氨基化硅胶载体固定化纤维素酶的研究

用硅胶作载体,戊二醛作交联剂,制备了固定化的纤维素酶。对制备固定化纤维素酶的偶联剂浓度、pH、给酶量3个影响因素进行了研究,通过正交试验优化得出最佳的固定化条件:交联剂戊二醛浓度为1%,固定化pH值为5,固载量为每克载体100mg纤维素酶。     

肠溶衣聚合物固定化纤维素酶性质的研究

选用国内固定化酶方面研究较少的EudragitL-100为载体,采用物理吸附法,制备出具有可溶-不可溶性质的固定化纤维素酶。固定化酶的溶解度变化的条件是:pH≥5.0时,呈可溶性;pH≤4.0时,呈不可溶性。固定化酶的稳定性较好,重复利用4次后,酶活力保留值在65%以上。比较了固定化酶和游离酶的最适反应条件和动力学常数的大小。以2%的滤纸为底物(15FPU/g底物),固定化酶水解反应的效果比游离酶好。该研究结果在提高纤维素原料酶水解工艺的经济性方面具有重要意义。     

纤维素酶固定化的研究进展

纤维素酶成本过高是纤维糖化工艺中的主要障碍,因此,各国学者都在研究和探索降低纤维素酶成本及提高其酶解效率的有效方法,酶的固定化技术便有很有希望的方法之一。本文综述了近２０年国内外应用不同性质的载体研究纤维素酶固定化的若干结果和进展。     

壳聚糖固定化纤维素酶的研究

以蟹壳为原料提取壳聚糖,用戊二醛作交联剂,将纤维素酶固定于壳聚糖上．同时探讨了一定量干壳聚糖载体与交联剂浓度、给酶量等关系的最适固定化酶条件,并对固定化酶的热稳定性、操作稳定性、米氏常数、最适温度、离子强度的影响及使用半衰期等理化性质进行了探讨．     

谷胱甘肽硫转移酶(GST)的固定化及酶学特性研究

对谷胱甘肽硫转移酶的固定化、游离酶和固定化酶的酶学特性进行了研究,通过试验,确定谷胱甘肽硫转移酶的最佳固定化条件为先用2％壳聚糖吸附酶,然后再加戊二醛交联,交联用戊二醛浓度为1．2％,交联时间6h;游离酶的最适温度为45—55℃,最适pH值为6．5-7．0：固定化酶的最适温度为45-50℃,最适pH值为7．0;游离酶和固定化酶的最适酶促反应时间为30min。     

生物酶/γ-Al2O3小球催化氧化柴油脱硫性能研究

通过吸附法将生物酶负载在γ-Al₂O₃小球载体上,并对生物酶/γ-Al₂O₃及载体进行扫描电镜(SEM)、比表面积分析(BET)、傅里叶红外光谱(FT-IR)及圆二色谱(CD)表征。结果表明:生物酶被吸附在载体上。将制备的生物酶/γ-Al₂O₃催化真实柴油氧化脱硫,考察了反应温度、反应流速和酶溶液浓度对真实柴油脱硫效果的影响,并对脱硫效果进行定性及定量分析;进一步对脱硫工艺条件进行响应面设计优化,找出最优反应条件。实验结果显示:反应温度49℃、反应流速1.0 mL/min、酶溶液浓度15.5%(酶载量为28.13 g),得出的最优脱硫率为93.16%;最后考察了该固定化酶的重复使用性能,该催化剂使用7次活性无明显降低,表明该固定化酶催化氧化柴油脱硫效果显著,具有潜在的工艺应用价值。     

多酶共固定化的研究进展

固定化酶技术是现代生物催化的核心技术。过去几十年里,固定化酶技术的研究主要集中在单酶固定化。近年来,多酶共固定化由于具有可增加反应的局部浓度、提高反应收率等优点而得到研究者的广泛关注。本文根据国内外研究现状并结合本实验研究从多酶非特异性共价共固定化、非特异性非共价共固定化、非共价包埋固定化以及位点特异性固定化四个方面阐述多酶固定化方法的研究进展,并分析和展望了其在工业上的应用前景。     

活性炭吸附固定化粪产碱杆菌青霉素G酰化酶

目的：以活性炭为载体固定化粪产碱杆菌来源的青霉素G酰化酶,考察固定化酶的性质。方法：对影响酶固定化的因素优化筛选,确定有显著影响的因素：pH、离子强度、酶量、固定化时间进行L934的正交实验,获得最佳固定化条件,并对固定化酶的最适反应温度、pH及批次稳定性进行研究。结果：最佳固定化条件为：载体0.3g,酶量5mL,总反应体系为12mL,离子强度1mol/L,温度4℃,pH 7.0,固定化40h;最高固定化酶活性为135.9U/g湿载体。固定化酶性最适反应温度为55℃,最适pH为10,重复使用12次后没有活性损失。结论：活性炭吸附固定化青霉素G酰化酶的活性高,批次反应稳定,具有工业应用潜力。     

CO2转化酶的固定化研究

CO2是导致温室效应的主要气体,固定和转化CO2的研究对于温室效应的减缓和环境保护方面具有重要意义。近年来CO2转化的研究取得了迅猛发展,其中生物法固定CO2由于其反应条件温和且绿色无污染的优点而备受关注。本文对转化CO2有关的乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）、苹果酸脱氢酶（MDH）和草酰乙酸脱羧酶（OAADC）进行了初步的固定化分析。首先以碳纳米管、壳聚糖和海藻酸钠为原料,制备了包埋上述CO2转化酶的微胶囊固定化体系,然后分别比较了游离酶和固定化酶的操作稳定性和储存稳定性。研究结果表明,固定化的CO2转化酶的操作稳定性和储存稳定得到明显的提高。本研究对CO2的转化和应用方面具有重要参考价值。     

纳米材料固定化酶的研究进展

近年来,纳米技术为酶固定化提供了多种纳米级材料,纳米材料固定化酶不仅具有高的酶负载量,而且具有良好的酶稳定性。本文基于纳米材料固定化酶,对纳米材料的种类进行了总结,分析了纳米材料对固定化酶性能的影响,并介绍了纳米级固定化方法及纳米材料固定化酶在生物转化、生物传感器、生物燃料电池等领域的应用。     

Immobilization of cellulase onto electrospun polyacrylonitrile (PAN) nanofibrous membranes and its application to the reducing sugar production from microalgae

This study demonstrates a method to prepare an immobilized cellulase by using an electrospun polyacrylonitrile (PAN) nanofibrous membrane as the support. To obtain an immobilized cellulase with high hydrolytic activity, the immobilization conditions including activation time, enzyme concentration, immobilization time, and temperature were optimized. Under those conditions, the immobilized cellulase possessed a protein loading of 30 mg/g-support and a specific activity of 3.2 U/mg-protein. After immobilization, the enzymatic stability of cellulase against pH and thermal stresses was improved. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) measurements also revealed that the cellulase was covalently bonded to the supports. The immobilized cellulase was then used to hydrolyze cell wall of microalgae for the production of reducing sugars. Analyses using response surface methodology (RSM) show that the hydrolysis yield was affected by the reaction temperature, pH, and substrate/cellulase mass ratio, and a hydrolysis yield of 60.86% could be obtained at 47.85 °C, pH 5.82, and a substrate/cellulase mass ratio of 40 g-substrate/g-cellulase. This result suggests that the proposed scheme for the cellulase immobilization has great potential for the application to the reducing sugar production.     

Improved stability of the carbon nanotubes-enzyme bioconjugates by biomimetic silicification

Nano-materials have been applied in many fields due to their excellent characteristics, such as the high surface area-to-volume ratio, excellent physicochemical properties and biological compatibility. In this study, multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were utilized to prepare MWCNTs-papain bioconjugates and then realized the immobilization of papain. MWCNTs functionalized with carboxyl- and amine- groups on their surface were used as immobilization carriers. The immobilization of papain on the functionalized MWCNTs through physical absorption was examined. The conjugates were denoted as MWCNTs-papain bioconjugates. To improve the stability, the bioconjugates were further coated by silica through the biomimetic silicification process that induced by papain (denoted as silica-coated bioconjugates). The as-prepared MWCNTs-papain bioconjugates and the silica-coated bioconjugates were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The preliminary results showed that the bioconjugates could retain most of the initial activity of papain. Compared to free papain and MWCNTs-papain bioconjugates, the silica-coated bioconjugates exhibited significantly improved thermal, pH and recycling stability. Comparisons of the kinetic parameters between MWCNTs-papain bioconjugates and the silica-coated bioconjugates revealed that the K_m value of the immobilized papain experienced a slight increase after silica coating, which suggested that the silica coating did not significantly hinder papain's access to substrate or release of product.     

Immobilized trypsin on hydrophobic cellulose decorated nanoparticles shows good stability and reusability for protein digestion

The preparation of biocatalysts based on immobilized trypsin is of great importance for both proteomic research and industrial applications. Here, we have developed a facile method to immobilize trypsin on hydrophobic cellulose-coated silica nanoparticles by surface adsorption. The immobilization conditions for the trypsin enzyme were optimized. The as-prepared biocatalyst was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and elemental analysis. In comparison with free enzyme, the immobilized trypsin exhibited greater resistances against thermal inactivation and denaturants. In addition, the immobilized trypsin showed good durability for multiple recycling. The general applicability of the immobilized trypsin for proteomic studies was confirmed by enzymatic digestion of two widely used protein substrates: bovine serum albumin (BSA) and cytochrome c. The surface adsorption protocols for trypsin immobilization may provide a promising strategy for enzyme immobilization in general, with great potential for a range of applications in proteomic studies.     

Rapid microwave synthesis of chitosan modified carbon nanotube composites

Chitosan modified multi-walled carbon nanotube composites were synthesized under microwave irradiation. The resultant chitosan modified multi-walled carbon nanotube composites were purified by twice adjusting of pH value of the solution and centrifugating in succession. The surface functional groups of chitosan modified multi-walled carbon nanotube composites are confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and UV–vis spectroscopy. Transmission electron microscopic images further show the morphologic changes of the carbon nanotubes. Thermal gravimetric analysis shows that the chitosan content in the chitosan modified multi-walled carbon nanotube composites is much higher than conventional methods. The whole reaction procedure can be completed in 1 h under microwave irradiation.     

Enzymatic activities and infrared studies of glutamate dehydrogenase immobilized on Langmuir-Blodgett films

Summary A technique is described for the immobilization of active glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) on behenic acid Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) films. The optimization of the immobilization conditions shows that the activities of GDH bound on hydrophobic and hydrophilic LB films were similar and decreased dramatically when the immobilized enzyme was dried. The GDH binding was followed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Modifications of GDH conformation and LB film structure were observed during the enzyme binding. After GDH activity test, a partial dissociation of behenic acid occurred and the -sheet band of the enzyme increased by comparison with the -helix band.Abbreviations LB Langmuir-Blodgett - FTIR spectroscopy Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy - GDH glutamate dehydrogenase - TEA triethylamine     

Inulinase immobilization on polyethylene glycol/polypyrrole multiwall carbon nanotubes producing a catalyst with enhanced thermal and operational stability

This paper describes the development of a simple method for mixed non‐covalent and covalent bonding of partially purified inulinase on functionalized multiwall carbon nanotubes (f‐MWCNTs) with polypyrrole (PPy). The pyrrole (Py) was electrochemically polymerized on MWCNTs in order to fabricate MWCNTs/PPy nanocomposite. Two multiple forms of enzyme were bound to N‐H functional groups from PPy and ‐COO^? from activated MWCNTs to yield a stable MWCNTs/PPy/PEG immobilized preparation with increased thermal stability. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to confirm functionalization of nanoparticles and immobilization of the enzyme. The immobilization yield of 85% and optimal enzyme load of 345 μg protein onto MWCNTs was obtained. The optimum reaction conditions and kinetic parameters were established using the UV‐Vis analytical assay. The best functional performance for prepared heterogeneous catalyst has been observed at pH 3.6 and 10, and at the temperatures of 60 and 80ºC. The half‐life (t_1/2) of the immobilized inulinase at 60 and 80ºC was found to be 231 and 99 min, respectively. The reusability of the immobilized formulation was evaluated based on a method in which the enzyme retained 50% of its initial activity, which occurred after the eighteenth operation cycle.     

Improving reuse cycles of Thermomyces lanuginosus lipase (NS-40116) by immobilization in flexible polyurethane

Enzyme immobilization using a low-cost support that allows increasing operational stability and reutilization arise as a great economic advantage for the industry. In this work, it was explored different methods of Thermomyces lanuginosus lipase (NS-40116) immobilization in flexible polyurethane foam (PU). PU polymer was synthesized using polyether and toluene diisocyanate as monomers. PU-NS-40116 immobilized was evaluated in terms of stability in a range of pH (7.0 and 9.0), temperature (24, 50 and 60?°C) for 24?h, and storage stability (room temperature and 4?°C) for 30?days. The results showed that after 30?days of storage immobilized enzyme kept 80% of initial enzyme activity. PU support before and after immobilization process was characterized by scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Free and immobilized enzymes were compared in terms of hydrolysis of soybean oil. Immobilized enzyme by entrapment was evaluated in successive cycles of reuse showing catalytic activity above 50% even after 5 successive cycles of reuse, confirming the efficiency of immobilization process.     

An efficient immobilizing technique of penicillin acylase with combining mesocellular silica foams support and <Emphasis Type="Italic">p</Emphasis>-benzoquinone cross linker

To improve the performance of covalently immobilized penicillin acylase (PA), the immobilization was carried out in mesocellular silica foams (MCFs) using p-benzoquinone as cross linker. The characterizations of the immobilized enzyme were studied carefully. The results showed that the relative activity of the immobilized PA was increased to 145% of that of free enzyme. The activity was 3.7 folds of that of PA on the silica nanoparticles. The enzyme in MCFs presented a turnover equal to that of free enzyme. It was also found that the optimum pH of the immobilized PA shifted to pH 7.5 and the optimum reaction temperature rose from 45 to 50 degrees C. Furthermore, the stability of PA was ameliorated greatly after immobilization. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy showed no major secondary structural change for PA confined in MCFs. The proposed covalent immobilizing technique would rank among the potential strategies for efficient immobilization of PA.     

Conjugation of enzyme on superparamagnetic nanogels covered with carboxyl groups

Alpha-chymotrypsin (CT) as model enzyme was conjugated onto the novel carboxyl-functionalized superparamagnetic nanogels, prepared via facile photochemical in situ polymerization, by using 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminepropyl) carbodiimide (EDC) as coupling reagent. The obtained magnetic immobilized enzyme was characterized by use of photo correlation spectroscopy (PCS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurement, thermogravimetric (TG) analysis and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) measurement. PCS result showed that the immobilized enzyme was 68 nm in diameter while the magnetic nanogels with carboxyl groups were only 38 nm; enzyme immobilization led to pronounced change in size. Superparamagnetic properties were retained for Fe3O4 after enzyme immobilization while slightly reducing its value of saturation magnetization. Immobilization and surface coating did not induce phase change of Fe3O4 by XRD analysis. The binding capacity was 30 mg enzyme/g and 37.5 mg enzyme/g nanogel determined by TG analysis and BCA protein assay, respectively. Specific activity of the immobilized CT was calculated to be 0.77 U/(mg min), 82.7% as that of the free form.     

Fabrication of an organic–inorganic nanocomposite carrier for enzyme immobilization based on metal–organic coordination

An organic–inorganic nanocomposite which combined mesoporous silica SBA-15 and chitosan using a carboxyl functionalized ionic liquid as the bridging agent (SBA@CS) was successfully fabricated, and was used to immobilize porcine pancreas lipase (PPL) by physical adsorption, cross-linking and metal–organic coordination, respectively. The as-prepared carriers were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Compared with immobilization onto the pure mesoporous silicon material SBA-15, all the batches of PPL immobilized onto organic–inorganic nanocomposites showed higher activity, improved stability and reusability as well as better resistance to pH and temperature changes. Among the immobilized PPLs, immobilization based on Co²⁺ coordination (SBA@CS-Co-PPL) produced the best enzymatic properties. The maximum immobilization efficiency and specific activity of 79.6% and 1975.8 U g⁻¹ were obtained with SBA@CS-Co, separately. More importantly, the activity of immobilized enzyme can still maintain 84.0% after 10 times of reuse. These results demonstrated that thus prepared organic–inorganic nanocomposite could be an ideal carrier for enzyme immobilization by metal–organic coordination.