陕北黄芥芥酸含量的主基因+多基因遗传分析

以吴旗黄芥×长安芥菜组合的6个世代P1、P2、F1、B1、B2和F2群体为材料,利用植物数量性状主基因+多基因模型的多世代联合分析方法研究了该组合芥酸含量的遗传特征.结果表明:吴旗黄芥×长安芥菜组合芥酸含量受2对加性-显性-上位性主基因+加性-显性-上位性多基因(E模型)控制.主基因效应中,加性效应大于显性效应,第一对主基因加性效应(da)和显性效应(ha)分别为-4.718 0和4.419 5;第二对主基因的加性效应(db)和显性效应(hb)分别-4.005 8和2.023 7;2对主基因对芥酸含量的贡献差异较大,第二对主基因加性和显性效应之和占第一对主基因加性和显性效应之和的65.98%;2对主基因间存在一定的互作效应(绝对值在0.338 7～3.694 1),其中第一对主基因显性×第二对主基因加性效应(jba)较大,为3.694 1.B1、B2和F2群体芥酸含量主基因遗传率分别为68.83%、44.76%和87.99%;多基因遗传率分别为20.29%、41.21%和0,F2代表现出较高的遗传力,可在早期世代对芥酸含量进行选择.     

不结球白菜叶子重量性状遗传模型分析

应用主基因+多基因6个世代联合分离分析方法, 对不结球白菜SI×秋017组合的叶片重和叶柄重性状进行了分析。结果表明, SI×秋017组合的叶片重性状遗传受1对负向完全显性主基因+加性-显性多基因(D-4)控制, 主基因加性效应为1.8991, 显性效应为-1.8991; 多基因加性效应为-1.2934, 显性效应为1.7933; 势能比值为-1.3865, 显性度为-1.0000; B1、B2和F2世代群体叶片重的主基因遗传率分别为6.98%、4.33% 和36.08%; B1、B2和F2世代群体叶片重的多基因遗传率为16.03%、7.39%和23.96%。叶柄重的遗传受1对加性主基因+加性-显性多基因(D-2)控制, 主基因加性效应为-1.1457, 显性效应为0; 多基因加性效应为1.3472, 多基因显性效应为2.5788; 势能比值为1.9142, 显性度为0。B1、B2和F2世代群体叶柄重的主基因遗传率分别为31.72%、5.27%和57.94%。B1、B2和F2世代群体叶柄重的多基因遗传率分别为0.42%、4.59%和4.80%。对SI×秋017组合叶片重性状的改良要在晚代选择; 对叶柄重的改良要以主基因为主, 可在早代选择。     

黄瓜雄花性状的遗传分析

为了解黄瓜雄花花器的遗传特性,该研究以雄花器官较小的华南型黄瓜二早子为母本,花器较大的加工型黄瓜NC-76为父本,构建4世代遗传群体,并采用多世代联合分离分析方法,分析黄瓜雄花花器性状的遗传特性。结果表明:分离群体的雄花花梗和花冠长2个性状均表现为单峰分布,表明两性状为数量性状且有主基因控制;花梗长性状符合2对完全显性主基因+加性-显性多基因(E-5)模型,花冠长性状符合2对加性-显性-上位性主基因+加性-显性-上位性多基因(E-1)模型;控制花梗长性状的两对主基因的加性效应相等,为0.573,多基因的加性效应和显性效应值相差不大,且均为负向;控制花冠长度性状的2对主基因的加性效应均为0,显性效应分别为-0.226和-0.472,在上位性作用中以加性×加性和显性×显性互作为主,多基因以显性效应为主,正向显性效应值为0.613,大于负向的加性效应值。花梗和花冠长度两个性状在F2群体中主基因遗传率分别为61.04%和69.60%,多基因遗传率均为0。由此看出黄瓜雄花花器性状为数量遗传,遗传率相对较高。该研究结果显示在黄瓜杂交育种中对花器大小选择可以在较早世代选择。     

烤烟叶数、叶面积的遗传分析

以叶数较少、叶面积较小的烤烟品种丸叶为母本(P1),以叶数较多、叶面积较大的烤烟品种Coker319为父本,构建了6个世代分离群体,利用植物数量性状主基因+多基因混合遗传模型的联合分离分析方法,分析烤烟杂交组合丸叶×Co-ker319叶数、叶面积的遗传效应。结果表明:烤烟的叶数和叶面积均受2对加性-显性-上位性主基因+加性-显性-上位性多基因(E0)控制,其中叶数遗传以加性效应及显性×显性上位性效应为主,叶面积几种遗传效应差不多,其上位性效应>加性效应>显性效应,叶数和叶面积在B1世代的主基因遗传率分别为36.91%和2.13%,多基因遗传率分别为31.00%和19.53%,B2世代的主基因遗传率分别为51.60%和50.92%,多基因遗传率分别为16.84%和13.26%,F2世代的主基因遗传率分别为42.63%和30.32%,多基因遗传率分别为42.08%和12.18%,叶数和叶面积的主基因遗传率较高,适合在早代选择。     

黄瓜霜霉病抗性遗传分析

通过2个抗感杂交组合,采用多世代联合的分离分析方法研究了黄瓜霜霉病抗性的遗传机制.结果显示,2个组合的最适遗传模型分别是2对加性-显性-上位性主基因 加性-显性-上位性多基因模型和2对等加性主基因 加性-显性多基因模型.组合I最优模型的主基因遗传率是56.84%~87.16%,多基因遗传率是0~34.93%;2个主基因的加性效应均为-15.191,加性效应较强,显性效应较弱,它们之间的加性与加性和加性与显性上位性效应较强.组合Ⅱ最优模型的主基因和多基因遗传率分别为48.92%和42.11%;2个主基因的加性效应皆为-13.505,显性效性均为0,它们之间不存在互作效应.结果表明,黄瓜霜霉病抗性,以加性效应为主,主基因遗传力较高,但是微效多基因效应也占相当的比重,所以,在霜霉病抗性育种中,要重视主基因,同时兼顾多基因效应.     

野生甜瓜'云甜-930'对白粉病抗性的遗传分析

以经过多代自交选育的高抗白粉病材料野生甜瓜'云甜-930'(P1)与感病栽培甜瓜'华莱士'(P2)组配,构建了P1、P2、F1、B1、B2和F2 6个世代,对大棚栽培条件下各世代材料的白粉病自然发病状况进行考察,用植物数量性状主基因+多基因混合遗传模型的多世代联合分析法,研究野生甜瓜'云甜-930'对白粉病的抗性遗传规律.结果显示:野生甜瓜'云甜-930'对白粉病的抗性遗传符合2对加性-显性-上位性主基因+加性-显性-上位性多基因混合遗传模型(E-0),2对主基因的加性效应相等,da和db均为-15.76,2对主基因的显性效应ha和hb分别为14.98和19.87,第2对主基因的显性效应大于第1对;2对主基因互作效应中除了显性×显性效应(l=-7.73)较小外,其它互作效应均较大,加性×加性效应i为31.46,加性×显性效应jab为-26.86,而显性×加性效应jba为-17.07.该组合的B1、B2和F2群体抗病性主基因遗传率分别为73.31%、69.15%和97.61%,多基因遗传率分别为18.83%、25.86%和0,环境变异在2.39%～7.86%之间.研究表明,野生甜瓜'云甜-930'对白粉病的抗性受2对加性-显性-上位性主基因+加性-显性-上位性多基因控制,同时还受到环境的影响.在甜瓜抗白粉病育种中,在F2代主基因的选择效率最高.     

黄瓜抗黑星病不同基因源的遗传分析

基于苗期人工接种鉴定结果,获得2份抗黑星病黄瓜材料(HX1,Cucumis sativus var.sativus,DI=5;HX5,C.sativusvar.xishuangbannesis,DI=38.7)和1份感病材料(HX8,C.sativus var.sativus,DI=80)。利用上述3份材料构建了2个组合(HX1×HX8,HX5×HX8)的6世代群体(P1、P2、F1、F2、B1和B2),并分别进行黑星病苗期人工接种鉴定。采用主基因+多基因联合遗传分析方法进行遗传分析,结果表明2份材料抗黑星病的遗传规律不同。组合HX1×HX8的F1单株表现为抗病,而组合HX5×HX8的F1单株基本表现为感病。HX1对黑星病的抗性符合两对加性-显性-上位性主基因+加性-显性多基因混合遗传模型(E_1模型),HX5的抗性遗传符合加性-显性多基因模型(C模型)。在组合HX1×HX8中,两对主基因的加性效应均大于显性效应,B1、B2和F2群体的主基因遗传率分别为72.51%、98.19%和96.91%,多基因遗传率均为0,表明HX1对黑星病的抗性以主基因遗传为主;HX5对黑星病的抗性遗传以多基因的显性效应为主。     

大白菜抽薹性状的主基因＋多基因遗传分析

以大白菜易抽薹自交系06S1703和耐抽薹自交系06J32形成的P1、P2、F1、F2、B1和B2等6个世代为材料,应用主基因+多基因多世代联合分析方法,对大白菜抽薹性状进行了研究.结果表明,大白菜的抽薹性受2对加性-显性-上位性主基因+加性-显性-上位性多基因控制,其中2对主基因的加性效应值分别为-3.575 8和-13.619,显性效应值分别为-3.755 2和-2.257 7.B1、B2和F2世代的主基因遗传率分别为87.95%、95.13%和96.25%,只在B1群体中检测到多基因效应,遗传率仅为1.39%,说明大白菜的抽薹性是以主基因遗传为主,可以进行早期选择.     

白菜叶裂数性状主基因+多基因遗传分析

以叶片全缘的大白菜自交系(P1)和叶缘深裂的欧洲白菜型油菜自交系(P2)杂交所获得的6个基本世代(P1、P2、F1、B1、B2、F2)为材料,应用主基因+多基因混合遗传模型对白菜叶裂数进行遗传分析。结果表明,白菜的叶裂数受2对加性-显性-上位性主基因+加性-显性多基因的控制,第1对主基因加性效应为-1.154 7,显性效应为-1.516 8;第2对主基因的加性效应为-1.154 8,显性效应为1.034 9;多基因加性效应为0.591 9,显性效应为1.145 2,2对主基因间存在明显的交互作用。B1、B2和F2世代叶裂数的主基因遗传率分别为88.48%、90.40%、93.03%;多基因遗传率分别为4.114%、0、0。B1、B2、F2世代叶裂数表现出较高的主基因遗传率,受环境影响较小。在白菜叶裂数性状的改良中应以主基因为主,并适于早代选择。     

雌雄同株黄瓜单性结实性主基因+多基因混合遗传分析

以雌雄同株黄瓜强单性结实自交系'6457'和非单性结实自交系'6426'为亲本,建立了5世代联合群体(P1、P2、F1、F2、F2∶3),采用植物数量性状主基因+多基因混合遗传模型对群体的单性结实性进行多世代联合分析.结果表明:雌雄同株黄瓜单性结实性表现为不完全显性遗传,符合D-2遗传模型,受1对加性主基因+加性-显性多基因控制.主基因加性效应值为14.7,多基因加性效应值为20.9,多基因显性效应值为25.8.F2的遗传率为56.6%,F2∶3的遗传率为48.7%.因此,对雌雄同株黄瓜单性结实性的遗传改良,可选择强单性结实性材料,通过杂交、回交转移主基因,达到选育强单性结实性材料目的.     

High Oleic Acid Mutant in Soybean Induced by X-Ray Irradiation

Dry seeds of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr. var. Bay] were irradiated by X-rays (21.4 kR) and the M₂ generations were examined for the oleic acid content in their oil. The genetic variability of oleic acid content in the oil of the Bay variety was significantly increased by the X-ray treatment when compared with the Bay control. A mutant, designated as M23, was selected from 2747 M₂ plants, having an oleic acid content of 46.1%, twice as much as that in the normal Bay variety. A distinct inverse relationship was observed between the oleic and linoleic acid contents in M23. Mutant M23 isolated from the M₂ generations was confirmed to be always associated with a high oleic acid content under different environmental conditions in the M₃ generations.     

Differentiation of Three Varieties of Rhizoctonia circinata; var. circinata, var. oryzae and var. zeae on the Basis of Cellular Fatty Acid Composition

Cellular fatty acid analysis was employed to differentiate three varieties of Rhizoctonia circinata ; var. circinata , var. oryzae and var. zeae . Eight fatty acids including myristic (14 : 0), pentadecanoic (15 : 0), palmitic (16 : 0), palmitoleic (16 : 1  cis 9), stearic (18 : 0), oleic (18 : 1  cis 9), linoleic (18 : 2  cis 9,12) and linolenic (18 : 3  cis 9,12) acids were present in isolates of all three varieties of R. circinata . Heptadecanoic acid (17 : 0) was detected in isolates of R. circinata var. zeae but not in isolates of R. circinata var. circinata or R. circinata var. oryzae . Palmitic, oleic and linoleic acids were the major fatty acids found, comprising 94–98% of the whole-cell fatty acid content. The remaining fatty acids were present in small amounts. Based on the composition (%) of fatty acids, isolates of R. circinata var. circinata , R. circinata var. oryzae and R. circinata var. zeae were clearly differentiated into three groups as shown by principal component and cluster analyses. This finding agrees well with the grouping of R. circinata into three varieties based on differences in colony morphology of the vegetative state. In principal component and cluster analysis, isolates of R. circinata var. circinata from Japan and Alaska were indistinguishable.     

Correlation Analysis of New Soybean [<i>Glycine max</i> (L.) Merr] Gene Gm15G117700 with Oleic Acid

The fatty acid dehydrogenase gene plays an important role in regulating the oleic acid content in soybean. Genome-wide association study screened out soybean oleic acid related gene Gm15G117700. A fragment size of 693bp was obtained by PCR amplification of the gene and, it was connected by seamless cloning technology to the pMD18T cloning vector. Based on the gene sequence cloned, bioinformatic analysis of gene protein was performed. The overexpression vector of Gm15G117700 and the CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing vector were constructed. The positive plants were obtained by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of soybean cotyledon nodes and T₂ plants were identified by conventional PCR, QT-PCR and Southern blot hybridization. 10 copies of high and low oleic acid seeds were selected for QT-PCR to identify the expression content of Gm15G117700 gene in different soybeans, and finally near-infrared spectroscopy analyzer was used to identify the oleic acid quality of soybeans. T₂ RT-PCR identification showed that overexpression was reduced by 3.94%, and gene editing was increased by 3.49%. It is determined that the Gm15G117700 gene may belong to a regulatory gene, a minor gene that can promote the conversion to linoleic acid content in soybean oleic acid synthesis. The gene cloning and its functional verification was not reported yet. This is the first report by PCR amplification of soybean Gm15G117700 genes and gene expression vector. Improving the content of oleic acid in soybean lay a foundation for researchers. Therefore;this study clearly identified the function of soybean Gm15G117700 gene and its role played in oleic acid synthesis and metabolism.     

亚油酸产生菌诱变育种

采用紫外线复合氯化锂诱变一株产亚油酸真菌拟青霉 3#B ,选出高产株B3a10。其摇瓶发酵生物量达 10 0 75g L ,脂含量达 6 0 0 0 0 % ,油酸 1.876g L ,亚油酸 1.85 4g L ,γ 亚麻酸 6 9 0 0 0mg L ,二十二碳六烯酸32 0 0 0mg L。油酸、亚油酸、γ 亚麻酸、二十二碳六烯酸分别比出发菌株 3#B(95 8mg L)提高了 82 0 ,896 ,30 ,2mg L。     

Monosomic Analysis of Fatty Acid Composition in Embryo Lipids of ZEA MAYS L

The effects of monosomy of specific chromosomes on the fatty acid composition of maize embryos were studied. A novel technique was developed to obtain fatty acid profiles of single embryos without reducing the viability of the sampled kernels. Monosomic 2 embryos had significantly more oleic acid and significantly less linoleic acid than diploid control embryos. Since the conversion of oleic acid to linoleic acid is a single-enzyme-mediated reaction, we suggest that a gene involved in linoleic acid biosynthesis is located on chromosome 2. Additional consistent variations were found in other monosomic types. This study demonstrates that monosomic analysis can be used to study gene dosage effects at the biochemical level.     

Mapping quantitative trait loci controlling oil content,oleic acid and linoleic acid content in sunflower (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Helianthus annuus</Emphasis> L.)

Sunflower oil with high oleic acid content is in great demand due to its nutritional as well as industrial benefits. The trait is mainly controlled by dominant alleles at a major gene, Ol, with other modifiers. The objectives of this research were to map the oil content, oleic acid and linoleic acid content in sunflower seeds. An F2 mapping population from cytoplasmic male-sterile line COSF 7A (33–35 % oleic acid) and high oleic acid inbred line HO 5–13 (88–90 % oleic acid) was developed and phenotyped for oil content, oleic acid and linoleic acid content at the F2 seed level. High phenotypic and genotypic coefficients of variation were recorded for oleic acid and linoleic acid content. High heritability and high genetic advance as percent of mean was recorded for oleic acid and linoleic acid content. This indicated the presence of the additive type of gene action controlling the traits oleic acid content and linoleic acid content. The Ol gene was mapped to linkage group (LG) 14 and tightly linked to the marker HO_Fsp_b. In addition, two more quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for oleic acid content were identified in LG8 and LG9. Two QTLs for oil content and two QTLs for linoleic acid content were also identified. All these QTLs explained over 10 % of phenotypic variation. A study was conducted with 13 genotypes differing in oil quality as well as quantity over three seasons to assess the reliability of the identified QTLs over seasons. It resulted in the identification of two potential QTLs for oleic acid as well as linoleic acid content with the markers ORS 762 and HO_Fsp_b. These markers explained more than 57.6–66.6 % of phenotypic variation. Hence it can be concluded that these markers/QTLs would be useful in the marker-assisted selection breeding programme to improve oil quality. The present study also indicated the presence of at least two other genomic regions controlling oleic and linoleic acid content in sunflower.     

红白花斑种皮高油酸花生种质材料的创制

本研究利用粉色种皮高油酸花生G63与紫白花斑种皮普通油酸花生VG-01配置杂交组合。利用等位基因特异性扩增(AS-PCR,allele-specific PCR)鉴定出16个F_1真杂种。在F_2中筛选到_ol1_ol_2单株,并对64个F_2:3家系间的种皮色泽分离进行χ~2检测。结果表明,纯色花生∶花斑花生在0.05水平上符合9∶7,花生种皮花斑性状由2对互补基因控制,当2对基因同时处于显性时,种皮表现为纯色;当2对基因至少有1对为隐性纯合时,种皮表现为花斑。利用AS-PCR技术对334株花斑种皮F_3单株进行基因型鉴定,筛选到29株ol_1ol_1ol_2ol_2基因型的单株。利用气相色谱测定结果表明,F4种子油酸GC值介于70.77%~82.87%,油酸/亚油酸介于8.15~26.30。F4群体植株主茎高12.4~87.3 cm,平均57.2 cm,较对照冀花2号增高34.97%;第1对侧枝长91.6~196.3 cm,平均134.1 cm,较对照冀花2号增长34.28%。F5新种质的单株果重、单株果数、单株仁重、单株仁数分别为(27.16±9.51)g、(22.11±10.26)个、(20.10±7.17)g和(31.94±15.16)个。新种质9-7、14-2、14-3、17-3和17-7均为红白花斑种皮,在单株果重方面较对照冀花2号增加230.02%、165.80%、210.66%、200.65%和160.26%,在单株果数方面增加280.00%、340.00%、450.00%、210.00%和150.00%,其油酸GC值分别为80.54%、81.75%、80.63%、81.3%和81.56%。该批种质材料不仅油酸含量高,而且具有医疗保健价值,对丰富我国高油酸花生遗传多样性具有重要的现实意义。     

Inheritance of high oleic acid content in the seed oil of soybean mutant M23

A mutant line, M23, of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] was found to have two fold increases in oleic acid content in the seed oil compared with the original variety, Bay. Our objective was to determine the inheritance of the high oleic acid content in this mutant. Reciprocal crosses were made between M23 and Bay. There were no maternal and cytoplasmic effects for oleic acid content. The F₁ seeds and F₁ plants were significantly different from either parents or the midparent value, indicating partial dominance of oleic acid content in these crosses. The oleic acid content segregated in the F₂ seeds and F₂ plants in a trimodal pattern with normal, intermediate and high classes, satisfactorily fitting a 121 ratio. The seeds of a backcross between M23 and F₁ segregated into intermediate and high classes in a ratio of 11. These results indicated that oleic acid content was controlled by two alleles at a single locus with a partial dominant effect. Thus, the allele in M23 was designated ol and the genotypes of M23 and Bay were determined to be olol and 0l0l, respectively. The oleic acid contents of the F₂ seeds and F₂ plants were inversely related with the linoleic acid content which segregated in a trimodal pattern with normal, intermediate and low classes in a 121 ratio. Thus, it was assumed that the low linoleic acid content in M23 was also controlled by the ol alleles. Because a diet with high oleic acid content reduces the content of low density lipoprotein cholesterol in blood plasma, the mutant allele, ol, would be useful in improving soybean cultivars for high oleic acid content.     

甘蓝型油菜芥酸含量的主基因＋多基因遗传

应用植物数量性状主基因＋多基因混合遗传模型对甘蓝型油菜无芥酸品种HSTC     

世界红花种质的籽油脂肪酸组分评价

对引自 48个国家和地区在北京栽培的 2 0 48份红花 (CarthamustinctoriusL .)种质资源的籽油脂肪酸分析表明 ,棕榈酸、硬脂酸、油酸和亚油酸的平均含量分别为 7.30 %、1.2 8%、15 .76 %和 75 .33% ,其含量范围分别为 0 .99%～ 2 9.0 3%、0 .0 1%～ 5 .71%、5 .0 0 %～ 81.84%和 11.13%～ 88.30 %。来自不同地区的红花种质 ,各种脂肪酸的含量有较大的差异。来源于孟加拉国的红花 ,亚油酸平均含量为 5 0 .6 8% ,来源于奥地利的红花 ,亚油酸平均含量高达79.0 4%。通过评价 ,分别筛选出 10个高亚油酸和 10个高油酸的品种 ,高油酸的品种中有 3个来自孟加拉国 ,而高亚油酸的品种大多来自中国