不同生境天裂叶豚草种群的遗传结构

采用水平切片淀粉凝胶电泳测定了燕北地区分布的不同生态环境条件下７个三裂叶豚草种群的遗传结构。统计分析了１０个酶系统的１０个位点,结果表明：三裂叶豚草种群内存在着丰富的遗传变异。多态位点百分率为８０．００％,等位基因平均数为１．８０,期望杂合度为０．３７５,遗传一致度和遗传距离为０．９５９和０．０４２。     

基于ISSR的豚草和三裂叶豚草遗传多样性研究

[目的]研究不同地理种群的豚草和三裂叶豚草的遗传多样性水平和遗传结构。[方法]应用筛选的13条ISSR引物对8个豚草居群和7个三裂叶豚草居群共240个样品进行分子标记。[结果]8个豚草居群128个样品,共扩增出304条带,多态性位点比率为98.68%;Shannon''s信息指数为0.6716,Nei''s基因多样性指数为0.4788。7个三裂叶豚草居群112个样品,共扩增出266条带,多态性位点比率为95.86%;Shannon''s信息指数为0.6593,Nei''s基因多样性指数为0.4670。豚草和三裂叶豚草各居群遗传距离较近。[结论]豚草和三裂叶豚草在居群间具有一定的遗传稳定性;居群内具有丰富的遗传多样性。豚草和三裂叶豚草遗传变异主要来源于居群内部。豚草各居群遗传距离和地理距离有显著相关性,三裂叶豚草各居群遗传距离和地理距离无显著相关性。     

三裂叶薯NBS-LRR类抗病基因的筛选鉴定与结构分析

为发掘甘薯近缘野生种三裂叶薯(Ipomoea triloba)的NBS-LRR类抗病基因,从基因数据库中对三裂叶薯基因组序列进行了筛选、鉴定和分析。结果表明,从三裂叶薯的98 025个基因中,筛选到282个编码NBS-LRR类蛋白的基因,其中N型80个,NL型83个,CN型28个,CNL型57个,TN型10个,TNL型23个,RN型1个。三裂叶薯的16条染色体上均含有NBS-LRR家族基因,数量最多的染色体含有65个,最少的只有1个。三裂叶薯基因组共有55个基因簇,包含了63.5%的NBS-LRR家族基因。在NBS-LRR抗病基因家族中,CNL和TNL亚家族分别对应到7和11个保守结构域。这为三裂叶薯抗性资源的利用提供了科学参考。     

羽衣甘蓝裂叶相关性状遗传分析

以羽衣甘蓝圆叶自交系‘0835’和裂叶自交系‘0819’为亲本,调查P1、P2、F1、F2群体莲座期4个裂叶相关性状表型数据,运用‘四世代主基因+多基因’遗传模型,对叶长、叶宽、叶形指数、叶缘缺刻数4个叶形相关性状进行遗传分析,探讨羽衣甘蓝裂叶相关性状的遗传规律,为羽衣甘蓝裂叶性状遗传、QTL定位及新品种选育奠定基础。结果表明:(1)4个性状均存在一定的杂种优势,其中叶缘缺刻数中亲优势达显著水平,4个性状均存在负向超亲优势。(2)叶长和叶宽均符合E-4模型,即由2对等加性主基因+加性-显性多基因共同控制;叶长主基因遗传率为83.80%,多基因遗传率为1.05%;叶宽主基因遗传率为22.28%,多基因遗传率为61.92%。(3)叶形指数和叶缘缺刻数均符合E-1模型,即由2对加性-显性-上位性主基因+加性-显性多基因控制;叶形指数主基因遗传率为93.73%,多基因遗传率为2.59%;叶缘缺刻数主基因决定了表型变异的91.18%。     

濒危物种裂叶沙参及其近缘广布种泡沙参的遗传多样性研究

根据对１２个形态性状的统计分析和１０个基因位点的等位酶检测,探讨了濒危植物裂叶沙参及其近缘广布种泡沙参的遗传多样性水平,对３个裂叶沙参和６个泡沙参天然群体的遗传分析表明,两种沙参属植物均具有很高的遗传变异水平,这种变异性既体现在形态学水平上,也体现在酶位点水平上,在２个茎叶形状以及１０个花果和种子形状上,濒危种裂叶沙参的变异性均与广布种相当,同样,根据７个酶系统１０个等位酶位点的度量,裂叶沙参群体     

地黄属和崖白菜属等位酶的变异研究

利用超薄平板微型聚丙烯酰胺凝胶的等电聚焦电泳技术,对玄参科Scrophulariaceae地黄属Rehmannia 6种植物和崖白菜属Triaenophora 2种植物共52份材料进行了7个酶系统的等位酶分析。在7个酶系中共检测到18个清晰位点和45个等位基因,多态位点为17个;并将遗传学数据用软件Biosys-1进行分析,结果表明:同种内个体间表现出较大的遗传同质性,而不同种的个体则表现出明显的趋异性。除高地黄R.elata和裂叶地黄R.piasezkii外,其余6种植物之间遗传分化较明显,8个种按聚类结果分为两支,崖白菜属的崖白菜T.rupestris和神农架崖白菜T.shennongjiaensis聚为一支,位于分支树的基部;地黄属的地黄R.glutinosa、茄叶地黄R.solanifolia、天目地黄R.chingii、湖北地黄R.henryi、高地黄和裂叶地黄为另一支。在地黄属中,高地黄和裂叶地黄之间的亲缘关系最近,地黄和裂叶地黄关系最远。本研究结果不支持把高地黄和裂叶地黄作为两个独立的种。地黄属与崖白菜属在遗传上具有较高水平的相似性,它们在生活史和形态学上仍然保留有许多共同的特征,说明它们之间分化的时间可能不长。     

国产黄连属植物的染色体核型分析

中国黄连属6种1变种分属叶掌状三全裂和叶掌状五全裂2个类群,前者包括三角叶黄连、峨眉黄连、云南黄连、黄连和其变种短萼黄连;而分布于滇东南的五裂黄连和产于台湾的五叶黄连则归于后者。采用根尖压片法和卡宝品红染色法,对除五叶黄连外的中国黄连属5种1变种,以及日本黄连进行染色体核型比较分析,从细胞学角度为探讨中国黄连属植物的系统分类提供新的线索和证据。结果表明:(1)五裂黄连(2n=2x=18=2M+16m)、短萼黄连(2n=2x=18=8m+10sm)和日本黄连(2n=2x=18=12m+6sm)的染色体数目和核型均为首次报道。(2)7个材料的染色体基数均为9,除三角叶黄连为三倍体外,其余均为二倍体。(3)叶为掌状三全裂的二倍体种核型一致,为2A型,染色体类型以及不对称系数均很相似;叶为掌状五全裂的五裂黄连与五叶黄连的核型更接近,为1A型,核型特征的共性表明了这2个类群的自然属性。(4)三倍体三角叶黄连的不对称程度较高,核型为3A型,其染色体大小与峨眉黄连最接近。(5)根据核型不对称程度和染色体大小,结合地理分布,推测叶掌状五全裂种为本属的原始类群。     

豚草轴霜霉菌卵孢子的观察方法

豚草是重要的外来入侵生物。近年在三裂叶豚草上发现一种霜霉菌(Plasmopara angustiterminalisNovotelnova),该菌对三裂叶豚草表现一定的致病性和致死性。通过试验明确了豚草霜霉菌卵孢子的最佳观察方法为10%NaOH透明法和1%酸性品红染色法。     

基于SNP标记的短须裂腹鱼自然群体遗传多样性分析

研究应用SLAF-seq技术开发了短须裂腹鱼(Schizothoraxwangchiachii)的SNP标记, 并使用开发的SNP标记分析了野生种群的遗传多样性。结果显示实验中RsaⅠ-HaeⅢ的酶切效率为86.93%, 共得到80.08 M reads。通过生物信息学分析, 共获得709758个SLAF标签, 其中多态性的SLAF标签共有243304个, 共得到777082个群体SNP, 测序平均Q30为94.79%, 平均GC含量为40.16%, 测得观测等位基因数为2.005, 期望等位基因数为1.5272, 观测杂合度为0.2007, 期望杂合度为0.3160, 平均遗传距离为0.1523, 遗传多样性指数为0.3386, 香浓指数为0.4827, 多态性信息含量(PIC)为0.2562, 次要基因型频率(MAF)为0.2313, 结果表明目前金沙江阿海至龙开口段短须裂腹鱼野生种群遗传多样性处于中等水平, 这和人为干扰有关。近年来短须裂腹鱼数量逐年减少, 研究短须裂腹鱼的遗传多样性对保护其种质资源起着重要的作用。     

豚草锈菌对三裂叶豚草光合生理特性的影响

【背景】外来人侵恶性杂草——三裂叶豚草在我国迅速蔓延,并对我国经济、人民健康、生态等方面造成巨大影响。【方法】本文运用光合仪（CIRAS-1）测定豚草锈菌侵染后的三裂叶豚草叶片的光合效率、蒸腾速率、叶表面蒸汽压差、胞间CO2浓度、气孔导度等指标,以探讨豚草锈菌影响三裂叶豚草光合作用的机制。【结果】豚草锈菌侵染三裂叶豚草叶片后,对叶片水分代谢与光合代谢有明显影响,从而影响叶片有机物质的合成。豚草锈菌侵染显症1—4d后,受侵染叶片蒸腾速率与气孔导度下降,光合作用有所加强,导致胞间CO2浓度下降,进而使叶片细胞水分代谢与光合代谢加强。显症4d后,随着叶片发病程度增加（4～5级）,胞间CO2浓度增加,蒸腾速率与气孔导度大幅降低,光合速率下降。【结论与意义】豚草锈菌能干扰三裂叶豚草叶片的光合生理活动。该结果可为防治三裂叶豚草提供参考。     

东北地区豚草种群的遗传变异与遗传分化

采用水平切片淀粉凝胶电泳测定了东北地区分布的不同生态环境条件下7个豚草种群的遗传结构。统计分析了10个酶系统的12个位．点,结果表明：豚草种群内存在着丰富的遗传变异。多态位点百分率为81．32％,等位基因平均数为1．816,期望杂合度为0．377,遗传一致度和遗传距离为0．941和0．044。     

刚毛柽柳天然居群遗传多样性初探

柽柳是荒漠地区主要的灌木资源树种。以刚毛柽柳为代表,运用RAPD技术分析了广布于新疆境内9个刚毛柽柳(Tamarix hispida L．)天然居群的遗传多样性及居群间的遗传分化。10条随机引物检测到157个可重复的位点,其中多态位点155个,占总位点数的98．7％。由Shannon表型多样性指数和Nei基因多样性指数估计居群间遗传分化百分比分别为62．5％和55．30％,表明刚毛柽柳种内的遗传变异主要存在于居群间。根据以上结果,我们认为新疆境内刚毛柽柳天然居群的遗传多样性很丰富,居群间分化程度较高;繁育系统属于一种自交和不完全异交混合的交配类型;形成并维持其分布格局的主要因素是基因流的隔离。     

Genetic distance and gene diversity among ten endogamous groups in Chhattisgarh,Central India

A genetic survey has been conducted among the Rawats and Telis, two endogamous caste populations of Chhattisgarh, Central India. Using the gene frequency data for three genetic loci, genetic distance among ten population groups have been calculated. The gene differentiation among these population groups is only about 2 per cent.     

长江野鲤(Cyprinus carpio)及两种养殖鲤群体遗传多样性评估

为了给鲤鱼遗传资源保护及利用提供较为准确的基础数据,利用10对微卫星标记分析了黄河鲤(Huanghe Cyprinus carpio,人工养殖群体)、长江野鲤(Changjiang wild Cyprinus carpio,安徽段)、安徽养殖鲤(Anhui cultured Cyprinus carpio,宿州市)群体遗传多样性。遗传多样性分析实验表明:3个群体均具有较高的遗传水平,且长江野鲤群体遗传多样性高于黄河鲤、安徽养殖鲤;卡方检验表明:3个群体在较大程度上受到人类活动及生态环境变化的影响,30个位点中76.67%的位点显著偏离Hardy-Weinberg平衡。遗传距离、遗传相似度、非加权组平均法(unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic means,UPGMA)聚类树及贝叶斯聚类分析均显示,长江野鲤与安徽养殖鲤亲缘关系较近,研究情况与实际生产中养殖户从长江里获得鲤鱼亲本用于繁殖苗种的现象相符。突变-漂移平衡分析显示,在TPM模式下,Wilcoxon符号秩次检验中黄河鲤群体显著偏离突变-漂移平衡,需进一步扩大选育群体。总体来说,黄河鲤、长江野鲤、安徽养殖鲤群体遗传多样性均较高,具有进一步的选育空间。     

Genetic assessment of captive Chinese water deer populations in Zhoushan Archipelago,China

Chinese water deer is a rare and vulnerable animal in China because of the poaching for medical use and the habitat loss. In this study, the genetic diversity and population genetic structure of 40 Chinese water deer from three populations in Zhoushan Archipelago were investigated with ten highly polymorphic microsatellite loci, including 4 screened from the nuclear DNA in the study, and 6 selected from the literature. According to the results, these captive populations had a higher genetic diversity than other rare cervid species, such as forest musk deer. No signs of inbreeding were detected. Low genetic differentiation among these populations was found. The probable reasons included the isolation by distance, the exchange among islands, or the supplement of the wild Chinese water deer. We proposed the deer raisers to strengthen the exchanges from different islands or mainland, and if possible, some deer would be returned to the wild to expand the wild population.     

陕西渭南地区汉族人群17个Y-STR基因座多态性及遗传关系分析

调查陕西渭南地区汉族群体17个Y-STR基因座的多态性,探讨其群体遗传学及法医学应用价值。应用Y-fi ler荧光标记复合扩增系统,对413名陕西渭南地区汉族无关男性个体17个Y-STR基因座进行复合扩增,用ABI3130遗传分析仪进行基因分型,计算各基因座的群体遗传学参数,并结合已经发表的其他10个群体相应基因座的单倍型资料,分析各群体间的遗传距离。413名陕西渭南汉族个体共检出405种单倍型,其中397种单倍型仅出现1次,单倍型多样性达0.9999,基因多样性(GD)为0.4130(DYS391)~0.9734(DYS385a/b),累计GD值为0.9999。遗传距离分析提示,陕西渭南汉族与辽宁满族的遗传距离最小(0.00110),与青海藏族的遗传距离最大(0.22333)。结果表明,17个Y-STR基因座在陕西渭南汉族群体中具有丰富的遗传多态性和较高的非父排除能力,在法医学和人类群体遗传学研究中具有重要价值。     

Development and characterization of microsatellite markers for Vriesea simplex (Bromeliaceae) and cross-amplification in other species of Bromeliaceae

Ten polymorphic microsatellite loci were isolated and characterized for Vriesea simplex epiphytic and endemic species from the Brazilian Atlantic Rainforest. The number of alleles per locus ranged from 2 to 16. The observed and expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.000 to 0.414 and 0.068 to 0.795, respectively. All loci departed significantly from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium. Linkage disequilibrium was not detected in any pair of loci. Transferability of 10 loci was positive across ten other Bromeliaceae species. The loci will be used for studying population genetic structure, mating system variation, and the origin and maintenance of reproductive barriers to gene exchange among sympatric Vriesea species.     

The genetic demography of the Gainj of Papua New Guinea. I. Local differentiation of blood group,red cell enzyme,and serum protein allele frequencies

Allele frequencies are reported for 19 blood group, red cell enzyme, and serum protein loci (ABO, Rh, MN, Hb-A, LDH-A, LDH-B, SOD, PGM-1, PGM-2, 6PGD, GPT, ESD, ADA, ACP, PGK, MDH, Alb, Hp, and Tf) determined from 310 blood samples collected among the Gainj, a small population of tribal horticulturalists from highland Papua New Guinea. Fourteen of these loci display genetic variants, and ten of them are sufficiently polymorphic to permit a preliminary analysis of Gainj population structure. Patterns of variation among subdivisions of the population are analyzed using an approach analogous to a multivariate analysis of variance with unbalanced design, and weighted genetic distances are extracted from the results. The distance analysis indicates that patterns of genetic variation within this population reflect the geographical distribution of subdivisions, as well as subdivision size and movement among subdivisions. A parallel analysis of the Gainj and two other tribal groups from highland New Guinea, the Murapin Enga and the Simbai Valley Maring, suggests that the Gainj are both genetically divergent from neighboring populations and internally highly differentiated.     

肖四海湖野生和人工放流鳜群体遗传结构分析

采用微卫星标记研究天然封闭型水体肖四海内鳜放流群体与野生群体的遗传差异,试图从分子水平探讨人工增殖放流群体与野生群体遗传结构的差异。结果表明:鳜两个群体在10对微卫星座位共发现有50个等位基因。其中,放流群体发现有22个等位基因,野生群体发现37个等位基因;通过He和PIC统计发现,野生群体遗传多样性明显高于放流增殖鳜,野生鳜群体表现出更丰富的遗传多样性;由杂合度检验可以看出,两个群体都呈现杂合过剩现象,经哈代-温伯格平衡检验,显示两个群体均显著偏离哈代-温伯格平衡(P0.001),属于连锁不平衡群体;群体间的FST检验,可以看出群体间的FST高于0.25,反映遗传变异主要存在于群体间,而不是群体内部,这充分反映近交及瓶颈效应会引起养殖群体遗传结构的改变,从而导致群体间的遗传分化。       

A population genetic study in the Ochamchir region, Abkhazia, SSR

The reported longevity of residents of the Soviet Socialist Republic of the Caucasus has focused considerable attention on this population. However, little is known of the genetic composition of this population. With this in mind, several village populations of the Ochamchir Region, Abkhazia, SSR, were typed for 37 discrete genetic blood groups, erythrocyte and plasma protein loci. Gene and haplotype frequencies calculated for the polymorphic markers were determined and the results used in an analysis of intervillage heterogeneity and genetic distance analysis comparing the Abkhazians to European and Asian reference populations. The Abkhazians are approximately equal distance from European and West Asian populations in a genetic sense, and this is consistent with their geographical location. In addition to the usual genetic polymorphisms, rare electrophoretic variants were encountered at the lactate dehydrogenase A and phosphohexose isomerase loci. These results suggest that the population of the Ochamchir Region is relatively homogeneous and not distinctly different from its geographical neighbors.