Alu基因定量检测用于胃癌转移模型评估的研究

目的研究人胃癌转移裸鼠模型中人Alu基因的表达水平与组织脏器中胃癌转移程度的相关性,探索建立胃癌转移模型早期评估的分子生物学方法。方法分别以人胃癌细胞SGC-7901、MKN45和正常胃黏膜细胞GES1基因组DNA为模板构建标准质粒,通过实时荧光定量PCR检测不同比例胃癌细胞SGC-7901中Alu基因的表达,获取相关性曲线;选取胃癌细胞SGC-7901和MKN45,通过裸鼠皮下接种的方式构建人胃癌细胞异种移植转移模型,实时荧光定量PCR方法检测模型鼠肝、脾、肺、肾和皮下肿瘤组织中的人Alu基因表达,获得Alu基因的表达与各器官组织中肿瘤转移程度的相关性曲线;将临床胃癌患者新鲜肿瘤标本皮下接种裸鼠构建异种移植模型,进一步验证模型鼠各组织中人Alu基因的表达与器官中肿瘤转移程度的相关性。结果胃癌细胞SGC-7901的含量与其Alu基因的Ct值呈负相关(R2=0.9239);人胃癌细胞异种移植(CDX)裸鼠转移模型中,人Alu基因的表达在皮下肿瘤中处于较高水平,在肺转移瘤和肝转移瘤中的表达则介于正常裸鼠与皮下肿瘤之间,与组织病理学检查结果相符;胃癌病人肿瘤异种移植(PDX)模型中,已确定发生转移的脏器中虽未形成肉眼可见的转移灶,但其人Alu基因的表达(Ct值17.86)与正常裸鼠(Ct值22.18)差异显著(P 0.05);而对于肉眼可见的转移灶,其人Alu基因的表达(Ct值14.29)则差异极显著(P 0.01)。结论人胃癌裸鼠转移模型中,人Alu基因的表达与胃癌转移程度呈正相关,Alu基因表达越高,则该组织中转移的肿瘤细胞就越多,形成的转移灶越明显。     

单纯疱疹病毒Ⅱ型转化人胚肺细胞在裸鼠体内成瘤实验

对三系转化的人胚肺细胞,分别在裸鼠体内进行了成瘤试验。其中两系转化细胞(29—33代)的成瘤率达100％,另一系(47代)为66％。转化细胞诱生的肿瘤生长迅速,局部瘤可循淋巴转移。瘤细胞可在裸鼠体内传代。瘤细胞形态学检查证实为低分化癌。该细胞带有HSV抗原。     

人肺癌基因组DNA对NIH／3T3细胞的转化作用

从未用过抗癌细胞毒药物的非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)患者的手术标本(鳞状上皮癌)提取癌细胞基因组总DNA。对小鼠成纤维(NIH/3T3)细胞行转染实验。获二轮转化细胞,发现二轮转化率是一轮的2.7倍。在转染过程中转化灶出现的多少,与所用DNA的量有一定关系。 二轮转化细胞能在软琼脂上存活生长,接种裸鼠能长出肿瘤,分离肿瘤组织细胞,体外培养传代存活。表明该二轮转化细胞具有肿瘤细胞的特性。 取一轮、二轮转化细胞和裸鼠肿瘤细胞的DNA分别与放射性~(32)P标记的人体特有的Alu重复序列和ras家族基因探针进行Southern印迹转移和分子杂交。结果在三者细胞的DNA中都见有与Alu杂交的条带。这表明在转染过 程中人体特有的Alu重复序列已整合到转化细胞的基因组中。并确定了转化细胞中的转化基因之一的属性为Ha-ras癌基因。本工作提示吸烟可能是人肺鳞癌发生和Ha-ras活化的重要因素。     

miRNA-194 在裸鼠体内对骨肉瘤增殖和转移的影响

目的:通过使用慢病毒技术,建立肺转移裸鼠模型,观察miRNA-194对于骨肉瘤增殖和转移的影响,为研究miRNA-194在骨肉瘤中的作用及进一步的治疗提供理论依据。方法:使用慢病毒技术对骨肉瘤细胞系U2-OS进行转染后分组,然后将转染后的各组细胞注入裸鼠体内建立肺转移模型。5周后将裸鼠处死,观察和比较原位及肺部肿瘤的大小。结果:1)mi RNA-194下调组裸鼠的原位肿瘤的体积(3920±860 mm~3)和重量(2.15±0.32 g)明显的大于其余各组(P0.05);2)miRNA-194上调组的肺部情况(36.7±12.4个)明显的优于其余各组(P0.05);3)病理学检测证实其确实为原位骨肉瘤及肺部转移病灶。结论:miR-194可以明显的在裸鼠体内抑制骨肉瘤的增殖及肺部的转移,从而显示mi R-194在动物水平在骨肉瘤中呈现明显的抑癌基因的作用,为接下来关于miRNA-194的各项实验奠定了良好的实验基础。     

人鼻咽癌单克隆细胞株在传代移植的裸鼠体内转移与HLA表达定量的关系

为了研究人鼻咽癌单克隆细胞裸鼠体内传代转移特性及 HL A的表达变化 ,我们以人鼻咽癌单克隆细胞株 (CNE-2 Z- H5 )为对象 ,将各单克隆细胞株移植于裸鼠 ,待肿瘤发生转移后 ,取其淋巴结和肺转移灶癌细胞再次移植裸鼠 ,如此移植 2 - 4代 ,观察每代裸鼠的转移特性及鼻咽癌细胞 HL A表达的免疫组织化学定量变化。结果显示随着鼻咽癌单克隆细胞的传代移植 ,每代裸鼠肿瘤的转移率增高 (P<0 .0 1) ,转移途径更为单一。淋巴道转移的克隆细胞其 HL A 类抗原的表达随体内传代次数的增加而呈明显降低的趋势 ,与原代比较有显著性差异 (P<0 .0 1) ,但第 4代又急刷升高 (P<0 .0 1) ;HL A 类抗原的表达则呈波浪样改变 ;各代间表达平均强度变化不规则。肺转移灶癌细胞的 HL A 、 HL A 类抗原表达明显降低 ,两者与原代癌细胞比较都有显著性差异 (P<0 .0 1)。表明鼻咽癌细胞演进中转移能力和细胞本身特性、体内的环境选择关系密切 ,且可能和癌细胞 HL A的表达改变有关     

裸鼠体内高转移人肺癌模型的筛选

将人肺巨细胞癌ＰＬＡ－８０１Ｄ裸鼠皮下移植瘤作为瘤源,建立了ＰＬＡ－８０１Ｄ－ＡＳ裸鼠腹水鼠模型,其转移率及转移程度明显增高;以ＰＬＡ－８０１Ｄ－ＡＳ腹水瘤模型的肺转移灶细胞进行裸鼠皮下连续传代,建立了肺转移率及程度高于ＰＬＡ－８０１Ｄ的ＰＬＡ－８０１ＤＬ皮下移植瘤株。本文从肿瘤的异质性以及肿瘤与宿主相互作用的角度讨论了其肺转移提高的原因。     

人乳头瘤病毒16型亚基因DNA体外转化功能的细胞学研究

利用HZIP16和HZIP16K(见材料和方法)质粒,将人乳头瘤病毒16型(HPV-16)的全早期区基因及其开放读码框架(ORF)E6-E7分别转入ψ2细胞,所产生的重组病毒能诱导NIH3T3细胞发生转化。转化细胞具有恶性细胞的生物学和形态学特征,可在0.3％软琼脂中形成集落,可使裸鼠致瘤。Southern blot证明,HPV-16 E6-E7 ORFs序列以整合形式存在于转化细胞和裸鼠肿瘤细胞DNA中,表明HPV-16 DNA具有体外诱导NIH3T3细胞恶性转化的作用,E6-E7 ORFs是诱导细胞转化的关键基因。     

人EGFR显性负性突变体对胃癌细胞在裸鼠体内成瘤性及淋巴结转移的影响

为了研究人表皮生长因子显性负性突变体(dominant negative mutant of EGFR,dnEGFR)对胃癌细胞体内成瘤及淋巴结转移的影响,用目的质粒pEGFPN1-dnEGFR,空质粒载体pEGFP-N1分别转染胃癌细胞NCI-N87.筛选出稳定转染株,实验共分3组:NCI-N87细胞未转染组(untreated NCI-N87,UN组),NCI-N87细胞pEGFP-N1转染组(EN组);NCI-N87细胞pEGFPN1-dnEGFR转染组(DN组).将3组细胞接种于裸鼠右后足垫,6周后测量移植瘤大小及对应腹股沟转移淋巴结数目,HE染色验证,real-time PCR和Western印迹检测3组细胞中AKT1、MAPK3 mRNA和蛋白的表达改变.结果发现,DN组移植瘤较UN、EN组明显缩小(P0.05),且右腹股沟转移淋巴结数目较UN、EN组减少(P0.05).DN组细胞中,AKT1、MAPK3 mRNA和蛋白水平较UN、EN组降低(P0.05).提示pEGFPN1-dnEGFR可抑制裸鼠体内胃癌细胞成瘤及淋巴结转移,AKT1及MAPK3信号通路可能参与其中.     

γ射线诱发大鼠胚胎细胞转化与N－ras的激活

以γ射线诱发转化的大鼠胚胎细胞(REC:myc:γ33)的DNA构建粘粒基因库,用总基因库DNA转染NIH/3T3细胞,产生转化灶的DNA作二轮转染,二轮转化的NIH/3T3细胞内有大鼠REC:myc:γ33DNA中具转化活性的N-ras基因,用不对称PCR和DNA序列分析法证明,REC:myc:γ33细胞中鼠N-ras的活化是由于第61位密码子的A→G点突变.NIH/3T3转化灶中鼠N-ras也有同样点突变,但NIH/3T3细胞的内源性N-ras基因则无此突变.     

人EGFR显性负性突变体对胃癌细胞体内成瘤及淋巴结转移的影响

为了研究人表皮生长因子显性负性突变体(dominant negative mutant of EGFR, dnEGFR)对胃癌细胞体内成瘤及淋巴结转移的影响,用目的质粒pEGFPN1 dnEGFR,空质粒载体pEGFP N1分别转染胃癌细胞NCI-N87.筛选出稳定转染株,实验共分3组：NCI-N87细胞未转染组（untreated NCI-N87,UN组）,NCI-N87细胞pEGFP-N1转染组（EN组）;NCI-N87细胞pEGFPN1-dnEGFR转染组（DN组）.将3组细胞接种于裸鼠右后足垫,6周后测量移植瘤大小及对应腹股沟转移淋巴结数目,HE染色验证,real-time PCR和Western 印迹检测3组细胞中AKT1、MAPK3 mRNA和蛋白的表达改变.结果发现,DN组移植瘤较UN、EN组明显缩小（P<0.05）,且右腹股沟转移淋巴结数目较UN、EN组减少（P<0.05）.DN组细胞中,AKT1、MAPK3 mRNA和蛋白水平较UN、EN组降低（P<0.05）.提示pEGFPN1-dnEGFR可抑制裸鼠体内胃癌细胞成瘤及淋巴结转移,AKT1及MAPK3信号通路可能参与其中.     

Unusual aspects of human thymidylate synthase in mouse cells introduced by DNA-mediated gene transfer

Thymidylate synthase-negative mutants of mouse FM3A cells were transformed to thymidine prototrophs by human DNA. The stable transformants had only human thymidylate synthase and segments of human DNA. They grew normally but had unusually high levels of the human enzyme. In two transformants examined, however, neither was the dTTP pool elevated nor the dCTP pool decreased. DNA synthesis in permeabilized cells of a transformant was more efficient than that in the wild type with dATP, dGTP, dCTP, and dUMP as substrates, but this was not so when dUMP was replaced by dTTP. Unlike the mouse enzyme, the human enzyme in the transformants did not co-sediment with DNA polymerase alpha and thymidine kinase in a sucrose gradient, suggesting that the human enzyme is not incorporated into a multienzyme complex for DNA replication. The high levels of the human enzyme in the transformants were suppressed to various degrees by fusion with a wild type mouse line. No active hybrid dimer enzyme was found between the human and mouse enzymes, which each consist of two identical subunits. Thus, the human enzyme in the transformants seems to behave differently from the mouse enzyme and its overproduction seems to be necessary for supporting the normal growth of the transformants.     

Unstable transformation of mouse 3T3 cells by transfection with DNA from normal human lymphocytes.

DNA fragments (0.5-4.5 kb) of normal human lymphocytes induced pre-neoplastic mouse NIH/3T3 cells after transfection to grow in soft agar medium at low efficiency (0.0007 colonies/micrograms DNA/10(6) cells). In secondary transfections high mol. wt. DNA (greater than 20 kb) of cells transformed by DNA fragments induced neoplastic transformation with high efficiency (0.16-1.1 soft agar colonies/micrograms DNA/10(6) cells). These results confirm previous data obtained by others with chicken and mouse donor DNA. We describe here that independent secondary transformants harbored human Alu repetitive DNA sequences on similar restriction fragments and formed progressively growing tumors in BALB/c mice or nude mice. The corresponding primary transformants were not tumorigenic, however, and the ability to proliferate in semi-solid agar medium was gradually lost when the cells were grown as non-confluent monolayers. Furthermore, in contrast to secondary transformants, DNA from primary transformants showed only relatively weak hybridization to a human Alu repetitive DNA probe. We conclude that in primary transformants the transformed phenotype is expressed in an unstable fashion whereas secondary transformants appear to be stably transformed.     

Detection and preliminary characteristics of the transforming gene (oncogene) of Ha-ras type in human stomach cancer

High molecular weight DNA prepared from three undifferentiated human stomach carcinomas was assayed for transforming activity by transfection of mouse NIH 3T3 cells. One tumor DNA sample (stomach carcinoma CaVSt) induced (the transfection efficiency: 0.02 transformants/micrograms DNA X 10(-6) cells) transformation of NIH 3T3 recipient cells. Transforming gene of Ha-ras type was identified in transformants derived from this human carcinoma. The genetic lesion responsible for the activation of the CaVSt Ha-ras oncogene is not localized in the 12-th codon for p21c-Ha-ras protein.     

Measurement of transcribed human X-chromosomal DNA sequences transferred to rodent cells by chromosome-mediated gene transfer.

Transfer of genetic information can be effected by incubation of cultured eucaryotic cells with isolated metaphase chromosomes. In most cases, a resulting transformed cell contains only a fragment of a donor chromosome. The amount of transferred donor DNA has been quantified in 11 independent mouse A9 transformants by nucleic acid hybridization analysis. Each transformant had been selected for hprt (hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase; EC 2.4.2.8) transfer and contained part of the human X chromosome. A labeled probe of transcribed human X-chromosomal DNA was prepared by hybridization of nick-translated unique-sequence human DNA with whole cellular RNA from a human-mouse hybrid cell line, A9/HRBC2-A, containing a single human chromosome., X. The amount of human X-chromosomal DNA in the transformants was quantitated by comparing the hybridization of this probe with transformant and A9/HRBC2-A DNAs. Two unstable transformants which had a microscopically detectable donor chromosome fragment contained 15% of the human X-chromosomal single-copy DNA. Four other unstable transformants contained 4 to 7% of human X-chromosomal DNA sequences. The transferred DNA was below the level of detection in three other unstable and in all three stable transformants. We conclude that the initial transfer event can introduce a substantial amount of genetic information but only smaller amounts of DNA are stably incorporated by integration.     

Molecular cloning and chromosomal localization of DNA sequences associated with a human DNA repair gene.

The genes and gene products involved in the mammalian DNA repair processes have yet to be identified. Toward this end we made use of a number of DNA repair-proficient transformants that were generated after transfection of DNA from repair-proficient human cells into a mutant hamster line that is defective in the initial incision step of the excision repair process. In this report, biochemical evidence is presented that demonstrates that these transformants are repair proficient. In addition, we describe the molecular identification and cloning of unique DNA sequences closely associated with the transfected human DNA repair gene and demonstrate the presence of homologous DNA sequences in human cells and in the repair-proficient DNA transformants. The chromosomal location of these sequences was determined by using a panel of rodent-human somatic cell hybrids. Both unique DNA sequences were found to be on human chromosome 19.     

Transforming DNA sequences present in human prolactin-secreting pituitary tumors.

Five human PRL-secreting pituitary tumors were tested for the presence of DNA-transforming sequences. After calcium phosphate transfection to NIH-3T3 mouse fibroblast cells, DNA samples derived from two prolactinomas induced foci of morphologically transformed cells which subsequently grew in soft agar. After retransfection of transformant DNA, resulting secondary transformants elicited rapidly growing solid tumors in nude mice. Southern analysis of transformant DNA revealed the integration of Alu-positive human DNA sequences into the mouse fibroblast NIH-3T3 cells, as judged by hybridization to a Blur-8 probe. The Alu signal became increasingly more difficult to detect with the multiple passaging (greater than 20) of transformant cells in culture. Alu polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was, therefore, used to selectively amplify human DNA sequences from the NIH-3T3 rodent background. PCR using a human Alu-specific primer resulted in amplification of an Alu-containing DNA region within these transformants. The transformant DNA did not hybridize to human genomic probes for genes known to evoke focus formation in this assay, including H-ras, K-ras, N-ras, trk, ret, ros, or met. Further identification of the Alu-containing region revealed that it contained sequences from the human hst gene, a member of the fibroblast growth factor family. The presence of human hst was demonstrated by strong hybridization to a 40-mer oligonucleotide probe to the second exon of hst, by amplification of this region with human hst-nested amplimers within the first and second introns, and finally by direct sequencing.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Transforming genes in human tumors

DNAs isolated from a variety of human tumor cell lines as well as from naturally occurring human carcinomas and sarcomas were shown to induce morphologic transformation upon transfection into NIH/3T3 cells. All tested transformants contained human DNA sequences, some of which specifically cosegregated with the malignant phenotype in additional cycles of transfection. Southern blot analysis of second cycle transformants derived from T24 human bladder carcinoma cells showed the presence of a single 15 kbp EcoRI fragment of human DNA. These sequences were molecularly cloned utilizing λ Charon 9A as the cloning vector. The resulting recombinant DNA molecule, designated λ T24-15A, was shown to contain an internal 6.6 kbp Bam HI fragment of human DNA that transformed NIH/3T3 fibroblasts with a specific activity of 5 × 10⁴ focus forming units per picomol. These results indicate that we have moleculary cloned an oncogene present in T24 bladder carcinoma cells. Comparison of molecular clones containing the T24 oncogene and its normal homologue did not reveal biochemical differences that helped to explain the malignant properties of this oncogene. Finally, we report preliminary results indicating that the T24 bladder carcimoma oncogene is highly related to the transforming gene of BALB-MSV, an acute transforming retrovirus.     

HRAS1-selected, chromosome mediated gene transfer; in situ hybridization with combined biotin and tritium label localizes the oncogene and reveals duplications of the human transgenome

Chromosomes isolated from a human bladder carcinoma cell line which contains the actively transforming oncogene HRAS1 on chromosome 11 can be used to transform mouse cells. We have analyzed these chromosome mediated gene transformants by in situ hybridization techniques using biotinylated human DNA and a double antibody detection system to visualize the whole of the transgenome in a number of cell lines. In some transformants, where the amount of the transgenome was below the level of detection by the simple biotin system, we used a gold-silver enhancement technique. We have developed a combined in situ hybridization procedure using biotinylated human DNA plus antibodies and 3H-labeled HRAS1 DNA plus autoradiography to locate the actively transforming oncogene within the human transgenome in a selection of these transformants. In each of these there were complex insertions of the transgenome, either at multiple sites or with duplicated inserts at a single site. Each insertion contained a copy of HRAS1. The double in situ hybridization analysis helps define the types of arrangement and rearrangement which can accompany the chromosome mediated gene transfer process and, consequently, the potentials and limitations of the technique as a somatic cell and molecular genetic tool. Our analysis also suggests that multiple copies of the HRAS1 gene may be needed for stable transformation.     

Injection of mitochondria into human cells leads to a rapid replacement of the endogenous mitochondrial DNA

Isolated human mitochondria containing a mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) coded chloramphenicol resistance marker were injected into cells from two different human sensitive cell lines, 143BTK- and HT1080-6TG, which had been partially depleted of their mtDNA by ethidium bromide treatment. On the basis of the available evidence concerning the tolerance of introduced volumes into mammalian cells, it is estimated that, on the average, less than one mitochondrion was introduced into each cell. Under selective conditions, the mitochondria became established in the recipient cells with a frequency greater than 2-3 x 10(-3). An analysis of multiple mtDNA and nuclear DNA polymorphisms revealed a rapid replacement of the resident mtDNA by the exogenous mtDNA. Six to ten weeks after microinjection, this replacement was complete in all but one of the HT1080-6TG transformants, and nearly complete in the majority of the 143BTK- transformants. The quantitative behavior of the mtDNA of the transformants at very early stages of selection strongly suggests that intracellular mtDNA selection played a crucial role in this replacement, with significant implications for mitochondrial genetics.