胰岛素对胰腺外分泌功能的影响

我们用链佐霉素选择性地破坏胰岛Ｂ细胞,研究胰岛素在糖尿病大鼠胰腺外分泌功能变化中的作用。结果表明：糖尿病时,胰淀粉酶含量显著减少,胰淀粉酶ｍＲＮＡ也降低为对照组的３．２±０．５％（Ｐ＜０．０）。体外实验表明,糖尿病大鼠胰腺腺泡上１２５Ｉ－胰岛素的结合明显增多。Ｂｍａｘ由对照组的２．８±１０－９ｍｏｌ／Ｌ增加为３．５±１０－９ｍｏｌ／Ｌ（Ｐ＜０．０１）。腺泡对３Ｈ－葡萄糖的摄取,３Ｈ－亮氨酸的掺入以及腺泡膜Ｎａ＋－Ｋ＋ＡＴＰ酶的活性均比正常组明显降低（Ｐ＜０．０１）。补充胰岛素,可翻转上述变化。从而提示,胰岛素在调节胰腺外分泌功能方面具有重要作用。     

生长抑素在糖尿病大鼠胰腺外分泌功能降低中的作用

本实验观察到,用链佐霉素造成大鼠糖尿病模型,其胰腺组织中生长抑素含量明显升高。大鼠皮下注射生长抑素(100μg·kg~(-1)·d~(-1))5d,其胰腺组织中淀粉酶的含量明显降低。体外胰腺灌流也表明,生长抑素能抑制CCK—8刺激引起的胰腺淀粉酶释放。以上结果提示,糖尿病时胰腺组织中生长抑素含量的增加可能在胰腺外分泌功能降低中有一定的作用。     

全身照射后大鼠胰腺分泌及其酶活性的变化

本文观察了电离辐射后大鼠胰淀粉酶和胰蛋白酶活性变化,并在离体胰腺腺泡水平探讨了各种促分泌物对腺泡分泌机能的影响。实验结果表明,电离辐射可引起大鼠胰淀粉酶和胰蛋白酶活性明显降低,照射后胰酶活性变化与照射剂量有关。在一定范围内,随照射剂量增加胰酶活性降低程度亦增加,利用离体胰腺腺泡制备方法,进一步观察电离辐射后胰腺腺泡对Carbachol、CCK-OP和VIP刺激的淀粉酶分泌反应亦明显降低,这提示,照射后大鼠胰腺腺泡分泌机能发生了改变。综上所述,电离辐射后大鼠胰外分泌酶活性降低及胰酶分泌减少可能是胰腺外分泌功能障碍的原因之一。     

乌蕨醇提取物对1型糖尿病大鼠的降血糖作用及其机制初探

为探讨乌蕨醇提取物对1型糖尿病大鼠的降血糖作用及其机制,本研究以链脲佐菌素(STZ)腹腔注射诱导建立1型糖尿病大鼠模型,并将大鼠分为空白对照组、1型糖尿病模型组、乌蕨醇提取物低剂量组(30 mg/kg)和高剂量组(60 mg/kg)。分别用生理盐水及乌蕨醇提取物每天灌胃1次,连续28 d,灌胃容积为20 m L/kg。结果证明,乌蕨醇提取物可减缓STZ致1型糖尿病大鼠体重的负增长,降低空腹血糖水平(P 0. 05);升高胰岛素及葡萄糖激酶(GCK)含量;降低醛糖还原酶(AR)含量(P 0. 05)。同时,胰腺组织HE染色结果显示:乌蕨提取物高、低剂量组糖尿病大鼠的胰岛数目较1型糖尿病模型组显著增多,胰岛及外分泌腺萎缩均有不同程度减轻。提示乌蕨提取物可显著降低STZ致1型糖尿病模型大鼠空腹血糖水平,其降糖作用可能与升高糖尿病大鼠血清葡萄糖激酶含量和降低AR含量、改善糖尿病大鼠胰岛损伤、促进胰岛β细胞分泌胰岛素有关。     

乌蕨醇提取物对1型糖尿病大鼠的降血糖作用及其机制初探北大核心CSCD

为探讨乌蕨醇提取物对1型糖尿病大鼠的降血糖作用及其机制,本研究以链脲佐菌素(STZ)腹腔注射诱导建立1型糖尿病大鼠模型,并将大鼠分为空白对照组、1型糖尿病模型组、乌蕨醇提取物低剂量组(30 mg/kg)和高剂量组(60 mg/kg)。分别用生理盐水及乌蕨醇提取物每天灌胃1次,连续28 d,灌胃容积为20 m L/kg。结果证明,乌蕨醇提取物可减缓STZ致1型糖尿病大鼠体重的负增长,降低空腹血糖水平(P <0. 05);升高胰岛素及葡萄糖激酶(GCK)含量;降低醛糖还原酶(AR)含量(P <0. 05)。同时,胰腺组织HE染色结果显示:乌蕨提取物高、低剂量组糖尿病大鼠的胰岛数目较1型糖尿病模型组显著增多,胰岛及外分泌腺萎缩均有不同程度减轻。提示乌蕨提取物可显著降低STZ致1型糖尿病模型大鼠空腹血糖水平,其降糖作用可能与升高糖尿病大鼠血清葡萄糖激酶含量和降低AR含量、改善糖尿病大鼠胰岛损伤、促进胰岛β细胞分泌胰岛素有关。     

生长抑素可预防链佐霉素诱发的大鼠胰岛 B 细胞分泌功能的损伤

本工作通过测定大鼠血清、胰腺灌流液以及肤腺组织中胰岛素含量,观察生长抑素(SS)对链佐霉素(STZ)诱发的实验性糖尿病的作用。结果如下:皮下注射生理盐水后10min,再向腹腔注射链佐霉素(35mg/kg),24h 后大鼠血清胰岛素浓度明显降低。胰腺组织匀浆中的胰岛素含量也明显减少。如若在注射链佐霉素前10min 皮下注射生长抑素,则可有效地防止上述两项指标的改变,(NS STZ)和(SS STZ)两组之间具有显著差异。单独注射生长抑素,24h 后血清胰岛素及胰腺组织中胰岛素含量与正常对照无明显差异。用分离的大鼠胰腺作体外灌流,观察到:NS STZ 组大鼠灌流胰腺对19.7mmol/L 的高浓度葡萄糖刺激无胰岛素释放反应,而 SS STZ 组大鼠的胰腺对高浓度葡萄糖有反应性,刺激后出现胰岛素分泌峰。上述结果表明,SS(30μg/kg)预防性注射可以防止 STZ 引起的胰岛 B 细胞分泌功能的障碍。     

电离辐射后大鼠离体胰腺腺泡淀粉酶释放及M受体数量变化

我们曾观察到大鼠经γ-射线照射后胰淀粉酶活性降低和分泌减少[1],为进一步探讨照射后胰酶分泌减少的机制,本研究制备出分散的大鼠胰腺腺泡悬液并以不同浓度的~3H-二苯羟乙酸-3-喹咛环酯(~3Hquinuclidinyll benzilatc,简称~3H-QNB)进行M受体结合测定,同时观察胆碱能介质氨甲酰胆碱刺激腺泡所引起的淀粉酶释放反应。结果表明,γ-射线10Gy照射后3天,大鼠分散的胰腺腺泡在氨甲酰胆碱刺激时淀粉酶释放量减少到对照的50％,腺泡M受体与~3H-QNB最大结合量(Bmax)减少到对照的38％,伋M受体与~3H-QNB结合的解离常数(K_D)无改变,说明胰腺腺泡细胞M受体数量的减少可能是照射后胰腺腺泡分泌淀粉酶减少的原因之一。     

电离辐射降低大鼠胰淀粉酶和胰蛋白酶活性机制的一些初步分析

1.丙线照射后胰淀粉酶、胰蛋白酶活性明显降低,胰酶活性降低程度和胰腺重量有关。在一定照射剂量范围内,胰酶活性和腺重量随着照射剂量的增加而下降。2.同样剂量的丙线照射后,胰腺组织匀浆上清液中的胰酶活性无变化。3.丙线照射后胰腺腺泡由M受体激动剂氨甲酰胆碱引起的淀粉酶分泌量明显减少。4.电镜观察表明,丙线照射后大鼠胰腺腺泡内合成及分泌酶原的内质网、线粒体等超微结构紊乱,这可能是电离辐射后胰酶活性降低的主要原因。     

大鼠实验性脾虚证胰腺组织化学研究

用成年雄性Ｗｉｓｔａｒ大鼠３０只,分为（１）正常对照组,喂饲自来水。（２）脾虚组,用苦降破气中药和饮食失节法致成脾虚模型。（３）自然恢复组,动物致虚后,喂饲自来水。（４）中药治疗组。取四组动物胰腺进行ＲＮＡ,琥珀酸脱氢酶（ＳＤＨ）,乳酸脱氢酶（ＬＤＨ）,三磷酸腺苷酶（ＡＴＰａｓｅ）,葡萄糖－６－磷酸酶（Ｇ－６－Ｐａｓｅ）和硫胺素焦磷酸酶（ＴＰＰａｓｅ）组织化学反应和观察,并对ＳＤＨ,ＬＤＨ,ＲＮＡ进行了显微分光光度计定量测定。本研究结果表明,脾虚组胰腺泡细胞的ＲＮＡ,ＳＤＨ,ＡＴＰａｓｅ,Ｇ－６－Ｐａｓｅ,ＴＰＰａｓｅ含量和活性都低于对照组,而ＬＤＨ活性高于对照组。治疗组与自然恢复组相比,治疗组胰腺泡细胞以上指标接近对照组。定量测定与定性的结果一致。本研究表明,脾虚证时胰腺泡细胞上述几种酶活性和ＲＮＡ明显下降,可能在脾虚证发病中起主要作用,中药治疗有显著改善     

翻白草水提物对2型糖尿病大鼠胰岛形态及功能的保护机制研究

观察翻白草水提液对2型糖尿病大鼠胰岛形态及功能保护作用及机制。采用高脂乳剂灌胃加低剂量链脲佐菌素,建立2型糖尿病模型。生化技术检测血糖和血脂,ELISA检测血胰岛素含量,HE染色观察动物胰腺形态,免疫组化检测胰岛素、FoxO1及其磷酸化的表达。结果翻白草水提物可降低2型糖尿病大鼠血糖和总TC,促进胰岛素释放。光镜下胰岛素表达增加,胰岛β细胞核内FoxO1表达减少,包浆中p-FoxO1表达增加。翻白草水提液通过降低FoxO1,增加FoxO1的磷酸化表达,调控胰腺β细胞数量和功能,对2型糖尿病大鼠胰腺细胞具有保护作用。     

Insulin resistance is accompanied by impairment of amylase-gene expression in the exocrine pancreas of the obese Zucker rat.

Insulin plays a major role in the control of pancreatic amylase biosynthesis. In this study we determined glucose metabolism by pancreatic acini as well as the pancreatic content of both amylase protein and amylase mRNA during development of insulin resistance in the obese Zucker rat. At age 4 weeks there were no abnormalities detected in the above parameters, although the obese animals were already hyperinsulinaemic. At 6 weeks glucose metabolism was decreased by 50% in acini from obese rats, whereas pancreatic amylase-gene expression was only slightly impaired. At 22 weeks glucose metabolism was decreased by 50%, amylase content by 55% and amylase mRNA by 60% in acinar tissue of obese rats. As expected, hyperinsulinaemia increased markedly with age. Thus development of severe insulin resistance was associated with impairment of amylase-gene expression. To decrease insulin resistance, one group of adult obese rats was treated with Ciglitazone for 4 weeks. A lowered plasma insulin concentration without alteration of food intake was taken as evidence of decreased insulin resistance. This was associated with normalization of glucose metabolism and a marked increase of both amylase content of pancreatic tissue and amylase mRNA. In conclusion, both the increase of insulin resistance with age and its partial reversal by Ciglitazone treatment appear to modulate pancreatic amylase-gene expression in the obese Zucker rat.     

Estrogens influence cholecystokinin stimulated pancreatic amylase release and acinar cell membrane cholecystokinin receptors in rat.

This study examines the influence of ovariectomy and administration of a pharmacologic dose of estradiol on amylase release from isolated-dispersed rat pancreatic acini and cholecystokinin receptors on rat acinar cell membranes. Rats were sham ovariectomized (intact) or ovariectomized (Ovx) and 21 day timed release pellets containing either estradiol (2.5 mg) or vehicle, were implanted subcutaneously. Eighteen days later, pancreatic acini were isolated from rats by collagenase digestion and differential centrifugation. Total cellular amylase, basal and cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK8) stimulated amylase release and CCK membrane receptors were measured. Acini isolated from estradiol treated Ovx rats had significantly greater total cellular amylase, compared to acini isolated from either intact or Ovx rats. The amplitude of both total stimulated amylase release and percent total stimulated amylase release were significantly greater for acini isolated from vehicle treated Ovx rats, than acini isolated from either intact or estradiol treated Ovx rats. The magnitude of percent total amylase release of acini isolated from estradiol treated Ovx rats was significantly lower than that of acini isolated from intact rats. Cholecystokinin receptor concentration was significantly greater on membranes prepared from vehicle treated Ovx rats, compared to membranes prepared from either intact or estradiol treated Ovx rats. These data indicate that ovariectomy is associated with increased responsiveness of pancreatic acini to CCK stimulation, while chronic estradiol treatment of ovariectomized rats is associated with increased total cellular amylase and decreased acinar cell responsiveness to CCK8. Estrogen mediated alterations in acinar cell amylase content and amylase release may play a role in estrogen related pancreatitis.     

Influence of B-cell impairment on pancreatic acini in NOD mice and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats

Exocrine pancreatic function insufficiency, even of short duration, has been reported in juvenile-onset insulin dependent diabetic patients. To evaluate the status of pancreatic acini under decreased B-cell function, tissue insulin, amylase, chymotrypsinogen and trypsinogen in the pancreas were measured in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats and non-obese diabetic mice in various conditions. In streptozotocin diabetic rats, a dissociation of three enzyme contents was demonstrated in the condition with discontinuation of insulin injection, i.e., a marked decrease in amylase, a significant increase in chymotrypsinogen, but no significant change in trypsinogen. This dissociation was markedly improved in the insulin-treated condition. In non-obese diabetic mice, these enzyme contents were not significantly changed although severe insulitis together with the marked decrease in insulin content was observed. These data show that the cessation of B-cell function alone does not cause insufficiency of exocrine pancreas.     

Expression of NK-1 and NK-3 tachykinin receptors in pancreatic acinar cells after acute experimental pancreatitis in rats

Activation of neurokinin (NK)-1 receptors but not of NK-3 stimulates amylase release from isolated pancreatic acini of the rat. Immunofluorescence studies show that NK-1 receptors are more strongly expressed than NK-3 receptors on pancreatic acinar cells under basal conditions. No studies have examined the expression of the two NK receptor populations in pancreatic acini during pancreatitis in rats. We therefore investigated the relationships between expression of these two tachykinin receptors and experimental acute pancreatitis induced by stimulating pancreatic amylase with caerulein (CK) in rats. Hyperstimulation of the pancreas by CK caused an increase in plasma amylase and pancreatic water content and resulted in morphological evidence of cytoplasmic vacuolization. Immunofluorescence analysis revealed a similar percentage of NK-1 receptor antibody immunoreactive acinar cells in rats with pancreatitis and in normal rat tissue but a larger percentage of NK-3 receptor immunoreactive cells in acute pancreatitis than in normal pancreas. Western blot analysis of NK-1 and NK-3 receptor protein levels after CK-induced pancreatitis showed no change in NK-1 receptors but a stronger increase in NK-3 receptor expression in pancreatic acini compared with normal rats thus confirming the immunofluorescence data. These new findings support previous evidence that substance P-mediated functions within the pancreas go beyond sensory signal transduction contributing to neurogenic inflammation, and they suggest that substance P plays a role in regulating pancreatic exocrine secretion via acinar NK-1 receptors. The significant increase in NK-3 receptors during pancreatic stimulation suggests that NK-3 receptors also intervene in the pathogenesis of mild acute pancreatitis in rats.     

Exposition of newborn rats to bacterial endotoxin impairs pancreatic enzyme secretion at adult age.

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS, endotoxin) is the component of the cellular wall of Gram negative bacteria. Endotoxemia (sepsis) could produce multiorgan failure and in the early period of life LPS are responsible for the changes of metabolism and for the reduction of protein synthesis. The influence of neonatal endotoxemia on the pancreas at adults has not been investigated yet. The aim of this study was to assess the pancreatic exocrine function in the adult rats which have been subjected, in the neonatal period of life, to chronic LPS pretreatment. LPS from E. coli or S. typhi at doses of 5, 10 or 15 mg/kg-day was administered intraperitoneally (i.p.) to the suckling rats (30 g) during 5 consecutive days. Three months later these animals (300 g) were equipped with pancreato-biliary fistulae for the in vivo secretory study. Amylase release from isolated pancreatic acini obtained from these rats was also assessed. Pancreatic tissue samples were taken for histological assessment and for the determination of gene expression for CCK1 receptor by RT-PCR. Pancreatic amylase secretions stimulated by caerulein or by diversion of pancreatic-biliary juice to the exterior (DBPJ) was significantly, and dose-dependently reduced in the adult rats which have been subjected in infancy to chronic pretreatment with LPS from E. coli or S. typhi, as compared to the untreated control. In these animals basal secretion was unaffected. In the rats pretreated with LPS in the suckling period of life caerulein-induced amylase release from isolated pancreatic acini was significantly decreased, as compared to the untreated with LPS control. This was accompanied by dose-dependent reduction of mRNA signal for CCK1 receptor on pancreatic acini. Neonatal endotoxemia failed to affect significantly pancreatic morphology as well as plasma amylase level in the adult rats. We conclude that neonatal endotoxemia reduces gene expression for CCK1 receptor and could produce impairment of the exocrine pancreatic function at adult age.     

An in vitro evaluation of adrenergic action on rat pancreatic amylase secretion: lack of stimulatory effect.

To assess direct evidence of adrenergic stimulation in pancreatic amylase secretion, effects of catecholamines on amylase release and intracellular cyclic AMP accumulation were examined with rat dispersed pancreatic acini. We first carried out control studies with CCK-8 and carbamylcholine to evaluate the usefulness of the material for the examination of amylase secretion, and examined VIP-induced cyclic AMP accumulation to assess the agonist evoked intracellular response. As a result, significant effects of CCK-8, carbamylcholine and VIP were observed, which confirmed that dispersed pancreatic acini used in this study were useful in examining exocrine pancreatic secretion. However, catecholamines failed to stimulate amylase release from pancreatic acini, although a significant increase in intracellular cyclic AMP accumulation was observed. Thus the present study strongly suggests that direct involvement of catecholamine is unlikely in pancreatic amylase secretion, in contrast to results reported previously.     

吗啡成瘾大鼠胰腺外分泌的变化

本实验采用急性吗啡成瘾法,观察了吗啡成瘾大鼠在整体胰导管引流和离体胰片灌流条件下,胰腺对ＣＣＫ８刺激的反应。结果如下：（１）吗啡成瘾大鼠对ＣＣＫ８诱导的淀粉酶分泌反应降低;（２）吗啡成瘾大鼠胰腺组织中淀粉酶含量降低。提示吗啡成瘾大鼠胰淀粉酶合成受到抑制。     

移植骨髓间充质干细胞治疗大鼠糖尿病的研究

目的 通过移植骨髓间充质干细胞（mesenchymal stem cell,MSC）的方法试治疗大鼠糖尿病。方法 贴壁生长的MSC与大鼠胰腺的细胞共培养以检测其向胰岛细胞分化的潜能。并将体外培养扩增的MSC移植入糖尿病大鼠体内,观测其能否改善糖尿病病情及其在大鼠体内微环境中的分化情况。结果 共培养法可使MSC分化为胰岛样细胞。对大鼠的MSC移植能明显缓解糖尿病病情。结论 MSC移植的方法对大鼠糖尿病有一定的治疗作用。