活体和施肥管理体系下锦鲤池塘产量、水质及细菌学参数(英文）

为探讨在观赏池塘中的投放浮游动物以及直接投放动物粪便对锦鲤（Cyprinus carpio L.）的生长及产量的影响,在池塘中进行了为期11周的实验。实验按如下四种管理系统进行处理：1.给幼体锦鲤投喂浮游动物饲料(LF组);2.直接投放家禽粪便(PM组);3.直接投放牛粪(CD组);4.不投放任何食物,仅进行常规管理(C组) 。每组实验重复三次。同时检测非自养细菌及致病微生物(如: Aeromonas sp. 和 Pseudomonas sp.)的生长状况,以此了解池塘的管理状况。在LF组中,其水体含氧量较高,与其它组相比具显著差异(P<0.05)。而PM 、 CD组与LF、C组比较,在PO4 – P, NH4 – N, NO3 – N, NO2 – N的关系, 导电率、碱度以及生化需氧量等较高,且差异显著(P<0.05),在池塘底部淤泥中的总氮量及有机碳百分率方面PM、CD与LF组相比,具有显著差异（P <0.05）。PM与CD 组与其它组相比在池塘中的非自养细菌（Aeromonas sp.和Pseudomonas sp.）的繁殖率较高,皆具显著差异P<0.05)。LF组中锦鲤的体重增长率较其它组高（P<0.05)。锦鲤幼体在C及LF组中的成活率分别为: 67.21% 和90.11%。结果提示：提高锦鲤幼体的存活率及其产量可通过对水质的管理(即保持优良水质)及提高池塘中浮游生物丰富度加以获得。值得注意的是：LF组中非自养细菌（Aeromonas sp. 与 Pseudomonas sp.）比率的过低将导致细菌性疾病的发生。     

毒死蜱乳油对辣椒根围土壤细菌群落结构的影响

【目的】了解有机磷杀虫剂毒死蜱对土壤细菌群落结构的作用。【方法】联合微生物平板计数法、末端限制性片段多态性分析,选择PRIMER 5进行群落结构分析,以研究不同浓度的毒死蜱对辣椒根围可培养和不可培养细菌群落结构的影响。【结果】毒死蜱施入后前30 d,3个处理组的可培养细菌较对照组具有显著差异(P0.05),但在第30天后,处理组可培养细菌数均能恢复到对照水平。采用PRIMER 5对T-RFLP数据进行多角度分析发现,HaeⅢ酶切片段中,对照组C3、处理组Y0和Z2的细菌群落结构较整体聚类较远。HhaⅠ酶切片段中,150μg/g的毒死蜱处理组(Z0)在第0天表现出最大的群落差异。ANOSIM表明,以不同浓度的毒死蜱分组,各组间细菌群落组成差异不显著(HaeⅢ:Global R=0.041,P=0.168;HhaⅠ:Global R=-0.04,P=0.842);以不同取样时间分组时,细菌群落组成差异显著(HaeⅢ:Global R=0.304,P=0.001;HhaⅠ:Global R=0.28,P=0.001)。经SIMPER分析所有TRFs可知,对群落丰度贡献最大的片段分别为TRF239、TRF240、TRF241。在线比对得到其代表菌群有芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus sp.)、梭菌属(Clostridium sp.)、葡萄球菌属(Staphylococcus sp.)、八叠球菌属(Sarcina sp.)、假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas sp.)等。【结论】高浓度的毒死蜱会对土壤细菌群落产生影响,抑制根围细菌生长,从而遏制植物的健康生长,因而有必要及时采取措施以减少大量重复使用毒死蜱所带来的危害。     

东北虎幼体血清蛋白及胆汁酸的测定与分析

用HITACHI 7600-20全自动生化分析仪对13只东北虎幼体进行了总蛋白、白蛋白、球蛋白、前白蛋白及胆汁酸5项生化指标的测定,实验数据经SPSS软件统计分析.其结果为:总蛋白含量66.06±6.80 g/L,白蛋白含量34.19±2.51 g/L,球蛋白含量31.89±4.46 g/L,前白蛋白含量13.22±11.64 g/L,胆汁酸含量4.48±3.89 μmol/L.东北虎幼体雌雄个体间5项生化指标均无显著差异(P0.05).东北虎幼体与成体间,总蛋白、白蛋白、球蛋白含量均呈极显著差异(P<0.01).东北虎幼体与华南虎幼体间,总蛋白、球蛋白含量呈显著差异(P<0.05);白蛋白含量无显著差异(P0.05).     

渤海N油田油藏内源微生物群落结构分析

利用变性梯度凝胶电泳(denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis,DGGE)技术分析渤海N油田注水和未注水油藏中细菌和古菌群落结构组成及分布特征,试分析注水过程对油藏微生物群落丰度和种群的影响,为开展目标油田本源微生物采油试验提供技术支持。结果显示,注水采油井中细菌丰度和种类明显高于未注水采油井,其中注水采油井中的细菌主要为固氮螺菌属(Azospira sp.)、铜绿假单胞菌(Pseudomonas sp.)、陶厄氏菌属(Thauera sp.);注水井古菌的丰度和种类与未注水井也存在一定差异,主要为热自养甲烷热杆菌(Methanothermobacter thermautotrophicus)、甲烷鬃毛菌属(Methanosaeta)、嗜泉古菌(Crenarchaeote)。注水井和未注水井中的细菌、古菌种类分布有限,但丰度较高,主要为提高原油采收率有益的采油菌种,显示该区块具备开展本源微生物微生物采油技术实施的条件。     

甘草内生细菌多样性研究

以分离培养的方法对内蒙古鄂尔多斯市甘草基地野生及栽培甘草内生细菌的多样性进行了初步研究.结果表明,野生及栽培甘草植株内存在大量种群丰富的内生细菌.经ERIC-PCR指纹图谱分析,共分离到120株内生细菌,野生及栽培甘草均表现出根和叶部位的内生细菌数量多于茎部.对其中82株进行16S rDNA片段测序分析,结果表明这些内生细菌分别与GenBank中α、β、γ-Proteobacteria、Firmicutes、Actinobacteria五类细菌中的19个已知属相似性达到97%～100%.内生细菌的主要优势种群为芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus sp.)、假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas sp.)、泛菌属(Pantoea sp.)和沙雷氏菌属(Serratia sp.).     

东北虎幼体葡萄糖、四种离子、尿素氮及肌酐含量的测定与分析

用HITACHI 7600-20型全自动生化分析仪对13只东北虎幼体进行了8项生化指标的测定,运用生物统计学分析方法,分别对东北虎幼体雌雄个体间及东北虎幼体与华南虎成体间进行了比较分析.结果表明,东北虎雌雄个体间血清中K 含量呈极差异显著(P<0.01),而葡萄糖、Na 、Ca2 、HCO3-、尿素及肌酐含量并无显著差异;在Cl-、肌酐含量上,雌性东北虎幼体与雌性华南虎有显著差异(P<0.05);雄性东北虎幼体与雄性华南虎在Cl-含量上无显著差异,在葡萄糖及肌酐含量上有极显著差异(P<0.01).     

土壤假单胞菌593使用Pcs途径合成磷酯酰胆碱

【目的】原核生物有两条代谢途径N-甲基化途径(Pmt途径)和磷脂酰胆碱合酶途径(Pcs途径)合成磷脂酰胆碱(PC)。本文对土壤细菌Pseudomonas sp.593的磷脂酰胆碱合成进行了研究,试图弄清楚假单胞菌的磷脂酰胆碱的合成途径。【方法】通过氨基酸序列比较,获得已报道的磷脂酰胆碱合酶(Pcs)的氨基酸保守序列,并设计简并引物,从Pseudomonas sp.593总DNA中PCR扩增出磷脂酰胆碱合酶基因(pcs)的片段,然后用扩增的DNA片段作探针,对Pseudomonas sp.593基因组DNA亚克隆文库进行菌落原位杂交,获得pcs全基因序列;利用同源重组原理进行活体突变,获得Pseudomonas sp.593 pcs-突变体;采用薄层层析(TLC)法分析细菌总磷脂,检测PC含量以及pcs基因活性。【结果】TLC分析显示Pseudomonas sp.593细菌仅在添加外源胆碱的M9或LB培养基中生长时才合成PC;从Pseudomonas sp.593细菌中克隆出894 bp的DNA序列,编码的蛋白具有磷脂酰胆碱合酶活性;活体缺失pcs基因后,Pseudomonas sp.593 pcs-突变体在添加或不添加胆碱的条件下都不能合成PC。【结论】Pcs途径是土壤Pseudomonas sp.593乃至其它假单胞菌合成磷脂酰胆碱的唯一途径。     

甘草内生细菌多样性研究

以分离培养的方法对内蒙古鄂尔多斯市甘草基地野生及栽培甘草内生细菌的多样性进行了初步研究。结果表明, 野生及栽培甘草植株内存在大量种群丰富的内生细菌。经ERIC-PCR指纹图谱分析, 共分离到120株内生细菌, 野生及栽培甘草均表现出根和叶部位的内生细菌数量多于茎部。对其中82株进行16S rDNA片段测序分析, 结果表明这些内生细菌分别与GenBank中α、β、γ-Proteobacteria、Firmicutes、Actinobacteria五类细菌中的19个已知属相似性达到97％～100%。内生细菌的主要优势种群为芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus sp.)、假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas sp.)、泛菌属( Pantoea sp.)和沙雷氏菌属(Serratia sp.)。     

杂交水稻种子固有细菌群落多样性探究

采用传统的分离培养方法和分子生物学技术对我国高产杂交水稻(OryzasativaL.)金优611种子固有细菌进行研究,从而了解其中可培养细菌群落的多样性。对分离得到的91株细菌进行16SrDNA扩增、ARDRA分型和16SrDNA系统发育分析,结果表明,分离得到的91株细菌分属于10个属16个种。其中γ-变形杆菌(Gammaproteobacteria)(53.85%)占据优势地位,其次为α-变形杆菌(Alphaproteobacteria)(20.88%),其它分属放线菌门Actinobacteria(15.39%)及厚壁菌门Firmicutes(9.88%)。其中的泛菌属(Pantoea sp.)和鞘氨醇单胞菌属(Sphingomonas sp.)、假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas sp.)、微杆菌属(Microbacterium sp.)为分离到的优势种群,且在种子这一特殊的生存空间中有4株潜在的新种存在。首次报道了杂交水稻金优611种子具有丰富的微生物群落多样性,为进一步探索植物种子际微生态环境中微生物群落的形成和生态功能提供了基础信息。     

DNA疫苗初免-BCG加强免疫法提高小鼠抗结核分枝杆菌感染效率的研究

对结核分枝杆菌DNA四价疫苗(编码Ag85B,MPT64,MPT70和TB10.4抗原)初发免疫、卡介苗(BCG)加强免疫后小鼠产生免疫应答的能力和抗结核杆菌感染效率进行了分析.攻毒后细菌计数结果显示,DNA初免、BCG加强组肺脏和脾脏载菌数的对数值比阴性对照组下降1.0～1.3(P<0.01),且显著低于DNA四价苗和BCG组(P<0.05).3次免疫后,BCG加强组外周血中CD4 和CD8 T淋巴细胞显著增多(P<0.05);经4种抗原分别刺激,BCG加强组脾细胞产生的抗原特异性IFN-γ和IL-2水平显著高于其他免疫组,其中Ag85B抗原诱导产生的IFN-γ浓度为1250ng/L,IL-2浓度为230ng/L,分别是DNA四价苗组的1.6,1.7倍(P<0.05),是BCG组PPD诱导产生相应细胞因子浓度的2.6倍和2.2倍(P<0.05);此外,BCG加强组肺脏中分泌穿孔素的淋巴细胞数量也显著增加(P<0.05).结果表明,DNA初发免疫、BCG加强免疫法能显著提高小鼠CD4 ,CD8 T细胞介导的免疫应答,增强小鼠抗结核杆菌感染能力,是提高结核病疫苗免疫效果的新途径.     

Comparative effect of live food and manured treatments on water quality and production of ornamental carp, Cyprinus carpio var. koi L., during winter, summer, monsoon and post-monsoon growout experiments in concrete tanks

Four growth trials (each of 11 weeks duration) were conducted during different seasons throughout 1 year, namely, winter, summer, monsoon and post‐monsoon to assess the seasonal influence on growth and production of koi carp, Cyprinus carpio var. koi L. larvae in concrete tanks maintained under different management regimes. Individual weight gain, survival rate, fish deformities and number of marketable fish in each season were compared among four management regimes: (i) carp larvae fed with live zooplankton (LF); (ii) direct fertilization with poultry manure (PM); (iii) direct fertilization with cow dung (CD); and (iv) a control system (C), where a commercial diet containing 32% crude protein was applied. There were three replicates for each treatment. The LF treatment produced significantly higher weight gain, survival rate and number of marketable fish in all seasons (P < 0.05), compared with the other treatments, through maintenance of better water quality and greater abundance of zooplankton in the system. Fish deformities were highest in the C treatment in every season (P < 0.05). Water temperatures averaged 18.6°C (winter), 29.7°C (summer), 28.3°C (monsoon), and 26.5°C in the post‐monsoon trial. Average weight gain of koi carp achieved during the winter trial (2.01 g in C to 4.44 g in LF) was considerably lower than that achieved in the summer, monsoon or post‐monsoon trials. Survival rates of carp ranged from 70.5% (C) to 95.5% (LF) in the winter trial, and were considerably lower than the other seasons. The number of marketable fish was also lowest during the winter trial.     

Zooplankton abundance and diversity in Central Florida grass carp ponds

The effect of the Asian grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella Val.) upon the zooplankton in three adjacent experimental ponds (0.139 ha each) was studied for one year. The ponds contained nine species of aquatic macrophytes. Grass carp were stocked into Pond 1 (65 per ha) and Pond 2 (611 per ha) three months after the study was started. At the time of stocking, physichochemical and biological parameters were similar among the ponds.Grass carp did not affect water quality and had little direct or indirect effect upon the zooplankton in the ponds. The abundance and species diversity of zooplankton (number of species, Shannon Index, and Simpson Index) were not significantly different (P < 0.05) between ponds prior to grass carp stocking. After stocking with grass carp, the number of species and species diversity were found to be significantly different (P < 0.05) between Pond 1 (low grass carp stocking rate) and Pond 2 (high grass carp stocking rate). Additionally, significant differences (P < 0.05) in populations between ponds were found for Lecane luna, Monostyla bulla, Lepadella ehrenbergii, Polyarthra sp., and Synchaeta sp. Temporal variation rather than grass carp was probably responsible for those differences. The number of zooplankton per group (Rotifera, Cladocera, and Copepoda) and species diversity were not significantly different (P<0.05) between ponds containing different stocking rates of grass carp.During the study, zooplankton were collected with a shallow-water sampler. No significant differences (P < 0.05) between collections were found for the sampler and a No. 20 mesh nylon zooplankton net.     

鲤肠道正常菌群的研究

本实验用稀释滴种的定量方法,对淡水养殖地中健康鲤肠道内的１０种菌群进行了定性、定量分析,并对结果进行统计学处理,得到鲤肠菌群的一些生理值。结果表明鲤肠道中需氧、兼性厌氧优势菌是气单胞菌和酵母菌,厌氧优势菌是拟杆菌。对不同时间、不同温度条件下同一养殖池中鲤肠道菌群的测定结果比较表明：葡萄球菌、假单胞菌差异显著（ｐ＜０．０５）,气单胞菌、大肠杆菌、需氧芽胞杆菌、酵母菌、乳酸杆菌、双歧杆菌、拟杆菌、梭状芽胞杆菌差异不显著（ｐ＞０．０５）,表明该８种菌群在鲤肠道中的菌数处于相对稳定状态,属于肠道正常菌群。     

太湖梅梁湾大型控藻围栏对浮游甲壳动物群落结构的影响

2005年对太湖梅梁湾大型鲢、鳙控藻围栏内外浮游甲壳动物群落结构的季节变化进行了监测.结果表明:围栏内外的环境因子、浮游植物生物量、浮游甲壳动物种类组成无显著差异.但鲢、鳙放养对浮游甲壳动物的生物量产生了较大的影响,围栏内浮游甲壳动物的总生物量和枝角类的生物量显著低于围栏外.总体上,枝角类各种类的生物量受鲢、鳙放养的影响程度大于桡足类的种类.太湖梅梁湾浮游甲壳动物的季节演替明显,大部分种类只是季节性出现.冬季和春季以溞(Daphnia sp.)和近邻剑水蚤(Cyclops vicnus)等大型种类为主,夏季和秋季以象鼻溞(Bosmina sp.)、角突网纹溞(Ceriodaphnia cornuta)和中华窄腹剑水蚤(Limnoithona sinensis)等小型种类为主.典范对应分析表明,透明度、温度和浮游植物的生物量是影响浮游甲壳动物季节变化的主要因素.     

Histopathological and electron microscopy studies on sleepy disease of koi Cyprinus carpio koi in Japan

Koi sleepy disease (KSD) usually occurs when koi Cyprinus carpio koi are taken from nursing earthen ponds and placed in cement-lined ponds containing fresh water in spring and autumn in Japan. We transfered koi from an earthen pond to tanks containing fresh water and 0.5 % salt water in an attempt to replicate KSD and prevent the onset of KSD, respectively, in the laboratory. KSD broke out after 4 to 5 d, followed by mass mortality (76%: 95/125 fish) within 17 d, in the fresh water. Diseased fish died within a few days. Examination revealed enlarged cells in the respiratory epithelia of gill lamellae; hyperplasia of interlammellar epithelia resulted in clubbing of gill filaments, which caused hypoxia when severe. Electron microscopy showed that enlarged cells contained immature particles (416-450 nm diameter) or mature virions (333-400 x 400-413 nm) of a pox-like virus in the cytoplasm. Mature virions were transported to the periphery of the cells. Hepatocytes, renal tubular epithelial cells, muscle cells of the lateral musculature and cardiac muscle cells were cloudy with mitochondrial degeneration. PCR assay using primer sets for a pox-like virus causing 'carp edema' determined that KSD-virus is the same as the carp edema virus. None of the koi held in 0.5% salt water showed sleepy disease during a 25 d experimental period; PCR assay revealed no KSD-virus in gills of koi in the same treatment.     

珠三角高产养殖池塘浮游动物群落结构及水质评价

为进一步了解珠三角高产池塘养殖环境状况, 分析珠三角高产池塘浮游动物群落特征及与池塘水质的相关性, 研究于2016年7—8月对珠三角地区6种主要高产养殖模式30口池塘的浮游动物和环境因子进行了调查。研究结果表明: (1)共采集浮游动物55种, 其中原生动物17种、轮虫29种、枝角类4种、桡足类5种。6种养殖模式池塘中, 大口黑鲈S池塘浮游动物种类数最多, 为34种; 草鱼池塘最少, 为18种。(2)30口池塘共记录优势种8种, 其中原生动物和轮虫各4种, 枝角类和桡足类均不占优势。在6种养殖模式池塘中, 优势种也仅包括原生动物和轮虫, 优势种种类数变化范围为5—8种。(3)30口池塘浮游动物平均密度和生物量均较高, 分别为21354 ind./L和9.36 mg/L。方差分析结果表明6种养殖模式池塘浮游动物密度和生物量均不存在显著差异。(4)RDA分析结果表明, TP和pH是影响珠三角池塘浮游动物分布的主要因素。采用浮游动物丰度和生物量对水质的评价结果显示, 6种养殖模式池塘均处于富营养化状态; 运用Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和Margalef多样性指数对水质的评价结果表明, 6种模式养殖池塘均处于α-中污状态, 且以草鱼池塘的污染最为严重。本研究首次利用浮游动物对珠三角高产池塘进行水质评价, 研究结果可为池塘生态修复和管理提供一定的指导意见。     

Size‐specific effects of bighead carp predation across the zooplankton size spectra

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The effect of biomanipulation of the zooplankton on the growth, feeding and survival of pikeperch (Stizostedion lucioperca) in nursing ponds

The following treatments were evaluated for use in rearing pikeperch larvae (Stizostedion lucioperca L.) in nursing ponds: treatment with Dipterex (Bayer); concurrent stocking with common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.); short flooding periods and prefeeding fish larvae. Treatment with Dipterex (active ingredient trichloorfon, i.e. 00-dimethyl-2,2,2, trichlorohydroxyethyl phosphonate) gave zooplankton populations dominated by rotatoria and nauplii at the onset of exogenous feeding and dominated by copepods later on. Cladocerans dominated the plankton in untreated ponds but were never prominent in treated ones. Stomach analysis revealed a fast changing feeding preference in pikeperch from nauplii and copepodites towards cladocerans and chironomids. The excellent food conditions for first feeding pikeperch larvae in Dipterex treated ponds resulted in a significant higher number of harvested fingerlings. In spite of the more favourable food conditions in untreated ponds during the second half of the culture period, a significant growth difference was not found. Concurrent carp stocking did not affect significantly the survival and growth of the pikeperch, although it decreased the accessability of chironomids for pikeperch. Short flooding periods and prefeeding pikeperch larvae failed as useful management strategies for pikeperch nursing. Pikeperch fingerlings cultured in ponds are larger than those found in natural populations at the same time, giving them a high chance to become piscivorous and to increase the year class strength when stocked in natural waters.     

高密度鳙池塘分区养殖浮游动物群落结构及水环境特征

研究在高密度鳙和黄颡鱼、鲢混养模式下, 通过在池塘中设置1/4拦网(A组)、1/2拦网(B组)和无拦网(C组)处理和分析养殖期不同处理组的水质特征和浮游动物群落结构, 来探讨设置拦网是否会减轻浮游动物种群的生存压力, 以保证水体中大型浮游动物的生物量。结果显示, A、B组TSS明显降低(P<0.05), 但TN、TP等营养盐显著增高(P<0.05)。各处理组中的原生动物和轮虫的种类相对较多, 分别占比为30.4%—36.6% 和51.6%—57.0%, 枝角类和桡足类种类相对较少。各处理组的物种组成变化不明显, 物种多样性(H')仅在7月9日和7月23日2次采样中, A、B组显著高于C组(P<0.05), 其他时间各处理组无明显差异。各处理组中的主要优势种群为原生动物和轮虫, 但轮虫在实验后期趋于小型化。另外, 大型优势物种多刺裸腹溞Moina macrocopa随着采样时间在C组中消失, 在A、B组仍存在。轮虫和原生动物的生物量在实验期间各处理组中的变化不显著, 枝角类和桡足类总生物量则是在B组显著高于A组和C组, 说明拦网分区养殖在一定程度上能有效地减轻大型浮游动物种群的生存压力, 减缓其生物量的骤降。研究结果对维持池塘浮游动物生态平衡和增加池塘中鳙的天然饵料具有积极的指导作用。     

Effects of a filter-feeding fish [silver carp, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix (Val.)] on phyto- and zooplankton in a mesotrophic reservoir: results from an enclosure experiment

SUMMARY 1. Silver carp, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix (Val.), feeds on both phyto- and zooplankton and has been used in lake biomanipulation studies to suppress algal biomass. Because reports on the effects of silver carp on lake food webs have been contradictory, we conducted an enclosure experiment to test how a moderate biomass of the fish (10 g wet weight m⁻³) affects phytoplankton and crustacean zooplankton in a mesotrophic temperate reservoir.
2. Phytoplankton biomass <30 μm and particulate organic carbon (POC) <30 μm were significantly higher in enclosures with silver carp than in enclosures without fish, whereas Secchi depth was lower. Total copepod biomass declined strongly in both treatments during the experiment, but it was significantly higher in fish-free enclosures. Daphnid biomass was also consistently higher in enclosures without fish, although this effect was not significant. However, the presence of fish led to a fast and significant decrease in the size at maturity of Daphnia galeata Sars. Thus, the moderate biomass of silver carp had a stronger negative effect on cladoceran zooplankton than on phytoplankton.
3. Based on these results and those of previous studies, we conclude that silver carp should be used for biomanipulation only if the primary aim is to reduce nuisance blooms of large phytoplankton species (e.g. cyanobacteria) that cannot be effectively controlled by large herbivorous zooplankton. Therefore, stocking of silver carp appears to be most appropriate in tropical lakes that are highly productive and naturally lack large cladoceran zooplankton.