稻水象甲(Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus Kuschel)的卵子发生-飞行共轭

１９９４～１９９６年对双季稻区稻水象甲发生消长和迁飞动态的系统研究表明,稻水象甲的飞行肌和卵巢发育随生活史的季节性变化出现兴衰交替,从而迁入迁出稻田和越冬场所,表现出典型的卵子发生－飞行共轭：春季越冬代成虫从越冬场所迁入早稻田后飞行肌消解而卵巢发育,繁殖形成一代致害种群。夏季一代成虫生殖滞育,飞行肌和脂肪体发达,绝大部分个体迁出早稻田行夏蛰并越冬;少量落入秧田者和早稻收割时散落田内而晚稻插秧时尚未迁离的个体卵巢恢复发育,飞行肌消解而构成二代虫源。秋季二代成虫羽化后生殖滞育,迁飞上山越冬;１０月中旬后羽化的个体卵巢和飞行肌均不再发育而滞留田内外越冬。取食高质量食料时,一代夏蛰成虫飞行肌再生,新羽一代成虫则首先发育飞行肌,而后解除生殖滞育。     

稻水象的卵子发生—飞行共轭

１９９４－１９９６年对双季稻区稻水象甲发生消长和迁飞动态的系统研究表明,稻水象甲的飞行肌和卵巢发育随生活史的季节性变化出现兴衰交替,从而迁入迁出稻田和越冬场所,表现出典型的卵子发生－飞行共轭;春季越冬代成虫从越冬场所迁入早稻田后飞行肌消解而卵巢发育,繁殖形成一代致害种群。夏季一代成虫生殖滞育,飞行肌和脂肪体发达,绝大部分个体迁出早稻田行夏蛰并越冬;少量入秧田竿笔早稻收割时散落田内而晚稻插秧时尚未迁     

双季稻区稻水象甲一代成虫的滞育

对浙江省双季稻区稻水象甲（ＬｉｓｏｒｈｏｐｔｒｕｓｏｒｙｚｏｐｈｉｌｕｓＫｕｓｃｈｅｌ）夏季种群的研究表明,光照和温度可排除在一代成虫夏季滞育的诱导因子之外,而不同的食料条件是引发滞育的主导因素．在自然状态下,即使是强迫滞留,早稻田内的一代成虫也不转入正常发育,但取食稻秧能使新羽一代成虫和稻田内外处于生殖滞育状态的一代成虫的卵巢正常发育,并能解除已进入夏蛰的一代成虫的生殖滞育;同时,不论是新羽成虫还是夏蛰成虫,取食稻秧后卵巢和飞行肌同时发育;若这种食料条件能持续下去,则飞行肌消解而卵巢发育产卵．     

稻水象甲田间种群动态及化学控制技术

稻水象甲在福建省霞浦县长春镇田间种群发生动态的调查结果表明:5月中旬是稻水象甲越冬代成虫迁入稻田为害高峰期,5月下旬成虫种群数量迅速降低,并有少量幼虫开始为害水稻根部;6月初是幼虫发生为害高峰期,蛹高峰期出现在6月中旬,并开始有一代成虫羽化。药剂筛选试验结果表明:20%丁硫克百威乳油、48%毒死蜱乳油、40%三唑磷乳油、5%锐劲特悬浮剂对稻水象甲成虫具有良好的田间控制效果,药后7d防效均在92.31%—100%;5%丁硫克百威颗粒剂、15%乐斯本颗粒剂、3%呋喃丹颗粒剂施药后7d对稻水象甲幼虫的防效90.03%—93.56%。化学综合防治示范区水稻分蘖数和株高均显著大于对照区。     

稻水象甲生物学特性及药效测定

对稻水象甲的生物学特性及几种杀虫剂对稻水象甲的防治药效进行了研究,结果表明：稻水象甲在宁德市1a发生2代,双早秧田（4月下旬至5月初）、本田（5月上旬至中旬）是越冬成虫防治关键时期,田间防治以5％氟虫腈1200倍液为佳。     

广东省稻水象甲生活史及越冬规律

【目的】明确广东省稻水象甲Lissorhoptrus orvzophitus生活史、越冬生境、发生规律及寄主植物和天敌种类,为这一害虫的科学防治提供指导。【方法】2019年3月-2021年4月通过实地调查、室内笼罩饲养观察和卵巢解剖研究稻水象甲在广东的生活史和越冬生境;通过对稻水象甲成虫中肠内容物进行分子检测探明其越冬过渡寄主植物;利用特征序列扩增区(sequence characterized amplified region, SCAR)标记技术明确稻水象甲的主要天敌种类。【结果】2019年3月-2021年4月稻水象甲在广东双季稻区一年发生2代,具有越冬和越夏习性。广东稻水象甲经历一个完整世代需要(140.86±1.05)d,幼虫历期为20 d左右。广东稻水象甲以成虫越冬,越冬生境模式为稻田-过渡带(草地)-沼泽地(水草丰盛),且越冬期稻水象甲成虫卵巢存在滞育现象,发育等级Ⅰ级。稻水象甲成虫中肠内容物分子检测发现,其越冬期主要的过渡寄主植物为再生稻及李氏禾Leersia hexandra。基于SCAR的PCR结果表明,游猎型蜘蛛沟渠豹蛛Pardosa laura为稻水象甲的主要天敌...     

滇中稻区稻水象甲的卵巢发育及防治

【目的】开展稻水象甲卵巢发育、扩散能力和防治药剂的筛选研究,为云南稻水象甲的防治提供依据。【方法】对成虫采用卵巢解剖法,确定卵巢的发育进度和产卵期;采用田间系统调查法和染色法明确扩散范围;采用浸叶法对常用杀虫剂进行室内筛选。【结果】2009年4月下旬至5月上旬秧苗期,稻水象甲Ⅱ级卵巢达100%,Ⅲ级卵巢的平均抱卵量为8粒·头~(-1),最大抱卵量为23粒·头~(-1)。秧田返栽田的幼虫、成虫虫口密度明显高于大田,秧田返栽田的幼虫虫量是大田的4.82倍,第一代成虫是大田的6.50倍。烯啶虫胺、毒死蜱、辛硫磷、三唑磷、锐劲特对稻水象甲成虫防效在96.11%以上。【结论】滇中稻水象甲自然传播的范围小,随稻秧移栽是稻水象甲的主要传播方式,秧苗揭膜1周后至移栽前是化学防治的关键期,建议选用烯啶虫胺、辛硫磷、三唑磷、锐劲特在此期间开展田间防控。     

中国北方稻水象甲种群与美国两性生殖型种群触角形态特征的比较研究

为了揭示孤雌生殖型稻水象甲不同种群触角的形态变异,明确两性生殖型与孤雌生殖型稻水象甲触角形态特征差异。分析了来自于吉林通化(TH)、吉林公主岭(GZL)、辽宁沈阳东陵区(DL)、辽宁沈阳苏家屯(SJT)、山东东营(DY)5个孤雌生殖稻水象甲触角各节的长度和最大宽度,并与美国两性生殖型稻水象甲成虫触角进行了比较。结果表明孤雌生殖型雌性的触角柄节长度、触角总长度明显长于两性生殖型雌性的(P0.01)。除柄节外,孤雌生殖型雌性触角各节的宽度均明显宽于两性生殖型雌性(P0.01)。两种生殖型稻水象甲雌性触角梗节以及第3、4、6鞭小节的最大宽度范围不重叠。吉林通化种群(TH)与其他4个中国北方种群之间触角有显著性差异。两性生殖型稻水象甲雄性的触角总长度和柄节长度均明显长于雌性(P0.01),且雄性柄节长度范围(310.45-316.22μm)与雌性的范围(282.12-294.56μm)不重叠。结果提示,柄节长度可以鉴别本研究中两性生殖型稻水象甲雌雄个体;触角梗节以及第3、4、6鞭小节的最大宽度范围可以鉴别本研究中2种生殖型雌性个体。     

稻水象甲在安徽桐城的发生规律调查

作者于2001～2002年对安徽省桐城市的稻水象甲的分布区域进行了调查和监测。该虫在当地每年发生1代,越冬代成虫高峰出现在5月下旬,当年成虫于8月中、下旬直接越冬成为下一年的虫源;在5月20日左右田间出现成虫明显为害状,水稻植株主要受害期在分蘖期;其寄主除水稻外,还有稗草、李氏禾、狼尾草、雀麦等多种杂草;成虫在田间呈聚集分布型。     

云南稻区稻水象甲Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus Kuschel种群发生特征

【背景】2007年6月,云南省首次在嵩明县发现稻水象甲,为掌握其年发生世代、成虫和幼虫种群消长动态及其越冬特点开展此项研究。【方法】2008—2010年,采用田间系统调查法对云南省昆明市嵩明县大桥村稻区稻水象甲的种群发生规律进行了研究。【结果】每年4月初气温回升(4月气温9.0~24.1℃,均温16.1℃),稻水象甲越冬成虫开始出土活动,从稻田周边越冬场所迁移至稻埂或秧田取食杂草和秧苗。5月中旬,随水稻的移栽,迁移至大田为害并产卵,孵化后的幼虫取食水稻根系。6月中旬水稻分蘖期,幼虫发生量达到高峰,虫量为3.17~11.33头·丛-1;7月中下旬水稻孕穗期,也是形成土茧的高峰期,土茧量5.90~9.00头·丛-1;7月下旬—8月中旬水稻抽穗和扬花期,成虫大量出现,数量达0.21~4.85头·网-1;8月中旬水稻乳熟期,成虫逐渐迁移至稻田附近向阳坡面的田埂和沟埂上,主要集中在0~3 cm有杂草覆盖的浅土层越冬,直至翌年的4月底,最大越冬虫量98.33~266.00头·m-2。【结论与意义】稻水象甲在云南省嵩明县水稻区年发生1~1.5代;种群发生动态与水稻的生育期紧密相关,4月初越冬成虫为害秧苗,7月份是防治成虫的关键时期。     

Seasonal Development and Population Fluctuations of Arrowhead Scale,Unaspis yanonensis (Homoptera: Diaspididae), in Citrus orchards in Jeju,Korea

Arrowhead scale, Unaspis yanonensis (Kuwana), feeds on the foliage, stems, and fruits of citrus trees, and causes tree dieback when heavy infestations occur. The objective of this study was to collect basic data to establish seasonal management strategies for U. yanonensis. The abundances of male nymphs and female adults were monitored in unsprayed citrus orchards. The overwintered females started to produce their progenies (1st gen.) from mid-May. The populations of the 1st nymphs in the 1st generation showed a bimodal occurrence pattern, with a 1st larger peak between late May and early June, and a 2nd smaller peak in June. The nymphs in the 2nd generation, which were laid from newly developed females, were observed from late July, and the 1st peak occurred in mid-August, followed by an obscure later peak (the 2nd peak) around late September. The numbers of live females for the overwintered populations began to decrease gradually from early June by the impact of the predacious Chilocorus kuwanae, as well as by natural mortality factors, and dropped to a low level in mid-July. When there were abundant predator attacks, the U. yanonensis female populations sharply decreased from early June and were almost nonexistent in July. New female adults (1st generation adults) appeared from late June and peaked in mid-July. The 2nd generation female adults, consequently, the overwintering generation, occurred from mid- September, and gradually increased to late October. Overall, these results will be useful in terms of management strategies for U. yanonensis in citrus orchards.     

Stage-specific population dynamics of cottony cushion scale,Icerya purchasi (Hemiptera: Monophlebidae), in citrus orchards in Jeju,Korea

The cottony cushion scale, Icerya purchasi Maskell (Hemiptera: Monophlebidae), is a polyphagous, cosmopolitan and destructive pest of citrus. This study was conducted to obtain the stage-specific phenology of I. purchasi for seasonal management strategies in the field. Movement of crawlers (hatched nymphs) in egg sacs of overwintered females started in late May, peaked in early to mid-June, and was completed by late June. Generally, the 1st generation occurred from late May until late September and the overlapping second generation occurred from early September. The 1st nymphs in the 1st generation peaked in mid June. The 2nd nymphs showed peak activity in late July. The 3rd nymphs showed peak population in early September. The 1st generation adults peaked in mid September. In the 2nd generation, the 1st nymphs peaked in early October, the 2nd nymphs showed peak activity in late October, and the 3rd nymphs reached a plateau after mid October. The 2nd generation adults occurred from late October. Consequently, two life cycles were competed in the Jeju area. The average fertilities of I. purchasi were 623 and 247 crawlers per female in overwintered and summer generations, respectively. An average of 20.7% of all citrus orchards was infested with I. purchasi, with a mean of 3.9% infested trees in Jeju. These results should be useful in establishing management strategies for I. purchasi in citrus orchards.     

Flight patterns of Anarsia lineatella (Lep., Gelechiidae) in relation to degree--days heat accumulation in Northern Greece

The flight patterns of the peach twig borer Anarsia lineatella (Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) were studied in two important and representative regions of peach production in Northern Greece. In order to determine the seasonal occurrence of the species, adult male moth flight was monitored from April till October (2005-2006) using 8 pheromone traps. The observation areas were located at the regions of Veria (lat. 40.32 degrees North) and Velvendos (lat. 40.16 degrees North). The first flight was observed from early May to early June in Veria and from late May to mid June in Velvendos. The 2nd and 3rd flights were observed from late July to early August and from late August to late September in both regions. The degree-days required for the first generation (431 Veria, 371 Velvendos) were fewer than for the 2nd (661 Veria, 504 Velvendos) and the 3rd generation (675 Veria, 506 Velvendos). A lower threshold temperature of 100 C was used in calculating daily day-degrees from March 1st. All the above data are valuable for the development of prediction models and for decision making in order to achieve better timing of treatments. Considering the increasing interest of biorational insecticides where precise timing of treatments is extremely important, degree-day models could be a useful tool for improving their efficacy in IPM.     

金纹细蛾的发育起点温度和有效积温

在自然变温条件下,研究金纹细蛾LithocolletisringoniellaMatsumura各虫态发育历期。结果表明,成虫产卵前期、卵、幼虫、蛹及全世代的发育起点温度分别为7.5,5.2,10.4,11.3和7.1℃,有效积温分别为40.6,59.7,102.2,15.4和203.1日.度。根据有效积温法则,预测该虫在山东省1年发生4~6代,第1、2代成虫发生期分别为5月下旬和6月下旬。     

榆木蠹蛾生物学特性观察

结合田间观察和室内试验,对榆木蠹蛾HolcocerusvicariusWalker的生物学特性进行了较为系统的研究。结果表明,榆木蠹蛾在宁夏3年发生1代,幼虫主要危害枝干和根颈部,幼虫在蛀道内越冬,5月下旬老熟幼虫在被害树周围5—10cm深的沙土内分散化蛹,蛹期（21±5）d。6月初成虫开始出现,有2个羽化高峰,分别为6月中旬和7月下旬,成虫羽化当晚即可交尾,交尾当天或第2天产卵,每雌蛾产卵最多达720粒,卵期（17±5）d,孵化率为72％～88％。未交尾雌雄成虫寿命为5—6d,交尾后雌雄成虫寿命缩短为3—5d。初孵幼虫于6月中旬始见,10月下旬幼虫开始越冬。幼虫孵化后,先危害韧皮部,常10多条聚集在一起,稍大一点即蛀入木质部。本研究为制定切实可行的榆木蠹蛾有效防治提供理论依据。     

蚕豆象的生物学特性

在武昌,蚕豆象Bruchus rufimanus Boheman每年发生一代,以成虫越冬。成虫必须取食蚕豆花后才能正常交配和产卵。4月为交配盛期。4月中、下旬为产卵盛期,最喜欢把卵产到生长已有1l—20天的嫩蚕豆荚上,但不在豌豆荚上产卵。产卵历期约为9天。4月下旬至5月上旬为孵化盛期。幼虫共四龄,在豆粒内的死亡率随着单个豆粒上侵入孔的增多而增高。8月为化蛹盛期,8月中旬到9月上旬为羽化盛期。羽化出的成虫绝大部分藏在豆粒内越冬。从卵发育到成虫羽化约需120天。成虫寿命一般为212天,最长达295天,但不能度过两个冬季。     

铁杉球蚜的生物学及空间分布

通过对铁杉(Tusga chinensis Pritz)-云杉(Picea retroflexac Mast)、铁杉-华山松(Pinus armardi Franch)、云南铁杉(Tusga domosa Eichler)-槭树(Acer mono Maxim)-桦木(Betula platyphylla Suk)四川主要铁杉林类型中铁杉球蚜Adelges tsugae Annand林间定株、种群随机抽样、室内饲养研究表明,铁杉球蚜在四川1年发生2代(越冬代和第1代),世代重叠,成虫营孤雌生殖。越冬代从4月上旬至第2年的4月下旬,产卵盛期在5月下旬,平均产卵量为15.58粒,1龄若虫具有滞育越夏习性;第1代从12月下旬至8月中旬,产卵盛期在3月下旬,平均产卵量为67.37粒,并可产生有翅成虫,但无转主危害现象。种群的发育与温度有相关性,温度高林分种群发育进度快于温度低林分。该虫的危害与生境有一定相关性,铁杉针阔混交林危害重于铁杉针叶林;同一树冠不同层次之间、不同方位之间危害程度差异不显著;当年受害严重的树株第2年受害不严重。     

高山草原狭翅雏蝗的生物学特性及种群空间分布

在甘肃省夏河县甘加高山草原,对狭翅雏蝗的发生期、食量、空间格局及动态进行了系统研究。结果表明,该虫1年发生1代,以卵在土中越冬,翌年5月下旬至6月上旬开始孵化出土,6月中旬至下旬为孵化出土盛期,蝗蝻多数为4龄,少数(约23％)为5龄,整个蝗蝻期为70．45±15．76d,成虫寿命42．36±13.46d;取食量随龄期增大而增大,蝗蝻期平均食量为368．3mg,成虫期平均食量为743．8mg,狭翅雏蝗在前期低龄蝗蝻阶段为聚集分布,高龄蝗蝻及成虫阶段以均匀分布和随机分布为主。     

斑翅肩花蝽生物学特性、生境及食性选择

斑翅肩花蝽Tetraphleps galchanoides Ghauri是铁杉球蚜Adelges tsugae Annand (hemlock woolly adelgid) 的重要天敌昆虫。在云南省兰坪县天生桥林区通过实验室和林间的饲养观察与测定、林间线路调查等方法, 研究了斑翅肩花蝽的生物学特性、生境及食性选择,并描述各虫态形态特征。斑翅肩花蝽在该林区一年发生2代, 无世代重叠, 寿命长。第1代（5月下旬至10月下旬）卵期13.8±1.6 d,若虫期97.6±7.4 d,成虫期55.2±4.7 d;第2代（11月中旬至翌年4月下旬）卵期11.3±1.1 d,若虫期105.7±8.5 d,成虫期60.4±5.3 d。若虫共5龄,以5龄若虫在云南铁杉Tsuga dumosa枝条树皮裂缝下或枯枝落叶层内越冬。雌雄成虫性比8.5∶1,雌雄成虫飞行缓慢,其飞行活动主要受到交尾、产卵、捕食铁杉球蚜补充营养的影响,多在树冠下层活动。该林区的斑翅肩花蝽最适生境选择： 海拔为2 851~2 980 m,云南铁杉密度为13.3~15.5株/100 m、郁闭度为0.61~0.70。以寄主铁杉球蚜及附近常见的冷杉球蚜Aphrastasia pectinatae (Cholodkovsky)、华山松球蚜Pineus armandicola Zhang和落叶松球蚜Adelges laricis Vall为食物进行选择性试验,结果表明,斑翅肩花蝽对这4种球蚜的选择性存在显著差异,最喜好捕食铁杉球蚜,可成为生物防治铁杉球蚜的主要天敌之一。