BPLF1 fragment (a BPLF1 construct containing the first 246 amino acids [BPLF1 1-246]) associated with PCNA and attenuated its ubiquitination in response to fork-stalling agents UV and hydroxyurea in cultured cells. Moreover, monoubiquitinated PCNA was deubiquitinated after incubation with purified BPLF1 1-246 in vitro. BPLF1 1-246 dysregulated TLS by reducing recruitment of the specialized repair polymerase polymerase η (Polη) to the detergent-resistant chromatin compartment and virtually abolished localization of Polη to nuclear repair foci, both hallmarks of TLS. Expression of BPLF1 1-246 decreased viability of UV-treated cells and led to cell death, presumably through deubiquitination of PCNA and the inability to repair damaged DNA. Importantly, deubiquitination of PCNA could be detected endogenously in EBV-infected cells in comparison with samples expressing short hairpin RNA (shRNA) against BPLF1. Further, the specificity of the interaction between BPLF1 and PCNA was dependent upon a PCNA-interacting peptide (PIP) domain within the N-terminal region of BPLF1. Both DUB activity and PIP sequence are conserved in the members of the family Herpesviridae. Thus, deubiquitination of PCNA, normally deubiquitinated by cellular USP1, by the viral DUB can disrupt repair of DNA damage by compromising recruitment of TLS polymerase to stalled replication forks. PCNA is the first cellular target identified for BPLF1 and its deubiquitinating activity.     

An evolutionarily conserved function of proliferating cell nuclear antigen for Cdt1 degradation by the Cul4-Ddb1 ubiquitin ligase in response to DNA damage

The DNA replication licensing factor Cdt1 is degraded by the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway during S phase of the cell cycle, to ensure one round of DNA replication during each cell division and in response to DNA damage to halt DNA replication. Constitutive expression of Cdt1 causes DNA re-replication and is associated with the development of a subset of human non-small cell-lung carcinomas. In mammalian cells, DNA damage-induced Cdt1 degradation is catalyzed by the Cul4-Ddb1-Roc1 E3 ubiquitin ligase. We report here that overexpression of the proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) inhibitory domain from the CDK inhibitors p21 and p57, but not the CDK-cyclin inhibitory domain, blocked Cdt1 degradation in cultured mammalian cells after UV irradiation. In vivo soluble Cdt1 and PCNA co-elute by gel filtration and associate with each other physically. Silencing PCNA in cultured mammalian cells or repression of pcn1 expression in fission yeast blocked Cdt1 degradation in response to DNA damage. Unexpectedly, deletion of Ddb1 in fission yeast cells also accumulated Cdt1 in the absence of DNA damage. We suggest that the Cul4-Ddb1 ligase evolved to ubiquitinate Cdt1 during normal cell growth as well as in response to DNA damage and a separate E3 ligase, possibly SCF(Skp2), evolved to either share or take over the function of Cdt1 ubiquitination during normal cell growth and that PCNA is involved in mediating Cdt1 degradation by the Cul4-Ddb1 ligase in response to DNA damage.     

Purification and characterization of an altered topoisomerase II from a drug-resistant Chinese hamster ovary cell line

The cytotoxicity and DNA damage induced by the epipodophyllotoxins and several intercalating agents appear to be mediated by DNA topoisomerase II. We have purified topoisomerase II to homogeneity both from an epipodophyllotoxin-resistant Chinese hamster ovary cell line, VpmR-5, and from the wild-type parental cell line. Immunoblots demonstrate similar topoisomerase II content in these two cell lines. The purified enzymes are dissimilar in that DNA cleavage by VpmR-5 topoisomerase II is not stimulated by VP-16 or m-AMSA. Furthermore, the VpmR-5 enzyme is unstable at 37 degrees C. Thus, the drug resistance of VpmR-5 cells appears to result from the presence of an altered topoisomerase II in these cells. Purified topoisomerase II from VPMR-5 and wild-type cells has the same monomeric molecular mass as well as equivalent catalytic activity with respect to decatenation of kinetoplast DNA. Etoposide (VP-16) inhibits the activity of both enzymes. Noncovalent DNA-enzyme complex formation, assayed by nitrocellulose filter binding, is also similar, as is protection from salt dissociation of this complex by ATP and VP-16. The data suggest a model in which the drug-resistant cell line, VpmR-5, has religation activity which is less affected by drug than that of the wild-type cells. Drug effect on DNA religation and catalytic activity are dissociated mechanistically. In addition, under certain circumstances, the "cleavable complex" observed following denaturation of a drug-stabilized DNA-enzyme complex may not adequately reflect the nature of the antecedent lesion.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)