医学生早期教育阶段综合能力培养之探索

现代医学模式要求医务工作者必须是高素质的人才。基础医学教育阶段是医学生培养过程中的基础环节和重要阶段,与临床教学阶段相比,基础教育阶段更有利于学生综合能力培养和开展素质教育。医学生综合能力的培养在医学教育中具有重要的地位,它的实现要靠教育者在教育教学的各个环节中主动施行,积极探讨医学生综合能力培养的有效实施途径和方法。我们课题组根据多年从事医学生人才培养的教育教学经验,针对医学生早期教育阶段的心理、生理、环境、知识结构特点,围绕综合能力培养这个核心课题,强化创新性人才培养,系统有序地按学生学习时间和课程进行各种能力的逐一培养,从学习能力,思维能力,观察能力,动手能力,合作能力,分析问题和解决问题能力,判断是非能力,语言表达能力,写作能力,创新开拓能力等,探索医学生早期教育阶段综合能力培养模式。     

Hormonal regulation of zona-binding ability and fertilizing ability of rat epididymal spermatozoa

Rat spermatozoa from the proximal caput, the proximal corpus, the middle corpus, and the distal cauda epididymidis were examined for their ability to bind to the zona pellucida after a 1-, 2.5-, or 4.5-h incubation at 34°C with rat eggs in cumulus. Caput spermatozoa did not bind to the zona after 1, 2.5, or 4.5 h of incubation. Corpus spermatozoa did bind to the zona, but the percentage of eggs with bound spermatozoa and number of bound spermatozoa per egg increased with the length of incubation. Cauda spermatozoa bound readily to the zona pellucida, and their zona binding ability did not change with longer incubations. It thus appears that rat spermatozoa gradually acquire the ability to bind to the zona pellucida in the corpus epididymidis. The zona-binding capacity of cold immobilized cauda spermatozoa, defined as the percentage of eggs with bound spermatozoa, increased with the number of spermatozoa incubated and reached a plateau characteristic of the endocrine status of the animal. After castration, zona-binding ability is progressively lost from day 3 until day 10 where it is nil. Testosterone supplementation maintains zona-binding ability to control levels. Similarly, fertilizing ability declines from day 5 after castration until day 10. Testosterone prevents this loss of fertilizing ability. It thus appears that the development of zona-binding ability during epididymal transit is, like the development of fertilizing ability, under androgen regulation. The close correlation between the onset of fertilizing ability and zona-binding ability during maturation, the loss of fertilizing ability and zona-binding ability after castration, and the recovery of both fertilizing ability and zona-binding ability with testosterone treatment suggests that the androgen-dependent development of zona-binding ability is an important component of the acquisition of sperm fertilizing ability during epididymal transit.     

Consequences of differing competitive abilities between juvenile and adult plants

The competitive ability of perennial plants can change with life-stage, but whether these changes have fitness consequences is unknown. We present a simple model of two components of fitness, mortality and flowering rates, for two grassland species with very different patterns of competitive ability and life-stage. Achillea millefolium seedlings are poor competitors while the adults are good competitors. In contrast, Solidago missouriensis seedlings and adults have similar competitive ability. Models of the two species show that the overall effects of competition on growth are more important than interspecific differences in competitive ability in determining mortality and flowering rates, though the higher seedling competitive ability of S. missouriensis relative to A. millefolium seedlings does result in slightly lower mortality and higher flowering rates for the former species. Simulations where both average competitive ability and relative seedling and adult competitive ability are varied predict that dominant species with high overall competitive ability should experience no advantage or disadvantage from varying competitive ability through development. When overall competitive ability is moderate, the relative costs and benefits of differential competitive abilities among adults and seedlings are variable. High seedling competitive ability relative to adult competitive ability should be favored among species with low overall competitive ability. We predict that communities with high intensity of competition should have a high frequency of species with high seedling competitive ability, while communities with lower intensity of competition should have species with a wide range of relative seedling and adult competitive ability.     

A fitness cost of learning ability in Drosophila melanogaster

Maintenance of substantial genetic variation for learning ability in many animal populations suggests that learning ability has fitness costs, but there is little empirical evidence for them. In this paper, we demonstrate an evolutionary trade-off between learning ability and competitive ability in Drosophila melanogaster. We show that the evolution of an improved learning ability in replicated experimental fly populations has been consistently associated with a decline of larval competitive ability, compared with replicated control populations. The competitive ability was not affected by crossing of the replicate populations within each selection regime, excluding differential inbreeding as a potential confounding factor. Our results provide evidence for a constitutive fitness cost of learning ability, i.e. one that is paid irrespective of whether or not the learning ability is actually used.     

Teaching about Scientific Origins: Taking Account of Creationism

The purpose of this study was to develop a model for measuring experimental design ability based on functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) during biological inquiry. More specifically, the researchers developed an experimental design task that measures experimental design ability. Using the developed experimental design task, they measured both the paper experimental design ability and the fMRI experimental design ability of subjects. Subjects’ paper experimental design ability was measured using the quotient equation of experimental design ability, and their fMRI experimental design ability using the brain connectivity coefficient. According to the fMRI results, differences in design ability existed among subjects in terms of brain connectivity coefficient level during the experimental design task. The experimental design ability brain connectivity coefficient level and quotient for each subject were analysed. Statistically significant correlations between subjects’ connectivity strength level among brain activation regions and quotient value guided the establishment of a measuring model. The model measured experimental design ability and could predict an individual’s experimental design ability quotient using his or her brain connectivity coefficient. Hence, the model developed for this study for measuring experimental design ability based on fMRI may serve as a practical measurement of students’ scientific experimental design ability. Furthermore, this study could serve as a founding theory for measuring models of other scientific processing abilities such as observation, question generation, classification, hypothesis generation and hypothesis evaluation.     

The association between flavor labeling and flavor recall ability in children

This study sought to determine if the ability to label a flavor is associated with an improved ability to recall having tasted the flavor in preschool-aged children. A total of 120 3- to 6-year-old English-speaking children tasted and labeled 20 different flavors, blinded to color. Children's labels for the flavors were scored for consistency and accuracy. Recall for having tasted the flavor was tested. Both labeling ability and recall ability improved rapidly between the ages of 3 and 6 years in this cohort. Regression analysis indicated that independent of the child's age, consistent accurate labeling was positively associated with recall ability. Higher maternal education was an independent and marginal contributor to greater recall ability. The combination of consistent and accurate labeling, age, and maternal education accounted for 28% of the variance in flavor recall ability. Consistent but inaccurate labeling alone contributed little to the variance in flavor recall ability. We conclude from these findings that children's ability to recall having tasted a flavor develops rapidly during the preschool age range and that improved recall ability is associated with the ability to consistently and accurately label the flavor. We conclude that language mediates memory for flavors in young children.     

If animals know their own fighting ability, the evolutionarily stable level of fighting is reduced

We consider a version of the Hawk-Dove game in which an animal knows its own fighting ability but not the ability of its opponent. For this game at evolutionary stability there is a critical level of ability such that animals with ability greater than the critical level play Hawk and animals with ability below the critical level play Dove. We define the level of fighting to be the probability of a Hawk-Hawk fight when two opponents meet. We show that even if an animal does not know the ability of its opponent, knowing its own ability results in a lower level of fighting at evolutionary stability than is found in the standard Hawk-Dove game in which there are no differences in ability or abilities are not known.     

植物乳杆菌粘附性与其表面特征关系的探究

本文通过16s rDNA鉴定获得4株植物乳杆菌,并以HT29细胞为体外黏附筛选模型,进一步探讨了这些菌株粘附能力与表面疏水性、自聚共聚能力等表型特征的相关性。结果表明,植物乳杆菌AR326菌株对HT29细胞的粘附性最强,并显示高度的自聚性(25%)和共聚性(25%),但其表面疏水性偏低(15%);通过相关性分析发现,植物乳杆菌的自聚性和共聚性与HT29细胞粘附性呈显著相关性(r=1.0和0.8,p0.05),但表面疏水性、自凝聚性和共聚性两两之间并无显著相关性(p0.05)。本研究结果为建立快速筛选高粘附性植物乳杆菌的方法及其菌株在体内定植和分布研究提供一定参考依据。     

QTL mapping of combining ability and heterosis of agronomic traits in rice backcross recombinant inbred lines and hybrid crosses

Background

Combining ability effects are very effective genetic parameters in deciding the next phase of breeding programs. Although some breeding strategies on the basis of evaluating combining ability have been utilized extensively in hybrid breeding, little is known about the genetic basis of combining ability. Combining ability is a complex trait that is controlled by polygenes. With the advent and development of molecular markers, it is feasible to evaluate the genetic bases of combining ability and heterosis of elite rice hybrids through QTL analysis.

Methodology/Principal Findings

In the present study, we first developed a QTL-mapping method for dissecting combining ability and heterosis of agronomic traits. With three testcross populations and a BCRIL population in rice, biometric and QTL analyses were conducted for ten agronomic traits. The significance of general combining ability and special combining ability for most of the traits indicated the importance of both additive and non-additive effects on expression levels. A large number of additive effect QTLs associated with performance per se of BCRIL and general combining ability, and dominant effect QTLs associated with special combining ability and heterosis were identified for the ten traits.

Conclusions/Significance

The combining ability of agronomic traits could be analyzed by the QTL mapping method. The characteristics revealed by the QTLs for combining ability of agronomic traits were similar with those by multitudinous QTLs for agronomic traits with performance per se of BCRIL. Several QTLs (1–6 in this study) were identified for each trait for combining ability. It demonstrated that some of the QTLs were pleiotropic or linked tightly with each other. The identification of QTLs responsible for combining ability and heterosis in the present study provides valuable information for dissecting genetic basis of combining ability.     

The effect of anoxia on fowl spermatozoa: Recovery of fertilizing ability,motility, and cellular concentrations of potassium and ATP

Fowl semen when diluted in a glutamate-based medium without glucose, gradually lost its fertilizing ability during 4 hr of anaerobic incubation at 30°C. This incubation regime offered a system by which various in-vitro tests of spermatozoal viability could be assessed for their usefulness as monitors of fertilizing ability. Widely used tests such as spermatozoal enzyme leakage, dye exclusion, and morphology as assessed by light microscopy showed no change in spermatozoal status as the fertilizing ability declined. However the ability of sperm, during a short aerobic incubation to restore their motility and ATP and K⁺ concentrations, declined as did their fertilizing ability. When glucose was added to this re-aeration medium, spermatozoal motility, K⁺ and ATP concentrations, and fertilizing ability were restored to optimal levels. Thus the fertilizing ability of fowl sperm, following anaerobic storage at 30°C, appeared to be related to their ability to restore ATP and K⁺ concentrations and motility. An initial event in the loss of fertilizing ability was a loss in the ability of sperm to oxidise endogenous substrates. This could be restored by the addition of glucose.     

微生物学科研设计性实验教学研究

微生物学实验对于培养学生的科研素质起着非常重要的作用,它可以使学生能在接近于实际科研的实验中不断提高自身的科研能力。在实验教学中,我们结合聚γ-谷氨酸生产菌He-Ne激光辐射效应这一具体的科研课题,让学生以一个接近科技前沿的科研实验为导线,培养学生的创新能力、综合分析能力和独立开展科学研究的能力,由此了解和掌握科研的一般规律和方法,为其以后从事科学研究提供实践经验。     

Factors influencing eating ability of old in-patients in a rehabilitation hospital in Japan

Objectives: This study was designed to determine the factors influencing eating ability of old in‐patients in a rehabilitation hospital. Design: Cross‐sectional investigation. Setting: Forty‐six in‐patients in the rehabilitation ward of Hashimoto Hospital in Kagawa Prefecture in Japan were investigated using a multi‐disciplinary approach. Main outcome measures: Age, gender, state of dentition, muscle activity of lip, cheek and tongue, biting force, salivary flow rate per a minute (SFR), masticatory ability for gummy jelly, swallowing ability, texture of meal, independency of walking (Functional Independence Measure=FIM) and ability to communicate. Results: Bivariate analysis for the relationship between surveyed items and masticatory ability (chi‐square test) identified that better masticatory ability for gummy jelly was associated with age (<85 years), gender (male), state of dentition (dentate), SFR (high), activity of lip (good), biting force (high), swallowing ability (good) and activity of communication (high). Among these items, SFR (p=0.001), gender (p=0.004), ability to communicate (p=0.005) and age (p=0.012) were found having an influence on the masticatory ability (logistic regression analysis). On the other hand, age (<85years), gender (male), SFR (high), activity of lip (good), activity of cheek (good), biting force (high), masticatory ability (good) and swallowing ability (good) had a relationship with normal texture of meal. In regression analysis, only two items, activity of lip (p=0.003) and swallowing ability (p=0.024) emerged as factors on texture of meal. Conclusions: Masticatory ability for gummy jelly was influenced by cognitive function and was excluded from the factors on the state of meal. These results suggested the limitation of evaluation using test food, so dentists should observe eating behaviour of in‐patients. In addition, dentists should pay attention to the activity of the lip and swallowing ability as well as dentition and prostheses in the rehabilitation of eating ability. As SFR was the most significant factor on masticatory ability, this emphasizes the necessity of care for dry mouth caused by side effects of multi‐medication     

Genetic architecture underlying the evolutionary change of competitive ability in Asian cultivated and wild rice

Breeding of competitive cultivars has long been fraught with difficulty owing to limited knowledge of the genetic basis of competitive ability. In this study, we examined the diversity of competitive ability in Asian rice and the genetic basis of this variation. Cultivated strains and wild perennial strains have higher competitive ability than wild annual strains. Quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis of competitive ability for three weed species was conducted in the cross between cultivated and wild annual strains, and three QTLs for general competitive ability (GCA) were identified. GCA-QTLs conferred higher competitive ability by the cultivated rice alleles and were co-located with QTLs for plant architecture and root growth, detected in the same mapping population. Furthermore, a significant change in GCA was achieved by accumulation and epistatic interaction of three QTLs. Further studies on the genetic control of competitive ability would facilitate the breeding of competitive cultivars in rice.     

In vitro production of CFU-S and cells with erythropoiesis repopulating ability by 5-fluorouracil treated mouse bone marrow

Mouse bone marrow, obtained from donors three days after treatment with 5-fluorouracil, had a very low ability to form macroscopic spleen colonies in irradiated mice at 10 days after transplantation of the cells (CFU-S10); such marrow also had no detectable erythropoiesis repopulating ability but did have near normal marrow repopulating ability and spleen megakaryocyte repopulating ability. Incubation of this marrow in vitro for 7 days with medium containing growth factor preparations (a) pregnant mouse uterus extract plus human spleen conditioned medium or (b) mouse spleen conditioned medium, resulted in marked increases in CFU-S10 and in cells with erythropoietic repopulating ability together with maintenance of cells with marrow repopulating ability. These responses were not observed in cultures with control medium alone. Spleen megakaryocyte repopulating ability was also maintained in the presence of the factor preparations.     

The potential for and constraints on the evolution of compensatory ability in Asclepias syriaca

To investigate the potential for and constraints on the evolution of compensatory ability, we performed a greenhouse experiment using Asclepias syriaca in which foliar damage and soil nutrient concentration were manipulated. Under low nutrient conditions, significant genetic variation was detected for allocation patterns and for compensatory ability. Furthermore, resource allocation to storage was positively, genetically correlated both with compensatory ability and biomass when damaged, the last two being positively, genetically correlated with each other. Thus, in the low nutrient environment, compensatory ability via resource allocation to storage provided greater biomass when damaged. A negative genetic correlation between compensatory ability and plant biomass when undamaged suggests that this mechanism entailed an allocation cost, which would constrain the evolution of greater compensatory ability when nutrients are limited. Under high nutrient conditions, neither compensatory ability nor allocation patterns predicted biomass when damaged, even though genetic variation in compensatory ability existed. Instead, plant biomass when undamaged predicted biomass when damaged. The differences in outcomes between the two nutrient treatments highlight the importance of considering the possible range of environmental conditions that a genotype may experience. Furthermore, traits that conferred compensatory ability did not necessarily contribute to biomass when damaged, demonstrating that it is critical to examine both compensatory ability and biomass when damaged to determine whether selection by herbivores can favor the evolution of increased compensation. Received: 2 April 1999 / Accepted: 21 September 1999     

便携式运动能力检测系统的研制

目的:检测儿童的平衡能力和下肢力量,研究评估儿童运动能力的相关指标。方法:设计了一套便携式运动能力检测系统,检测儿童的平衡能力和下肢力量。本系统由运动能力检测设备和上位机数据分析存储展示部分组成。结果:研制的便携式运动能力检测系统具有可穿戴、功耗低等优点,能够准确地记录儿童的运动数据。结论:便携式运动能力检测系统能够检测使用者在运动过程中的平衡数据和下肢力量数据,及时发现运动能力的缺陷,为儿童的日常生活和锻炼提供参考。     

缺血性脑血管病患者认知功能分析

目的:探讨缺血性脑血管病患者认知功能。方法:将60例缺血性脑血管病患者依据卒中风险评分量表评分,分为轻危组20例、中危组22例、高危组18例;应用蒙特利尔量表进行认知功能评定。结果:(1)高危组与低危组在视空间和执行功能、注意力、计算力、抽象概括能力、命名、记忆、时间定向方面有显著性差异(P<0.05);中危组与低危组比较在视空间和执行功能、注意力、计算力、抽象概括能力、记忆各方面有显著性差异(P<0.05);视空间、命名、计算、语言、时间定向各方面中危组较高危组有显著性差异(P<0.05)。(2)各项认知功能评分与血管因素进行相关分析,年龄、TIA或脑卒中、高血压与MOCA各项评分呈负相关。结论:缺血性脑血管病患者随着危险因素增多,其认知功能障碍越显著。     

应用心理学专业研究生实践能力培养策略研究

实践能力是应用心理学专业研究生重要的素质,培养应用心理学研究生实践能力需要构建有利于实践能力培养的专业课程体系;优化应用心理学专业课程的教学方法;转变应用心理学研究生教育管理观念;发挥导师在应用心理学研究生实践能力培养上的影响;研究生自身加强实践能力的培养。     

The Cognitive Building Blocks of Emotion Regulation: Ability to Update Working Memory Moderates the Efficacy of Rumination and Reappraisal on Emotion

The ability to regulate emotions is a critical component of healthy emotional functioning. Therefore, it is important to determine factors that contribute to the efficacy of emotion regulation. The present article examined whether the ability to update emotional information in working memory is a predictor of the efficacy of rumination and reappraisal on affective experience both at the trait level (Study 1) and in daily life (Study 2). In both studies, results revealed that the relationship between use of reappraisal and high arousal negative emotions was moderated by updating ability. Specifically, use of reappraisal was associated with decreased high arousal negative emotions for participants with high updating ability, while no significant relationship was found for those with low updating ability. In addition, both studies also revealed that the relationship between rumination and high arousal negative emotions was moderated by updating ability. In general, use of rumination was associated with elevated high arousal negative emotions. However, this relationship was blunted for participants with high updating ability. That is, use of rumination was associated with less elevated high arousal negative emotions for participants with high updating ability. These results identify the ability to update emotional information in working memory as a crucial process modulating the efficacy of emotion regulation efforts.     

A noisy signal: To what extent are Hadza hunting reputations predictive of actual hunting skills?

The measurement of hunting ability has been central to several debates about the goals of men's hunting among the Hadza and other hunter-gatherer populations. Hunting ability has previously been measured indirectly, by weighing the amount of food individuals bring back to camp over an extended period, their central place hunting return rate, and by conducting hunting ability interviews. Despite the centrality of the hunting ability concept, some authors (Hill & Kintigh, 2009) have expressed scepticism that such measures accurately capture individual differences in actual hunting ability. In the current study, we introduce a novel measure of hunting reputation which, unlike previous ones, allows fine-grained distinction between hunters of all reputations. To assess the suitability of this measure as a viable proxy for hunting ability, we address two further questions. First, to what extent do interviewees agree about the hunting ability of their present and former campmates? Second, to what extent does this measure of hunting reputation reflect success in four tasks expected to capture important components of hunting ability? We demonstrate that these measures of hunting reputation appear to reflect variation in these skills. We argue, however, that hunting reputation appears too noisy an index of these skills and, we infer, hunting ability in general for hunting to act, as some have suggested (e.g. Hawkes & Bird, 2002), as an honest signal of cryptic qualities related to hunting ability.