绞股蓝种群次生代谢产物的动态及其生态学意义

利用植物生理生态学方法,研究了自然条件下不同绞股蓝Ｇｙｎｏｓｔｅｍｍａｐｅｎｔａｐｈｙｌｌｕｍ种群中黄酮类化合物和绞股蓝皂甙的动态特征及其生态学意义。结果表明：（１）同一种群的茎,叶片和枝中黄酮类化合物的绞股蓝皂甙的动态不同,在生活史的不同阶段,种群中这两类次生代谢物受茎和叶片的影响的动态不同。     

绞股蓝龙须茶的人参皂甙组织定位及皂甙含量的季节变化

应用组织化学定位技术及植物化学方法,研究了人参皂甙在商品绞股蓝龙须茶中的组织分布状态及绞股蓝总皂甙在不同季节中的含量变化。结果表明,绞股蓝内的人参皂甙遇特定的显色剂出现深浅不同的红色,色度与人参皂甙含量呈正相关。绞股蓝叶内的人参皂甙主要分布在叶肉组织,茎内的人参皂甙主要分布于维管束的韧皮部薄壁细胞中,同化组织、厚角组织和表皮也有少量分布．木质部和髓薄壁组织中无皂甙分布。在4月至11月的龙须茶采收期中,总皂甙含量呈逐渐上升的势态,4月最低．9月最高,含量变化与月总降雨量呈显著的正相关。研究认为在8月后湿润凉爽气候条件下采摘绞股蓝芽尖加工而成的龙须茶品质最好。     

绞股蓝人参皂甙的组织化学定位及其含量的变化

应用光镜技术、组织化学定位及植物化学方法,研究了人参皂甙在绞股蓝营养器官中的积累分布状态以及不同生长期、不同器官、不同性别之间的绞股蓝总皂甙含量的动态变化。结果表明,绞股蓝人参皂甙主要分布在营养器官的同化组织及韧皮部薄壁细胞中,厚角组织、表皮及周皮的栓内层也有少量分布,木质部和髓薄壁组织中无皂甙分布;叶中皂甙积累最多,茎次之,根最少。绞股蓝在营养生长期→花果期→枯萎期的生长发育过程中,其地上部分的皂甙含量呈现出低→高→低的变化趋势;叶的含量高于茎,雄株的含量高于雌株。从而认为在9-10月的花果期采收绞股蓝的地上部分而保留地下茎和根,有利于药材品质和产量的提高,又有利于药用资源的可持续开发利用。     

绞股蓝的抗肿瘤作用

本文综述了绞股蓝的抗肿瘤作用及具有抗肿瘤活性的绞股蓝皂甙的结构特点、作用机理、构效关系和这种抗肿瘤新药的研究进展。     

绞股蓝化学成分的研究

从广西金秀产绞股蓝提取的皂甙,经酸水解,硅胶柱层分离,得到5个甙元(1—5),利用化学反应和谱学分析方法鉴定,其中甙元1为人参二醇,甙元4为2α-羟基一人参二醇,甙元5为2α,19-二羟基-12-去氧人参二醇。甙元2和3的结构正在鉴定中。 关键词 绞股蓝;绞股蓝皂甙;人参二醇;2α-羟基人参二醇;2α,19-二羟基-12-去氧人参二醇     

绞股蓝营养器官各发育阶段结构与总皂甙含量相关性的研究

应用组织化学定位技术及植物化学方法,研究了不同发育阶段绞股蓝茎叶的结构与其中人参皂甙分布积累和总皂甙含量的关系。绞股蓝内的人参皂甙通过特定的显色剂能显示从紫红到浅红的颜色反应,颜色深浅与人参皂甙含量呈正相关。结果表明,叶内的皂甙主要分布在叶肉组织内,未分化的叶肉组织比成熟组织含量高,衰老的叶片不含皂甙。茎内的皂甙主要分布于维管束的外生韧皮部薄壁细胞中,表皮、同化组织、厚角组织及周皮的栓内层也有少量分布,木质部和髓薄壁组织无皂甙积累;幼茎所含总皂甙高于发育成熟的茎和老茎,含量最高的则是具有贮藏功能的根状茎。在绞股蓝全草中,叶的总皂甙含量高于相应发育阶段的茎,而以当年生根状茎的含量最高。提出了皂甙在叶内积累、茎内运输和地下茎内贮藏的观点及科学采收绞股蓝的建议。     

“南方人参”绞股蓝的栽培和利用

绞股蓝[Gynostemma penlaphyllum(Thunb)Makino]是葫芦科的一种多年生草质藤本植物.植物体内含有近六十种皂甙,这些皂甙能与人体内多余的脂肪相结合,有很强的去除胆固醇能力,使酸性血液转变为碱性,改善人体内的液体环境,对提高人体的抗病能力有很大作用,对于癌变肿瘤的增殖、扩大、转移有明显的抑制作用.其中绞股蓝皂     

绞股蓝对人体血小板聚集功能及微循环的影响

绞股蓝[Gynostemma Pentaphyl lum(Thunb)Makino]为葫芦科绞股蓝属多年生草质藤本植物湖北郧阳地区有广泛分布,质量较上乘,含有人体必需的微量元素如锌、硒、钙、铁等.1983年日木常松等先后对绞股蓝进行了一系列化学研究,从中分离得出许多种皂甙及多糖,可视为原人参醇或     

莫将乌蔹莓错当绞股蓝

20世纪70年，日本学者从绞股蓝中分离出84种皂甙，其中有6种与人参皂甙成分相同，还有多种绞股蓝皂甙水解产生的次级甙、甙元和次级甙元也与人参水解产物相同，由此曾被人们誉为“南方人参”。另据研究，绞股蓝不但具有抗肿瘤、抗疲劳、抗衰老、调节脂质代谢、降低过氧化脂质、镇静、催眠、镇痛、美润肌肤之功效。而且还是一种治疗咳嗽、痰喘、慢性支气管炎以及传染性肝炎的民间中草药。绞股蓝（Gynostemma pentaphyllum)又名七叶胆，是葫芦科多年生攀援草本植物，它分布于日本、越南、印度和印度尼西1亚，以及我国陕西南部、长江流域以南…     

绞股蓝人参皂甙的组织化学定位及其含量的变化

应用光镜技术、组织化学定位及植物化学方法,研究了人参皂甙在绞股蓝营养器官中的积累分布状态以及不同生长期、不同器官、不同性别之间的绞股蓝总皂甙含量的动态变化。结果表明,绞股蓝人参皂甙主要分布在营养器官的同化组织及韧皮部薄壁细胞中,厚角组织、表皮及周皮的栓内层也有少量分布,木质部和髓薄壁组织中无皂甙分布;叶中皂甙积累最多,茎次之,根最少。绞股蓝在营养生长期→花果期→枯萎期的生长发育过程中,其地上部分的皂甙含量呈现出低→高→低的变化趋势;叶的含量高于茎,雄株的含量高于雌株。从而认为在9—10月的花果期采收绞股蓝的地上部分而保留地下茎和根,有利于药材品质和产量的提高,又有利于药用资源的可持续开发利用。     

水稻胚与胚乳分化发育中的内源多胺

稻胚发育过程中,其内源多胺以腐胺、亚精胺为主。在幼胚分化期,腐胺和亚精胺的含量很高;幼胚分化完成时,其含量急剧下降;直至分化后期才趋稳定。在胚及胚乳发育时期,还出现一种未知多胺X_(22),其含量除在胚分化完成时较少外,在胚发育的其他各期中,含量则一直很高。DNA和蛋白质含量的变化,从分化期开始递增直至物质积累成熟期,其趋势均相同。多胺可能参与胚与胚乳中核酸和蛋白质合成的调节。     

Morphology of the regiones ethmoidalis and orbitotemporalis in Galea musteloides Meyen 1832 and Kerodon rupestris (Wied-Neuwied 1820) (Rodentia: Caviidae) with comments on the phylogenetic systematics of the Caviidae

The present study describes the fetal regions ethmoidalis and orbitotemporalis of the cranium of Galea musteloides and Kerodon rupestris and compares them with Galea spixii and Cavia porcellus . The fetal crania of these representatives of the Caviinae were serially sectioned and 3D plate reconstructions were built. For a broader scope, serially sectioned heads of the caviomorph taxa Hydrochaeris hydrochaeris and Dasyprocta leporina were also examined. The ethmoidal and orbitotemporal regions of the cranium provides characters that are pertinent to the discussion of systematics of the Caviinae. Nine cranial characters were identified as being significant and discussed phylogenetically. Taking the monophyly of the Cavioidea as given, two characters are autapomorphic for the genus Galea: the reduction of the crista semicircularis and the lacrimale forming the 'arco antorbitario' (Kraglievich 1930). Cavia is the sister group of Galea; synapomorphic characters are the extent of the processus palatinus medialis of the praemaxillare and the presence lamina pterygoidea of the alisphenoid. There were no apomorphic characters of the structural complexes examined that could support the Caviinae. The reduced and nonperforated alisphenoid is an autapomorphic feature of the Caviidae. The division of the nasoturbinale is evidence for a sistergroup relationship of the Hydrochaeridae and the Caviidae. Autapomorphic characters for the Cavioidea include the ventrolateral opening of the organon vomeronasale and the lateral prolongation of the lacrimale.     

Biocontrol of Pests of Apples and Pears in Northern and Central Europe: 1. Microbial Agents and Nematodes

The viral, bacterial, fungal and nematode pathogens of arthropod pests of apple and pear in northern and central Europe and their use as biocontrol agents are reviewed. Baculoviruses are important viral pathogens of several lepidopterous pests of apple and pear but other viral pathogens have not been investigated in depth and are little known. The granuloviruses of codling moth, Cydia pomonella (CpGV), and to a lesser extent, of the summer fruit tortrix moth, Adoxophyes orana (AoGV), have been researched extensively and are exploited as biological control agents. Commercial development and use has been limited because of their high costs, slow action, short persistence and specificity relative to broad-spectrum pesticides. The widespread development of strains of codling moth multi-resistant to insecticides and the desire to reduce dependence on pesticides have improved the commercial prospects of CpGV and use is likely to increase. The development of a genetically improved egt-strain of CpGV (lacking the ecdysteroid-UDP glucosyl transferase gene) in the UK is a significant breakthrough, though commercialization in the UK may be difficult due to adverse public attitudes to the release of genetically-modified microorganisms. Future research and development approaches include further genetic manipulation of CpGV and AoGV to improve potency, speed of kill and/or persistence, improvement of formulation (to reduce UV light sensitivity) and development of cheaper mass production techniques and possibly in vitro production. A systematic search for baculoviruses and other viruses of apple and pear pests is likely to reveal important new opportunities. The most important bacterial pathogen used as a biological control agent is Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt). However, Bt products currently available have limited effectiveness against many orchard pests due to the pests' cryptic life habits. The HD-1 Bt strain has been investigated and used extensively for control of leaf-rolling tortricid larvae and is widely used, but efficacy is moderate. Advances in biotechnology and genetic engineering provide opportunity for development of Bt strains designed specifically to control orchard pests, but this has not yet been done for commercial reasons. Other research approaches include the evaluation of new Bt products developed for other markets worldwide and the bioassay of strains from Bt collections against specific apple or pear pests. Entomopathogenic fungi provide good opportunity for development as biological control agents of apple and pear pests. The main factor limiting their effectiveness is the requirement for high humidities and moderate temperatures for spore germination and development. For foliar pests, a useful starting point for research might be the control of sucking pests which excrete honeydew (e.g. Cacopsylla sp. or aphids) or those that inhabit protected microenvironments (e.g. Dasineura sp.). Key areas for research are improved formulation, the selection of low temperature-active strains, field evaluation and avoiding possible adverse effects of fungicides. An alternative approach is to examine the exploitation of entomopathogenic fungi in soil, to which many species of entomopathogenic fungi are adapted ecologically. Apple and pear orchards provide long-term stable habitats where populations of entomopathogenic fungi in soil are likely to be large. There are few important soil pests of apple or pear. However, many species spend part of their life in soil, mainly to pupate or overwinter, where they may be targeted by fungal entomopathogenic biocontrol agents. Entomopathogenic nematodes have many attributes which favour them as biological control agents. However, their requirement for surface moisture for survival and movement means there are only limited prospects for using them as biological control agents for foliar pests. As with entomopathogenic fungi, there are better prospects for control of pests that occur in soil. Microbial pathogens and entomopathogenic nematodes are important components of the natural enemy complex of apple and pear orchards and more effort needs to be devoted to fostering them and exploiting them as biocontrol agents in sustainable, biologically-based Integrated Pest Management programmes. They can in many cases be mass produced at low cost by bulk fermentation processes and applied as sprays (as 'biopesticides') and are, at least potentially, ideal biological control agents for many apple or pear pests. Important general characteristics are their comparative environmental and human safety, compatibility with other control strategies in Integrated Pest Management programmes and reproductive capacity. They tend to be effective in a narrower range of environmental conditions than pesticides, but there is considerable potential to improve their effectiveness by improved formulation, strain selection and genetic manipulation. They are often host-specific and thus, offer restricted marketing opportunities, which is a significant barrier to development and commercialisation. Registration procedures and associated fees for microbial agents are a further significant barrier. Such requirements do not apply currently to nematodes.     

Areography of the Gymnosperms of China (1) Distribution of the Pinaceae of China

Nine of 10 genera and 119 of approximately 240 species of the Pinaceae occur in China, including 67 endemic species and two endemic genera. In this paper, the distributional maps of all the genera of the Pinaceae are presented (fig. 1-8). The horizontal and vertical distributions of species in each genus are discussed. The analysis of the distribution patterns of the genera indicates that some genera, such as Keteleeria, Tsuga, Pseudotsuga, Cathaya and Pseudolarix, are restricted to the area south of the Qinling Mountains and the Huaihe River, and the others, i. e. Picea, Abies, Larix and Pinus, extend northward to northeastern China. However, all of the genera except Keteleeria and Pinus are not found in very dry areas and tropical mountainous regions of China. The monotypic genera, Cathaya and Pseudolarix, are distributed in eastern and central China. The genus Keteleeria consists of 10 species, 7 of which are concentrated in southern Guizhou, northern Guangxi, southwestern Hunan and easternmost Yunnan. The distribution of the remaining 6 genera shows the maximum concentration in western Sichuan and northwestern Yunnan. (Figs. 2-8). Furthermore, more than third of species of the Pinaceae (37.8%) are also concentrated in western Sichuan and northwestern Yunnan. where a great variety of habitats and different topographic features occur. It is apparent that to conduct our systematic and evolutionary studies on this family in these region is especially needed. The relations between the areal size and the tolerance of species are discussed. The distributions of macrofossils and microfossils of the genera of the Pinaceae ia China are given, and it has been proved that areas of most genera of the family were considerably larger in the past. than at present.     

Restoration and management of riparian ecosystems: a catchment perspective

1. We propose that strategies for the management of riparian ecosystems should incorporate concepts of landscape ecology and contemporary principles of restoration and conservation. A detailed understanding of the temporal and spatial dynamics of the catchment landscape (e.g. changes in the connectivity and functions of channel, riparian and terrestrial components) is critical. 2. This perspective is based upon previous definitions of riparian ecosystems, consideration of functional attributes at different spatial scales and retrospective analyses of anthropogenic influences on river catchments. 3. Restoration strategies must derive from a concise definition of the processes to be restored and conserved, recognition of social values and commitments, quantification of ecological circumstances and the quality of background information and determination of alternatives. 4. The basic components of an effective restoration project include: clear objectives (ecological and physical), baseline data and historical information (e.g. the hydrogeomorphic setting and the disturbance regime), a project design that recognizes functional attributes of biotic refugia, a comparison of plans and outcomes with reference ecosystems; a commitment to long-term planning, implementation and monitoring and, finally, a willingness to learn from both successes and failures. 5. Particularly important is a thorough understanding of past natural disturbances and human-induced changes on riparian functions and attributes, obtained by a historical reconstruction of the catchment.     

中国刺猬的染色体研究

本文采用全血培养和骨髓染色体制片法,对分布于我国南京市郊和济南市郊的刺猬染色体进行了组型、C-带、G-带和银染色的观察分析,并与东欧、西欧两种刺猬比较,它们之间的核型及带型差异显著;又将南京、济南及金清波(1985)报道的河南新乡三地分布的刺猬进行比较,它们的核型及带型也显示出一定差异,这种多态性在分类和进化上有一定的意义。     

Cdc42 protein acts upstream of IQGAP1 and regulates cytokinesis in mouse oocytes and embryos

Cdc42 and Rac1 Rho family GTPases, and their interacting protein IQGAP1 are the key regulators of cell polarity. We examined the role of Cdc42 and IQGAP1 in establishing the polarity of mouse oocyte and regulation of meiotic and mitotic divisions. We showed that Cdc42 was localized on the microtubules of meiotic and mitotic spindle and in the cortex of mouse oocytes and cleaving embryos. IQGAP1 was present in the cytoplasm and cortex of growing and fully-grown oocytes. During maturation it disappeared from the cortex and during meiotic and mitotic cytokinesis it concentrated in the contractile ring. Toxin B inhibition of the binding activity of Cdc42 changed the localization of IQGAP1, inhibited emission of the first polar body, and caused disappearance of the cortical actin without affecting the migration of meiotic spindle. This indicates, that in maturing oocytes accumulation of cortical actin is not indispensable for spindle migration. In zygotes treated with toxin B actin cytoskeleton was rearranged and the first and/or subsequent cytokinesis were inhibited. Our results indicate that Cdc42 acts upstream of IQGAP1 and is involved in regulation of cytokinesis in mouse oocytes and cleaving embryos, rather than in establishing the polarity of the oocyte.     

Carboxylesterases in lipid metabolism: from mouse to human

Mammalian carboxylesterases hydrolyze a wide range of xenobiotic and endogenous compounds, including lipid esters. Physiological functions of carboxylesterases in lipid metabolism and energy homeostasis in vivo have been demonstrated by genetic manipulations and chemical inhibition in mice, and in vitro through (over)expression, knockdown of expression, and chemical inhibition in a variety of cells. Recent research advances have revealed the relevance of carboxylesterases to metabolic diseases such as obesity and fatty liver disease, suggesting these enzymes might be potential targets for treatment of metabolic disorders. In order to translate pre-clinical studies in cellular and mouse models to humans, differences and similarities of carboxylesterases between mice and human need to be elucidated. This review presents and discusses the research progress in structure and function of mouse and human carboxylesterases, and the role of these enzymes in lipid metabolism and metabolic disorders.     

Taxonomic, evolutionary and ecological implications of the leaf anatomy of rhizomatous Iris species

The leaf anatomy of the rhizomatous Iris species with ensiform leaves and the related genera Pardanthopsis and Belamcanda is described. Their isobilateral leaves may or may not have a pseudo-dorsiventral structure. Variable characters of their leaf blades include: outline in transverse section, height and shape of papillae, form and structure of stomata, transverse section outline of marginal fibre strands and sclerenchy matous inner bundle sheath at phloem and xylem poles, forms of mesophyll arrangement, mesophyll structure and air canals, vascular bundle arrangement and the detailed structure of the larger vascular bundles, distribution of tannin, size and distribution of crystals. The taxonomic and ecological significance of these characters has been evaluated.
The anatomical characteristics of 25 supraspecific taxa in three genera are presented and compared in tables. The relationships and evolutionary position of these taxa are discussed. Each of the three subgroups within Iris appears to be correlated with a syndrome of anatomical characters. Some species currently of uncertain taxonomic position are discussed, and their classification based on anatomical data is suggested.
Some characters related to xeromorphy or helomorphy are mentioned.