长江口沿岸碎波带仔稚鱼的种类组成及其多样性特征

为了进一步探明长江口沿岸碎波带仔稚鱼的种类组成和多样性特征,2006年7月-2007年6月的每月大潮期间,在长江口沿岸碎波带13个站位点的水深0.5-1.5m处,两人沿海岸平行方向步行拖曳小型拖网(1m×4m,网目1mm)采集仔稚鱼样本。周年共拖网397网次,采集到仔稚鱼49045尾。仔稚鱼隶属于31科,共84种,其中海洋性鱼类16种,河口性鱼类30种,洄游性鱼类4种,淡水性鱼类34种。洄游性鱼类刀鲚占总个体数的82.63%,为最优势种。仔稚鱼的物种数、个体数和丰度在冬季较低,以3月份最低,夏季最高。Margalef丰富度指数2006年11月—2007年4月相对较低,2006年10月最高。Shannon-Wiener多样性指数在10月最高,7月最低。Pielou均匀度指数全年较恒定,2006年7月和2007年6月相对较低。     

池养条件下似刺鳊(鱼句)早期发育阶段的摄食与生长特性

对人工培育的似刺鳊(鱼句)(Paracanthobrama guichenoti)仔鱼、稚鱼和幼鱼的生长与摄食节律进行了研究.结果显示,在1~70日龄间,似刺鳊(鱼句)全长平均日增长率为3.55%,体重平均日增长率为11.26%,头长/全长值随着13龄的增长而变小.全长(L,mm)与体重(M,mg)的关系式为M=0.001 2 L2-0.056 4L+0.650 4;体重(M,mg)与日龄(D,d)的关系式为M=0.004 3 e0.0936D;全长(L,mm)和日龄(D,d)的关系式为L=0.015 4 D2-0.012 8 D+8.196 5.在饵料充足的条件下,20日龄晚期仔鱼全天均有很高的摄食发生率,小高峰出现在8:00时;40日龄稚鱼则表现出明显的昼夜摄食节律,属于典型的白天摄食类型,日摄食率2.337 6%.20 13龄仔鱼和40日龄稚鱼饱食后分别经6 h、5 h整个消化道排空.在水温25℃及饥饿空胃状态下,10日龄仔鱼只经3 d即开始出现死亡个体,经5 d全部死亡;20日龄仔鱼经6 d开始出现死亡个体,经9 d全部死亡;40 13龄稚鱼经7 d才开始出现死亡个体,10 d后全部个体均死亡.     

池养条件下似刺鳊鮈早期发育阶段的摄食与生长特性

对人工培育的似刺鳊鮈（Paracanthobrama guichenoti）仔鱼、稚鱼和幼鱼的生长与摄食节律进行了研究。结果显示,在1～70日龄间,似刺鳊鮈全长平均日增长率为3．55％,体重平均日增长率为11．26％,头长／全长值随着日龄的增长而变小。全长（L,mm）与体重（M,mg）的关系式为M=O．0012L^2-0．0564L＋0．6504;体重（M,mg）与日龄（D,d）的关系式为M=O．0043e^0.0936D;全长（L,mm）和日龄（D,d）的关系式为L=0．0154D^2-0．0128D＋8．1965。在饵料充足的条件下,20日龄晚期仔鱼全天均有很高的摄食发生率,小高峰出现在8：00时;40日龄稚鱼则表现出明显的昼夜摄食节律,属于典型的白天摄食类型,日摄食率2．3376％。20日龄仔鱼和4013龄稚鱼饱食后分别经6h、5h整个消化道排空。在水温25℃及饥饿空胃状态下,10日龄仔鱼只经3d即开始出现死亡个体,经5d全部死亡;20日龄仔鱼经6d开始出现死亡个体,经9d全部死亡;40日龄稚鱼经7d才开始出现死亡个体,10d后全部个体均死亡。     

美洲鲥胚胎及仔稚鱼的发育

对美洲鲥(Alosa sapidissima)早期生活史阶段的生长发育特征进行了观察和测量, 描述了胚胎和仔、稚鱼的生长发育特征。美洲鲥受精卵球形、无油球, 为沉性卵, 卵径2.85-3.28 mm。在水温20.3℃-21.9℃孵化条件下, 经过82h 孵化出膜, 根据其胚胎发育过程的形态特征, 胚胎发育分为受精卵、卵裂期、囊胚期、原肠胚期、神经胚期、器官形成期和出膜期7 个发育阶段。美洲鲥初孵仔鱼全长为(8.56±0.36) mm, 其卵黄囊体积为(4.57±0.77) mm3。1 日龄仔鱼脑部发育明显, 口张开, 肛门开通, 胸鳍形成。2 日龄仔鱼卵黄囊体积(0.71±0.23)mm3, 只有刚孵化的15.54%。3 日龄仔鱼经过1d 的混合营养期, 卵黄被完全吸收, 4 日龄仔鱼完全营外源性营养, 卵黄囊的体积(V)随孵化时间(h)的变化方程为V=4.1583e?0.0356h(R2=0.9901)。此后, 背鳍鳍条、尾鳍鳍条、臀鳍鳍条和腹鳍鳍条相继在晚期仔鱼出现, 9 日龄仔鱼尾椎开始弯曲, 21 日龄仔鱼尾椎弯曲完成。27 日龄鱼鳞开始形成, 到33 日龄稚鱼全身披鳞, 个体发育进入幼鱼期, 仔稚鱼期间的生长模型方程为: TL=0.0049D2+0.5091D+9.2578 (R2=0.9885, TL 为全长, D 为日龄)。       

湘江鳡仔稚鱼个体和耳石生长发育研究

2008 年6 月至7 月间于鳡(Elopichthys bambusa Richardson)的主要繁殖季节在湘江采集鳡仔稚鱼共370尾, 耳石分析表明这些仔稚鱼日龄在4-25d 间, 推算孵化日期为5 月27 日至6 月22 日。仔鱼前弯曲期向弯曲期转化时间为第6 日龄, 弯曲期向后弯曲期转化为第10 日龄, 后弯曲期向稚鱼期转化为15.5 日龄。体长生长和耳石生长均在进入后弯曲期后(12-13 日龄)出现1 个节点: 节点后体长生长速度是节点前的5 倍,节点后耳石生长速度是节点前的2 倍。早期生活史不同阶段鳡微耳石形态显著改变: 前弯曲期耳石为圆形;弯曲期耳石前后轴的生长速度明显超过背腹轴生长, 耳石也变为椭圆形; 后弯曲期耳石进一步延长, 耳石后端形成略尖的突起, 耳石呈梨形; 进入稚鱼期后, 耳石后突起变得较为平滑, 耳石形状呈贝形。耳石半径和体长的关系在后弯曲期阶段出现节点, 节点前后呈不同的直线关系。       

南方大口鲇幼鱼发育的初步研究

南方大口鲇的人工孵化鱼苗在11日龄时卵黄消失,转入营外生性营养的仔鱼阶段;23—26日龄仔鱼的主要外部器官分化完毕,转入稚鱼阶段;40—43日龄稚鱼除存在第二下颌须外,其余外形特征与成鱼相似,稚鱼阶段结束. 5月上旬在嘉陵江中采获到的当年幼鱼已发育到稚鱼阶段结束时期的水平;6—7月的当年幼鱼,当体长为151—177毫米时,第二下颌须消失.当年幼鱼体重和体长的关系为: W=e-10.87062L2.74257(N=77,r=0.9952)根据尾形、体色和须的数量的差异,可以区别南方大口鲇和鲇的当年幼鱼.       

泗礁沙滩碎波带仔稚鱼群落结构的时空变化

2010年8月—2011年8月每月大潮期间,在泗礁沙滩8个站位点水深0.5—1.5 m处,沿海岸平行拖曳小型拖网(1m×4m,网目1 mm)采集仔稚鱼样本。共采集仔稚鱼1718尾(隶属于28科46种)。仔稚鱼群落的季节变化显示,根据种类生活史及其对沙滩碎波带利用模式的差异,主要优势种鲻Mugil cephalus、中国花鲈Lateolabrax maculatus、鳀Engraulis japonicus、相模虾虎鱼Sagamia geneionema、细鳞鯻Terapon jarbua、鮻Liza haematocheila及中华侧带小公鱼Stolephorus chinensis分别在3月、5月、6月与8月进入碎波带,栖息时间在1—4个月不等;月份聚类和排序将8个月份(渔获物稀少甚至无渔获月份舍弃)分为2011年3—5月与2010年8—9月、2011年6—8月2个群组。群落的空间结构显示,St.5与St.7分别具有最多的种类数和个体数,说明仔稚鱼偏好栖息于内湾浅滩;但各主要优势种对内湾沙滩的选择有一定的种类特异性,其具体原因有待进一步完调查完善与分析;站点聚类和排序将8个站位分为4组:Sts.1—Sts.2与Sts.7—Sts.8聚为1组,St.5与St.6聚为1组,St.3、St.4分别为1组。各主要优势种对碎波带的利用时间、方式及对沙滩生境的选择均具有一定的种类特异性,其对沙滩生境选择的影响因子有待进一步研究。     

鸭绿江唇仔、稚鱼形态发育与早期生长

通过观察、拍照和测量的方法对鸭绿江唇(Hemibarbus labeo)仔、稚鱼的形态发育和早期生长进行了研究。结果表明:在19.6—25.8℃的试验条件下,唇初孵化仔鱼全长为(7.92±0.29)mm,2日龄头部两侧出现感觉芽;3日龄鳔一室原基形成,5日龄红色的脾出现,且仔鱼开口;7日龄卵黄囊吸收完毕,9日龄脊索末端开始向上弯曲;10日龄鳔二室形成,14日龄脊索弯曲完成,尾鳍边缘开始内凹;32日龄鳞片开始出现在鳃盖后缘的体表,同时各鳍发育完全,个体发育进入稚鱼期,43日龄全身被鳞,个体发育进入幼鱼期。根据卵黄囊、脊索和鳞片的变化,唇胚后发育可细分为卵黄囊期(0—6日龄)、弯曲前期(7—9日龄)、弯曲期(10—14日龄)、弯曲后期(15—32日龄)和稚鱼期(33—43日龄)。试验期间,全长和体质量的特定生长率分别为3.32%和12.16%;卵黄囊体积(V)与日龄(d)的关系为V=0.0048d3–0.0309d2–0.1240d+0.8453(R2=0.8933);全长(LT)、体质量(W)与日龄均为指数函数关系,相关方程分别为:LT=8.3821e0.0329d(R2=0.9586),W=0.0048e0.0969d(R2=0.9463);头长(LH)、体高(HB)的生长方程分别为:LH=–6E–05d3+0.002d2+0.1733d+0.7862(R2=0.9577),HB=–5E–05d3+0.0039d2+0.017d+0.9389(R2=0.9621)。     

长江口刀鲚耳石年轮确证和年龄与生长研究

洄游性刀鲚是长江中下游重要的渔业资源,20世纪70年代以来,其资源量严重下降。研究以耳石为年龄鉴定材料,对长江口刀鲚渔获物的年龄结构和生长进行研究,主要目的在于确证刀鲚耳石上年轮,分析刀鲚渔获物的年龄结构和生长特征,评价刀鲚资源状况。2006年4月至2007年8月在长江口逐月采样,共采集了576尾洄游性刀鲚。对矢耳石横截面分析发现,从耳石核出发,腹侧生长轴具有周期性的直-弯生长模式,直线生长发生在4到12月,弯曲生长在10月到第二年的6月;边缘轮纹增长率分析也表明,这种直-弯生长模式具有年周期性,可以用来鉴定年龄。弯曲生长向下一个直线生长的转换发生在4月至6月间,将此转换定义为年轮标志。年龄分析表明,长江口刀鲚渔获物包括0龄至4龄共五个年龄组,以1龄和2龄个体为主,雌雄个体年龄组成相似,生长趋势也比较接近,拟合的von Bertalanffy生长方程为SL=327.691-e-0.51(t+0.28)(n=576,r2=0.71,P3.36(n=576,r2=0.95,P<0.05)。与20世纪70年代渔获物调查结果相比,现在长江口刀鲚种群明显低龄化和小型化,表明刀鲚资源已严重过度利用。降低刀鲚的捕捞强度是刀鲚资源保护和恢复的基础。       

象山港蓝点马鲛(Scomberomorus niphonius)摄食习性

2015年4月3日—6月10日利用方形网采集象山港水域仔稚鱼,分析蓝点马鲛(Scomberomorus niphonius)摄食习性及其与饵料生物的相关性。期间共进行10个航次的调查,采集蓝点马鲛仔稚鱼1108尾,体长范围4.0~41.1 mm,其中587尾个体用于摄食分析。结果表明:象山港蓝点马鲛仔稚鱼的饵料生物有11种,其中鱼类仔鱼个体占98.6%,以斑鰶(Konosirus punctatu)、鰕虎鱼(Gobiidae)、鮻(Chelon haematocheilus)等为主要种类;摄食率随生长发育逐渐升高,卵黄囊仔鱼摄食率最低(为20.4%),弯曲期及之后的个体摄食率均在60%以上;蓝点马鲛仔稚鱼口裂较大,占体长的16.4%~25.1%,且与体长呈极显著正相关(P0.01);随个体生长发育,饵料体长逐渐增大且范围变广,与蓝点马鲛仔稚鱼的体长和口裂长均呈极显著正相关(P0.01);调查期间饵料生物丰度出现3个波峰,蓝点马鲛仔稚鱼主要出现在饵料生物丰度的第二波峰期间,经Pearson相关分析表明蓝点马鲛仔稚鱼与饵料生物丰度呈显著相关(P0.05)。     

Seasonal occurrence of helminths in the anadromous fish Coilia nasus (Engraulidae): parasite indicators of fish migratory movements

To understand the seasonal migration of the anadromous Coilia nasus , we attempted to identify the parasites infecting C. nasus and determine their seasonal occurrence. From June 2007 to July 2008, a survey of 775 C. nasus individuals from the estuary of the Yangtze River and the coast of the East China Sea revealed more than 7,300 parasites associated with the gills and alimentary tracts of C. nasus . The following 6 helminth taxa were identified, i.e., the monogeneans Heteromazocraes lingmueni and Helciferus tenuis, the digenean Elytrophallus coiliae, the acanthocephalan Acanthosentis cheni , and larvae of the nematodes Anisakis simplex and Contracaecum sp., all of which are marine or brackish-water parasites. The absence of freshwater helminths suggested that the parasites acquired in freshwater may have been accidentally, and easily, lost by the time the fish had reached the estuary and coast. Contrary to seasonal occurrence of the parasites' life cycles, the lowest mean abundance and prevalence of H. lingmueni and A. cheni occurred in August, which suggested the immigration of C. nasus from freshwater to the Yangtze estuary, with lower parasite burdens. The highest mean abundance and prevalence of the nematodes A. simplex and Contracaecum sp. in May and June, and the lowest in August, indicated the arrival of the fish from the coast and the Yangtze River, to the estuary, respectively. These findings suggested that a majority of the fish prepared for spawning migration in the estuary in spring and early summer and returned to the estuary after spawning in the lower and middle reaches of the Yangtze River in late summer.     

应用鱼类完整性指数(FAII)评价长江口沿岸碎波带健康状况

基于2006年11月-2007年10月在长江口的13个站点的周年调查,探索了鱼类完整性指数（FAII）在河口水域鱼类栖息地环境评价中的应用。结果显示各站点FAII值介于0-46之间,表明碎波带健康状况全年处于一般到极差的水平。系统聚类（Hierarchical Cluster）将所有站点分为四组,第一组St.1,Sts.12-13;第二组为Sts.2- 3,St.5;第三组为St.6,St.11;第四组为St.4,Sts.7- 10。健康状况差的站点FAII值全年波动较大,由于夏季水温升高,部分站点出现大量的洄游性和海洋性种类,FAII值出现季节性的升高;其中河口外段的St.1,St.11-St.13的完整性等级分别在7月和8月达到一般水平。St.4,St.10因位于水源保护区外侧,St.9位于西沙湿地公园,受人为影响较小,这三个站点的FAII值相对比较稳定且在所有站位点中处于较高水平。FAII与Margalef丰富度指的周年变化有一定的相似性,但与Shannon-Wiener多样性指数的变化却有很大的差异。     

基于耳石微化学的长江安徽和县江段刀鲚生境履历重建

为了解长江刀鲚(Coilia nasus)的“生境履历”, 利用电子探针微区分析技术研究了2015年5月17日在长江安徽和县江段捕获的刀鲚短颌鲚与长颌鲚类型耳石Sr和Ca微化学特征。短颌鲚的耳石Sr/Ca值变化动态为2类, 一类比值稳定在2.00左右(1.65±0.87—2.03±0.96), 反映了其纯淡水的生境履历; 另一类比值波动显著, 不仅具有对应淡水生境的低值(2.39±1.18—2.63±0.85), 还具有对应半咸水生境的高值(3.22±1.17—3.29±1.14), 显现了其江海生活的生境履历。长颌鲚耳石的Sr/Ca值均波动显著, 同时具有对应淡水生境的低值(1.35±1.07—2.37±1.04)和半咸水、海水生境的高值(3.47±1.09—8.35±1.25), 表现了其均为溯河洄游的生境履历。Sr面分析结果也与上述Sr/Ca值的结果相印证。长江安徽和县江段刀鲚资源组成复杂, 群体可由纯淡水型和江海生活型的个体共同组成。     

Feeding habit of larval and juvenile ayu,Plecoglossus altiyelis in the surf zone of Tosa Bay,Japan

A total of 7,000 larval and juvenilePlecoglossus altivelis was collected at semimonthly intervals with a small seine in a surf zone of Tei beach facing Tosa Bay during the period of June 1982 to May 1983. They occurred in the surf zone from middle October to middle May. About 500 larvae and juveniles (10.9–59.9 mm TL) were used to examine their feeding habit. The feeding incidences by collection dates fluctuated from 0 to 100%, with 90.6% in total incidence. They fed mainly on copepods (e.g.Paracalanus parvus andOithona spp.) throughout postlarval and juvenile stages, while they first took small benthic animals at 53.0 mm TL. Their food compositions were influenced fundamentally by the planktonic fauna of the surf zone, but larvae under 20 mm TL tended to take relatively larger copepods.     

Differences in growth rates among cohorts of Encrasicholina punctifer and Engraulis japonicus larvae in the coastal waters off Tanshui River Estuary, Taiwan, as indicated by otolith microstructure analysis

The hatching dates of Encrasicholina punctifer and Engraulis japonicus larvae collected in the coastal waters off Tanshui River Estuary during the fishing seasons of 1992 and 1993 indicated that these two anchovies had protracted spawning seasons, which resulted in multiple recruitment cohorts. Encrasicholina punctifer larvae recruited to the estuary from October to March, while the majority of E. japonicus larvae came in March-May and to a lesser extent in October and November. The E. punctifer larvae on arrival to the estuary were 17·4–35·6 mm in length, 167ndash;89 days old and had growth rates of 0·4–1·0 mm day⁻¹, E. japonicus larvae were 12·1–32·7 mm in length, 19–62 days old and had growth rates of 0·7–0·9 mm day⁻¹. Growth rates were significantly different among cohorts and positively correlated to water temperature.     

Early life history of a catadromous sculpin in western Japan

To clarify the early life history of Cottus kazika (Cottidae), the ontogeny, osteology, distribution, migration and food habit were examined based on larvae and juveniles collected from coasts and estuaries in western Japan. The sequence of fin completion was pectoral (P1)-dorsal soft-ray part (D2)-anal (A)-dorsal spine part (D1)-pelvic (P2). However, that of calcification was P1-P2-D1-D2-A. Larvae and juveniles of C. kazika are distinguished from those of coastal sculpins of Japan by large preopercle spines, conspicuous parietal spines, the large and densely pigmented pectoral fin and the relatively deep body. C. kazika and Myoxocephalus polyacanthocephalus plus Enophrys bison share these four ontogenetic characters. From the relationship between the growth ring count on the sagittae and total length, the size of embryos at hatching is estimated at 5.2 mm. Larvae are estimated to reach 7 mm in 10 days, 9 mm in 20 days and 11 mm in 30 days after hatching. Hatching dates for larvae collected in the Shimanto estuary in 1987 peaked during the period around the new moon in January. Many free embryos ranging from 4.3 to 5.9 mm were collected using an aqualamp at a rocky shore outside the Yura River mouth, at high salinity (> 33 ppt), but none were collected in the estuary. From beach samples, seasonal changes in body size varied from year to year, and no consistent growth pattern was found, although juveniles were generally larger in late March and April than in January and February. Very few larvae were collected along shorelines where there were no adjacent rivers. Food habit of larvae and juveniles changed with growth. Polychaete larvae, cladocerans and copepods were found in preflexion larvae less than 6 mm. Gammarids were one of the important food items for larvae over 6 mm. Juveniles over 12 mm almost exclusively fed on gammarids. In the Shimanto estuary, larvae and juveniles stayed near the river mouth in January and February, within a stagnant layer where temperature and salinity remained about 12 °C and 20 ppt, respectively. Juveniles tended to move in March when the stagnant layer disappeared in the estuary.     

中华鲟人工繁殖放流现状评价

1984-1998年,在长江葛洲坝水利枢纽下游江段,中国集团公司中华鲟研究所共捕捞663尾中华鲟亲鱼用于人工繁殖。各年的捕捞量变动在31—60尾之间。实际用于人工催产的亲鱼年利用率变动在3.1—91.7％之间。平均28.4％。催产卵的年受精率变动在0—85.0％之间,平均66.5％。年人工孵化鲟苗量变动在5—151.9万尾之间,平均54.3万尾。历年合计向长江放流初孵鲟苗4258万尾、幼鲟6.28万尾。经过多年的实践,中华鲟的人工催产,幼鲟孵化、培育和放流等方面的技术已经发展成熟。     

长江口鳗苗网兼捕鱼类物种多样性及其群聚结构

为探明长江口鳗苗网兼捕鱼类的物种多样性及其群聚结构,文章分析了2017—2019年鳗苗汛期用定置张网采集的11870网次鱼类样本。结果显示,样本中包含兼捕鱼类114388尾,经鉴定有54种,隶属13目27科46属。其中,鲈形目占总种数的40.74%,海洋性、肉食性、底层和小型鱼类分别占总种数的44.44%、74.07%、70.37%和48.15%。拉氏狼牙虾虎鱼(Odontamblyopus lacepedii)为第一优势种,数量占比达77.07%;焦氏舌鳎(Cynoglossus joyneri)、刀鲚(Coilia nasus)和斑鰶(Konosirus punctatus)也是个别年份的优势种。根据各月份间鱼类的群聚差异可将3月和4月、1月和2月各组合成1个组,两者的主要特征种分别有5种和6种,主要分歧种有10种。兼捕鱼类的平均体长仅(73.77±38) mm,早期资源占总样本数的96.65%,许多是当地经济鱼类的幼体。样本中有鳗苗16470尾, 3年平均的兼捕损伤率7.58,高于6年前的损伤率,鳗苗捕捞对其他鱼类幼体的损伤应引起重视。