γ射线长期低剂量照射对猕猴淋巴细胞染色体的效应

在急性辐射情况下,外周血淋巴细胞染色体畸变是生物剂量测定中最容易定量的方法。但小剂量慢性照射下染色体损伤的近、远期效应尚不清楚。我们曾用γ射线对猕猴及大白鼠低剂量(分别为2.55rad/天和10rad/天)长期照射观察外周血淋巴细胞染色体效应,在这个研究工作基础上,我们又选用更低的剂量率(0.8rad/天)进一步探讨小剂量慢性照射对猕猴外周血淋巴细胞染色体的效应,以便提供小剂量慢性照射对人类的损伤恢复规律的资料。     

微核形成与细胞周期关系的初步研究Ⅰ.人体全血辐射处理后不同放置和培养时间对微核率的影响

本报告应用γ-射线诱发微核、放射性自显影等技术分析细胞周期,研究淋巴细胞微核形成与细胞周期间的定量关系。主要结果如下:(1)经400rad照射的静脉血,在室温下放置1.5小时,或在37℃下放置5小时,此时淋巴细胞属G_0期。和照射前相比,两组微核率均显著增加(P<0.01)。(2)照射静脉血经pHA刺激培养23—24小时收获细胞,此时转化淋巴细胞应属G_1期,分别计数转化和未转化(G_0期)淋巴细胞微核,与照射前未培养淋巴细胞相比有显著增加(P<0.01)。(3)400rad照射静脉血培养72小时后,淋巴细胞微核较培养前增加14.5倍。根据放射性自显影等细胞周期分析结果表明,微核在细胞周期各阶段均可形成。     

谷氨酰胺对低剂量电离辐射损害的保护作用

观察小剂量电离辐射条件下大鼠补充谷氨酰胺(Gln)对体内谷胱甘肽(GSH)代谢的影响。SD雄性大鼠受照射后经饲料补充2%Gln。照射源为60Co;剂量率6×10-2Gy/h,1h/d,5d/周,累积剂量1.5Gy。与对照组相比,受照射大鼠睾丸重量降低,精子畸变率增高,肝脏GSH含量降低,外周血白细胞计数降低,血清Gln及Glu+Gln含量降低,差异具有显著性,补充Gln则与对照组无明显差异。表明小剂量电离辐射导致大鼠出现可逆性损害,机体的Gln需求有所增加,补充Gln对大鼠的GSH代谢有一定益处。     

~(60)Co-Υ线照射离体人血诱发的染色体畸变与剂量的关系

用射线照射离体人血的实验方法,研究所诱发的染色体畸变与受照剂量的关系,始于六十年代初期。1962年Bender和Gooch首次使用X线进行了这方面的研究。他们发现畸变率与受照剂量间存在着密切的定量关系,建立了可以相互推导的回归方程,并且提出了利用染色体     

微核形成与细胞周期关系的初步研究 Ⅲ.丝裂霉素c诱发人淋巴细胞染色体畸变与不同周期阶段的微核形成

为了研究染色体畸变与微核形成的关系,本实验用不同浓度的丝裂霉素C(MMC,0.025—0.4μg/ml),处理人外周血淋巴细胞,观察中期染色体畸变与不同细胞周期形成的微核间的关系。获得如下主要结果:(1)MMC诱发的染色体畸变细胞率(ACF),未经培养的G_0期淋巴细胞的微核细胞率(NC-MNCF)以及培养的淋巴细胞的微核细胞率(C-MNCF),在一定剂量范围内均呈剂量依赖性增加,并可用幂回归方程描述;(2)微核形成与染色体畸变全然无关的NC-MNCF,和C-MNCF一样,与ACF呈良好的正相关;(3)用胞质分裂阻滞(CB)法,检测MMC诱发的CB-MNCF,较C-MNCF无显著提高,MNCF/ACF的比值较小,并随着MMC剂量增加从0.15左右降到0.03。所有上述结果表明,不能简单理解微核形成与染色体畸变间的关系,在分裂的细胞群体中,中期染色体畸变可能仅是微核形成的一种来源。     

快速测定染色体损伤的微核测定法 Ⅰ.电离辐射对哺乳动物血液中淋巴细胞微核率的影响

本文介绍了用明胶-离心法分离和浓缩血液中淋巴细胞而后制片观察分析其微核出现率,并以此来测定染色体损伤的新方法。应用这种方法测定了大鼠受Co~(60)-r射线照射的剂量-效应和时间-效应;还对受265拉特照射后活存狗的远期效应进行观察。结果表明,与骨髓有核细胞微核测定以及染色体畸变分析的结果是一致的。本文还对其应用价值作了初步的讨论。     

Co-γ线照射离体人血诱发的染色体畸变与剂量的关系

用射线照射离体人血的实验方法,研究所 诱发的染色沐畸变与受照剂量的关系,始于六 十年代初期。1962年Bender和Gooch首次使用X 线进行了这方面的研究。他们发现畸变率与受 照剂量间存在着密切的定量关系,建立了可以 相互推导的回归方程,并且提出了利用染色体 畸变作为“泥仁物剂量计”测定受照人员的吸收剂 量的可能性^[3]。此后,很多工作证实,X线、丁 线、中子及其它粒子流,照射离体人血所诱发的 染色体畸变与受照剂量间都有这种密切的定量 关系^[1,2,4-12]。与此同时,动物实验及肿瘤病人放 射治疗的研究,说明了这种离体实验方法所得 到的结果,是可以代表整体受照时,畸变率与吸 收剂量的关系的^{[13-14],/sup>,从而使人们加强了研究 这种“生物剂量计”的信心。在一些核工厂及放 射线工业探伤的事故中,利用检查受照者染色 体畸变的方法测定的剂量,与物理方法估算的 剂量是相互符合的[15-19]。所以说,用这种生物 学的方法测定受照者的剂量,确实是可以在实 际工作中应用的。}     

受照离体人血培养物用FPG染色的

在辐射防护剂量学中,用染色体畸变分析 方法进行剂量测定时,应观察受照后第一次分 裂的细胞。新近发展的BrdU-Giemsa (FPG 染 色技术已使之成为可能。我们在与本实验室以 往培养时间相同的条件下〔1-31,用FPG法对受 到不同剂量61Co-Y线照射的离体人血进行观 察,以求对辐射诱发染色体畸变剂量效应关系的进一步了解。     

~(60)Coγ线引起上海真厉螨染色体畸变的研究

本文首次报道用~(6O)Coγ线照射一种革螨——上海真厉螨引起的染色体畸变的研究。用~(6O)Coγ线(剂量1—50Krad)照射雌性革螨,引起的染色体畸变类型有:染色体裂隙、断片、微小体、环形染色体、粉碎化和多倍体,染色体断片是最常见的畸变类型,并观察到微核的形成。染色体畸变率随照射剂量增加而增高,辐射剂量与畸变率之间存在密切相关(相关系数为0.85,P<0.025),配得曲线回归方程为Y=3.27+14.49lg(X+1)。     

油田中子测井人员染色体畸变的初步观察

在慢性辐射损伤的诊断和防治中,早期诊 断及生物剂量的估算是一个重要环节。人体细 胞染色体对辐射的高度敏感性在剂量和畸变量 之间存在一定的线性关系,这不仅可用于察觉 早期的放射损伤,而且可望作为一个灵敏的“生 物剂量仪”。目前多数看法认为,染色体畸变 是估测生物诱变指标中比较好的一种方法。至 今,X射线和7射线对人体的生物效应,国内 已做了不少工作,而慢性中子损伤对人体的生 物效应,特别是中子测井人员的体细胞染色体 畸变尚未见到报道。为探讨中子对人体的慢性 损伤程度,中子测井人员染色体畸变与工龄、工 种的关系,受中子小剂量慢性照射下染色体畸 变的规律及累积剂量等关系,我们于1975年底 对65名油田中子测井人员进行了体细胞染色 体畸变的初步观察。现将结果报告如下。     

Characterization of the adaptive response to ionizing radiation induced by low doses of X rays to human lymphocytes

In previous studies we have shown that low doses of radiation from incorporated tritiated thymidine can make human lymphocytes less susceptible to the genetic damage manifested as chromatid breakage induced by a subsequent high dose of X rays. We have also shown that this adaptive response to ionizing radiation can be induced by very low doses of X rays (0.01 Gy; i.e., 1 rad) delivered during S phase of the cell cycle. To see if a low dose of X rays could induce this response in cells at other phases of the cell cycle, human lymphocytes were irradiated with 0.01 or 0.05 Gy before stimulation by phytohemagglutinin (G0) or with 0.01 Gy at various times after stimulation (G1), followed by 1.5 Gy (150 rad) at G2 phase. Although G0 lymphocytes failed to exhibit an adaptive response, G1 cells irradiated as early as 4 h after stimulation did show the response. Experiments were also carried out to determine how long the adaptive response induced by 0.01 Gy could persist. A 0.01-Gy dose was delivered to lymphocytes in the first S phase, followed by 1.5 Gy in the same or subsequent cell cycles. Lymphocytes receiving a 1.5-Gy dose at 40, 48, or 66 h after stimulation exhibited an adaptive response, whereas those receiving a 1.5-Gy dose at 90 or 114 h did not. Duplicate cultures containing bromodeoxyuridine showed that at 40 h all the lymphocytes were in their first cell cycle after stimulation, at 48 h half of the lymphocytes were in their first cell cycle and half in their second, and at 66 h 80% of the lymphocytes were in their third cell cycle. Thus the adaptive response persists for at least three cell cycles after it is induced by 0.01 Gy of X rays. In other experiments, the time necessary for maximal expression of the adaptive response was determined by delivering 0.01 Gy at hourly intervals 1-6 h before the 1.5-Gy dose. While a 4-h interval was enough for expression of the adaptive response, shorter intervals were not.     

Detection of genomic instability in offspring of male mice chronically exposed to gamma-radiation by the "adaptive response" test

The genomic instability (GI) in somatic cells of the progeny (F1 generation) of male mice chronically exposed to low-dose gamma-radiation was studied by comparative analysis of chromosome damage. BALB/C male mice exposed to 0.1 Gy (0.01 Gy/day) and 0.5 Gy (0.01 and 0.05 Gy/day) were mated with unirradiated females 15 days after irradiation. For comparison of radiosensitivity, two-month-old males, the descendants of irradiated and unirradiated animals, were subjected to irradiation with a dose of 1.5 Gy (0.47 Gy/min) from a 60Co source. GI was revealed by the standard scheme of adaptive response. The experiments indicated that, by using the test "adaptive response", it is possible to detect the transition of gamma-radiation-induced genomic instability in sex cells of male parent into somatic cells of mice (F1 generation) either from changes in radiosensitivity or by the absence of the adaptive response induced by a standard scheme.     

Effect of low-dose radiation on repair of DNA and chromosome damage

In this report results of studies on the effect of different doses of low LET (linear energy transfer) radiations on the unscheduled DNA synthesis (UDS) and DNA polymerase activity as well as the induction of adaptive response in bone marrow cells (BMC) by low dose radiation were presented. It was found that whole-body irradiation (WBI) with X-ray doses above 0.5 Gy caused a dose-dependent depression of both UD5 and DNA polymerase activity, while low dose radiation below 250 mGy could stimulate the DNA repair synthesis and the enzyme activity. WBI of mice with low doses of X-rays in the range of 2-100 mGy at a dose rate of 57.3 mGy per minute induced an adaptive response in the BMC expressed as a reduction of chromosome aberrations following a second exposure to a larger dose (0.65 mGy). It was demonstrated that the magnitude of the adaptive response seemed to be inversely related to the induction dose. The possibility of induction of adaptive response in GO phase of the cell cycle and the possibility of a second induction of the adaptive response were discussed.     

Melanin decreases clastogenic effects of ionizing radiation in human and mouse somatic cells and modifies the radioadaptive response

Melanin’s influence on the chromosome aberration frequency induced by radiation in human lymphocytes and mouse bone marrow cells has been studied. We revealed earlier that melanin significantly decreases the frequencies of different radiation-induced mutations in animal germ cells. Melanin protection in somatic cells has been found to be less effective. The melanin effect in somatic cells depends on radiation dose: the lower the damage level, the better the melanin protection. In order to determine the influence of melanin at low radiation doses, the adaptive response was investigated in mouse bone marrow cells in vivo. The level of chromosome aberrations in these cells after fractionated irradiation of 0.2 Gy+1.5 Gy with a 4-h interval was about half that after a single dose of 1.7 Gy. If melanin was injected prior to irradiation, the aberration level decreased by a factor of about two in both cases. This observed result may be due to the potential radioprotective effect of melanin and to the absence of any adaptive response, whereas in the case of melanin application between the priming and challenge doses, the combined effect of the adaptive response as well as melanin protection resulted in a 4-fold decrease of chromosome aberrations. These results allow us to draw the following conclusions: adaptive response can be prevented by a radioprotector such as melanin, and melanin is capable of completely removing low-dose radiation effects. Received: 2 December 1998 / Accepted in revised form: 15 September 1999     

Adaptive response in different mitotic cycles after irradiation

The frequency of cells with chromosome aberrations and the number of aberrations per cell have been studied by metaphase analysis in the nonirradiated progeny of irradiated human blood lymphocytes. DNA fragmentation (DNA double-stranded breaks) has been investigated by DNA comet assay. To study the adaptive response (AR), PHA-stimulated lymphocytes were irradiated by the adaptive dose (0.05 Gy) in 24 h and by challenge dose (1 Gy) in 48 h after stimulation. The first through fourth mitoses were identified by 5-bromodeoxyuridine. It was found that the frequency of chromosome aberrations and double-strand breaks were increased in all mitotic cycles after the challenge irradiation. In most individuals, the adaptive response is induced by adaptive and challenge irradiations in the first and the second mitotic cycles (48 and 72 h after stimulation, respectively); however, it is absent in the third and the fourth mitoses. In the first mitosis (1Gy in 48 h after stimulation), only chromatid aberrations are observed; chromosome aberrations were registered in subsequent mitoses. DNA comet assay showed that the adaptive response was obvious at 48–72 h, but not 96 h, after stimulation. It can be concluded that the nonirradiated progeny of irradiated lymphocytes have genomic instability. The adaptive response is manifested up to the third mitosis and is explained by the decreasing number of chromatid and chromosome aberrations and DNA fragmentation. We suppose that double-stranded DNA breaks may be damage signals for the induction of adaptive response.     

Radiation induced chromosomal instability in human T-lymphocytes

Chromosomal instability in proliferating mammalian cells is characterized by a persistent increase of chromosomal aberrations and rearrangements occurring de novo during successive cell generations. Recent results from many laboratories using a variety of cells and cytogenetic end points show that this phenotype can be induced by low as well as high LET irradiation. A typical feature of chromosomal instability in primary human G₀-lymphocytes exposed to γ-irradiation at both high dose rate (45 Gy h⁻¹) and low dose rate (0.024 Gy h⁻¹) is the appearance of novel aberrations in the clonal progeny of the irradiated cell, many generations after the exposure. The same phenotype was observed in lymphocytes that were allowed to recover for 5 days in G₀ after the radiation exposure, as well as in hprt-mutant T cell clones. These results demonstrate that neither the acute genotoxic stress caused by high dose rate as compared to low dose rate irradiation, nor a hypothesized conflict between mitogen induced growth stimulation and growth arrest due to radiation damage, seem to be critical conditions for the development chromosomal instability in these cells. In contrast to observations in other cells, no evidence of a persistent decrease of cloning ability was observed in the progeny of radiation-exposed human lymphocytes, and no alteration was observed in their sensitivity to a second radiation exposure. Furthermore, the frequency of CA-repeat length variation at three loci was not increased in the progeny of X-irradiated T cells as compared to non-irradiated cells, which indicates that microsatellite instability is not part of the chromosomal instability phenotype in human T-lymphocytes.     

Adaptive response and split-dose effect of radiation on the survival of mice

Although the importance of radiation-induced adaptive response has been recognized in human health, risk assessment and clinical application, the phenomenon has not been understood well in terms of survival of animals. To examine this aspect Swiss albino mice were irradiated with different doses (2–10 Gy) at 0015 Gy/s dose rate and observed on a regular basis for 30 days. Since almost 50% lethality was seen with 8 Gy, it was selected as the challenging dose for further studies. Irradiation of mice with conditioning doses (0.25 or 0.5 Gy) and subsequent exposure to 8 Gy caused significant increase in the survival of mice compared to irradiated control. The splitting of challenging dose did not influence the efficiency of conditioning doses (0.25 Gy and 0.5 Gy) to induce an adaptive response. However conditioning doses given in fractions (0.25 Gy + 0.25 Gy) or (0.5 Gy + 0.5 Gy) were able to modulate the response of challenging dose of 8 Gy. These results clearly showed the occurrence of adaptive response in terms of survival of animals. The conditioning dose given in small fractions seemed to be more effective. The findings have been discussed from a mechanistic point of view. The possible biological implications, potential medical benefits, uncertainties and controversies related to adaptive response have also been addressed     

Relationship between radiation induced adaptive response in human fibroblasts and changes in chromatin conformation

Chromatin conformation changes in the normal human fibroblasts VH-10 were studied by the method of anomalous viscosity time dependence (AVTD). Gamma-irradiation of cells in a dose range of 0.1–3 Gy caused an increase in maximal viscosity of cell lysates. Conversely, irradiation of cells with low doses of 0.5 or 2 cGy resulted in a decrease in the AVTD peaks with a maximum effect approximately 40 min after irradiation. The same exposure conditions were used to study a possible adaptive effect of low doses, measured by changes in cell survival. A primary dose of 2 cGy caused significant modification of cell response to a challenge dose. Approximately 20% protection to challenge doses of 0.5 Gy (p < 0.003), 2 Gy (p < 0.02) and 2.5 Gy (p < 0.002) was observed. However, the direction of this effect (adaptation or synergism) was found to be dependent on a challenge dose. The combined effect of 2 cGy and 1 Gy was significantly synergistic, while no modification was observed for 1.5 Gy and 3 Gy. A partial correlation was found between the AVTD changes and cell survival when the combined effect of a primary dose of 2 cGy and challenge dose was examined. The dose of 2 cGy alone increased survival by 16% (p < 0.0003). These results suggest that the low-dose induced effects on survival may be related to chromatin reorganization.     

用脉冲电场凝胶电泳检测电离辐射所致哺乳动物细胞DNA双链断裂

 本文将反向交变电场和六角形电极电场这两种脉冲电场凝胶电泳技术应用于X线照射小鼠乳癌细胞SR-1所致DNA双链断裂的检测,在本实验条件下,用这种电泳都能检测到低至1.5Gy照射所产生的DNA双链断裂,并且用六角形电极电场电泳获得了DNA双链断裂程度与照射剂量之间的良好线性关系,此外,还用此方法观察了不同浓度自由基清除剂DMSO对X线照射SR-1细胞所致DNA双链断裂的保护作用,结果进一步证实本方法的可靠性。     

Equivalence of pulsed-dose-rate to low-dose-rate irradiation in tumor and normal cell lines

To determine whether different fractionation schemes could simulate low-dose-rate irradiation, ovarian cells of the carcinoma cell lines A2780s (radiosensitive) and A2780cp (radioresistant) and AG1522 normal human fibroblasts were irradiated in vitro using different fraction sizes and intervals between fractions with an overall average dose rate of 0.53 Gy/h. For the resistant cell line, the three fractionation schemes, 0.53 Gy given every hour, 1.1 Gy every 2 h, and 1.6 Gy every 3 h, were equivalent to low dose rate (0.53 Gy/h). Two larger fraction sizes, 2.1 Gy every 4 h and 3.2 Gy every 6 h, resulted in lower survival than that after low-dose-rate irradiation for the resistant cell line, suggesting incomplete repair of radiation damage due to the larger fraction sizes. The survival for the sensitive cell line was lower at small doses, but then it increased until it was equivalent to that after low-dose-rate irradiation for some fractionation schemes. The sensitive cell line showed equivalence only with the 1.6-Gy fraction every 3 h, although 0.53 Gy every 1 h and 1.1 Gy every 2 h showed equivalence at lower doses. This cell line also showed an adaptive response. The normal cell line showed a sensitization to the pulsed-dose-rate schemes compared to low-dose-rate irradiation. These data indicate that the response to pulsed-dose-rate irradiation is dependent on the cell line and that compared to the response to low-dose-rate irradiation, it shows some equivalence with the resistant carcinoma cell line, an adaptive response with the parental carcinoma cell line, and sensitization with the normal cells. Therefore, further evaluation is required before implementing pulsed-dose-rate irradiation in the clinic.