D—氨基酸在人体的来龙去脉：人体中D—氨基酸,D—氨基酸氧化酶,D…

本文分析近年,特别是近两年有关人体、食物中Ｄ－氨基酸、Ｄ－氨基酸氧化酶、Ｄ－天冬氨酸氧化酶研究进展,强调：１．必须研究食品中Ｄ－氨基酸水平;２．Ｄ－氨基酸氧化酶、Ｄ．天冬氨酸氧化酶作为药物治疗因Ｄ－氨基酸过量所致疾病。     

D－氨基酸广泛存在于生命物质中──关于生物分子手性研究发展的评述

Ｄ－氨基酸广泛存在于生命物质中──关于生物分子手性研究发展的评述赵南生（北京天文馆,北京１０００４４）关键词Ｄ－氨基酸,Ｄ－氨基酸氧化酶,生物分子手性１９２４年化学家Ｋ．Ｆｒｅｎｄｅｎｂｅｒｇ将Ｌ－氨基酸冠以＂天然＂,而Ｄ－氨基酸就成了＂非天然＂,类...     

三角酵母D—氨基酸氧化酶基因的克隆,测序及表达

利用跨越内含子的ＰＣＲ技术,从三角酵母（Ｔｒｉｇｏｎｏｐｓｉｓｖａｒｉａｂｉｌｉｓ）变种ＦＡ１１０中扩增得到Ｄ氨基酸氧化酶基因（ｄａａｏ）,并通过ＴＡ克隆的方法将其克隆至ｐＧＥＭＴ载体。序列测定结果表明,所得ｄａａｏ基因的５′端内含子已被删除,基因总长度为１０７１ｂｐ,它与Ｔｒｉｇｏｎｏｐｓｉｓｖａｒｉａｂｉｌｉｓ的Ｄ氨基酸氧化酶同源性达９８３％,与Ｆｕｓａｒｉｕｍｓｏｌａｎｉ和Ｒｈｏｄｏｔｏｒｕｌａｇｒａｃｉｌｉｓ的同源性分别是３８９％和３０８％。为提高表达水平,又将此基因转移至高表达载体ｐＥＴ２８ｂ上,在大肠杆菌ＢＬ２１（ＤＥ３）中进行诱导表达。经ＩＰＴＧ诱导,目的蛋白的产生量可占菌体总蛋白量的４６％,分子量约为３８ｋＤ。Ｄ氨基酸氧化酶的活力可达８０２ｕ／Ｌ。     

中枢神经系统D-氨基酸氧化酶的研究进展

新近研究证实,哺乳动物神经系统中存在内源性D-氨基酸氧化酶,参与脑内D-氨基酸的代谢.遗传学研究发现,D-氨基酸氧化酶基因与精神分裂症的发生密切相关.分子生物学研究表明,在D-氨基酸氧化酶基因启动子区域存在一些转录因子的结合位点.这些研究结果提示,中枢神经系统的D-氨基酸氧化酶除了参与D-氨基酸的代谢以外,可能还具有其它的生理功能.本文就中枢神经系统D-氨基酸氧化酶的研究进展作一综述.     

D-氨基酸氧化酶研究进展

D-氨基酸氧化酶(D-amino acid oxidase:oxidoreductase, DAAO, EC 1.4.3.3)是一种以黄素腺嘌呤(FAD)为辅基的典型黄素蛋白酶类,可氧化D-氨基酸的氨基生成相应的酮酸和氨。在体内D-氨基酸的代谢中起着重要作用。主要介绍了D-氨基酸氧化酶的生理功能和应用、表达条件优化及通过定点突变对酶学性质的研究。     

三角酵母菌D-氨基酸氧化酶的纯化和一些基本性质的研究

1．比较了17株霉菌和36株酵母菌的D-氨基酸氧化酶活力,其中以三角酵母的酶活力最高,比较适宜作为研究D-氨基酸氧化酶的材料。 2．用硫酸铵、聚乙二醇(PEG 6000)分部沉淀,Sephadcx G-200、羟基磷灰石柱层析分离纯化了三角酵母D-氨基酸氧化酶,聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳为单一组份。 以聚丙烯酰胺凝股梯度浓度电泳测得D-氢基酸氧化酶的分子量为170,000,sDs凝胶电泳测得其亚基分子量为42,000,表明三角酵母D-氨基酸氧化酶由四个相同亚基组或。 3．三角酵母D-氨基酸氧化酶在以D-丙氨酸为底物时,最适pH为8．3,米氏常数(Km)为3．3mM。三角酵母D-氨基酸氧化酶具有较宽的底物专一性,多种D或DL型氨基酸都可以做它的底物。     

对称性破缺与生命起源

对称性破缺是自然界的基本规律,手性均一为生命起源的必要条件。自然界中组成生命的蛋白质有２０种氨基酸（除甘氨酸无不对称碳原子外）全是Ｌ型,组成ＲＮＡ、ＤＮＡ中的核糖全是Ｄ型。近年研究发现：人体中Ｄ型氨基酸广泛存在。维持人体手性均一有赖于Ｄ－氨基酸氧化酶、Ｄ－天冬氨酸氧化酶的作用。本文对当前国际上最著名的两大学说－极化电子和手性分子相互作用与萨拉姆假说及国内外研究的最新进展,结合笔者科研组十几年来的实验研究和理论观点作较为全面的评述,并提出新的理论解释,解决长期争论的实验分歧。     

电导滴定法分析氨基酸含量

提出和建立了适用于中间控制的氨基酸分析方法即电导滴定法,测定甘氨酸,ＤＬ－天冬氨酸和Ｌ－半胱氨酸的含量,并与甲醛滴定法、凯氏定氮法作了比较,本法快速,简单,准确,易于推广。     

蛇毒L-氨基酸氧化酶抗肿瘤作用研究进展

L-氨基酸氧化酶（LAAO）广泛地存在于各种蛇毒中。近年来许多文献报道了蛇毒L-氨基酸氧化酶具有与血小板相互作用、细胞毒性及诱导细胞凋亡作用,还报道它们具有出血或溶血活性、引起水肿及抗细菌、抗艾滋病病毒的特性。本文就其抗肿瘤方面的研究进行综述,介绍蛇毒L-氨基酸氧化酶的抑瘤机制、理化性质及国内外研究现状和应用前景。     

中性粒细胞内的NADPH氧化酶

中性粒细胞内的ＮＡＤＰＨ氧化酶周剑涛（湖北省黄冈地区卫校,４３６１００）关键词ＮＡＤＰＨ氧化酶中性粒细胞受刺激,出现呼吸突发,产生０－２、·ＯＨ、Ｏ２、Ｈ２Ｏ２等活性氧类物质。其中,Ｏ－２是ＮＡＤＰＨ氧化酶催化Ｏ２与ＮＡＤＰＨ之间发生单电子还原反应的...     

Application and efficiency of scintillation autoradiography for Drosophila polytene chromosomes

Summary A rapid method of autoradiography using the scintillation cocktail (Toluene and scintillation fluid, Omnifluor) has been described earlier. Its application and efficiency have been tested using both ³H-thymidine and ³H-uridine. The optimum time required for processing the autoradiograms has been found to be 24 h dry exposure followed by 48 h in the scintillation mixture. Detailed analysis of the autoradiograms with ³H-uridine reveals that with the rapid method the 100% level of labelling index is reached by 48 h while with the conventional method the same level is reached by 10 to 12 days of dry exposure. The maximum grain density is reached by 16 to 17 days by the conventional method. While by the rapid method, the maximum grain density is approximately 80% of the control, this grain density is reached by 48 h (plus 24 h of dry exposure) and thereafter forms a plateau. With Toluene alone the grain density never exceeds 20%. The background is also relatively low and less variable in the O-T-processed autoradiograms, as compared to the two controls. These results support that the scintillation fluid plays the key role in augmenting the labelling. Furthermore, although the maximum grain density by the rapid technique is 80% of the control, the grain density obtained by the rapid method gives less coincidence and superimposition of grains.On the other hand, with ³H-thymidine, although all labelling patterns could be resolved, the labelling index (i.e., percent of labelled cells) is about 40% at 48 h (plus 24 h) and about 79.5% at 96 h with the rapid method, as compared to about 30% and 44% with the conventional method at the two time points, respectively. Only with 16–17 days' dry exposure the ³H-thymidine labelling index increases to 67%. The frequency of the initial patterns (DD-2C) which are usually less frequent, has been found to have increased with the rapid method. No difference in grain density of labelling of ³H-thymidine could be detected between the rapid method and the conventional method. The resolution of grains also seems to be better by the rapid method, due probably to smaller size and lack of superimposition of grains. Other applications, advantages and limitations have been discussed.     

Short Nissl Staining for Incubated Cryostat Sections of the Brain

Nissl stain often binds poorly to cryostat sections which have been incubated in solutions of radiolabeled ligands. Such incubation is used in receptor autoradiography of the brain when using the in vitro method. We have developed a rapid (16 min) modification of Nissl staining for sections that bind stain poroly, e.g., incubated sections. The method stains well sections which cannot be stained with other rapid Nissl staining methods.     

Short Nissl Staining for Incubated Cryostat Sections of the Brain

Nissl stain often binds poorly to cryostat sections which have been incubated in solutions of radiolabeled ligands. Such incubation is used in receptor autoradiography of the brain when using the in vitro method. We have developed a rapid (16 min) modification of Nissl staining for sections that bind stain poroly, e.g., incubated sections. The method stains well sections which cannot be stained with other rapid Nissl staining methods.     

A new method for the rapid diagnosis of acute streptococcal infection]

The work deals with the development of the rapid method of the identification of acute streptococcal infection on the basis of the coagglutination test. The rapid method of the extraction of group-specific polysaccharide antigen from the cell walls of group A streptococci is proposed. The data on the use of native sera and their fractions in the development of coagglutination diagnostica have been described and analyzed. The advantages of the new method of the diagnosis of acute streptococcal infection in comparison with the traditional microbiological method are shown.     

A simple method for the preparation of the covalently closed circular form of plasmid DNA

We describe a simple, rapid, inexpensive method for isolation of covalently closed circular plasmid DNA. The method involves the electrophoresis of crude DNA preparations in an agarose gel, electrotransfer onto a dialysis membrane and elution of the highly purified circular covalently closed plasmid DNA. Native and recombinant plasmid DNA have been purified by this method and shown to be suitable for restriction enzyme digestion and transformation of bacteria. The yield of this rapid purification procedure makes it a good alternative method to standard centrifugation in cesium chloride ethidium bromide gradients.     

Development, multiplexing, and application of ARMS tests for common mutations in the CFTR gene.

The amplification refractory mutation system (ARMS) is a simple, rapid and reliable method for the detection of any mutation involving single base changes or small deletions. We have applied ARMS methodology to the detection of mutations in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene. Single ARMS tests have been developed for 11 CFTR mutations found in the northwest of England. ARMS reactions for the most common mutations have been multiplexed to give a test which will detect the presence of the delta F508, G551D, G542X, and 621 + 1G----T mutations in a DNA sample. The multiplex test has been validated by the analysis of over 500 previously genotyped samples and has been found to be completely accurate. The rapid detection of the most common mutations has enabled early molecular confirmation of suspected cystic fibrosis in neonates, rapid typing of cystic fibrosis patients and their relatives, and testing of sperm and egg donors.     

Rapid and efficient separation and identification of the two molecular forms of human adenosine deaminase by thin-layer gel filtration chromatography

Two molecular forms of adenosine deaminase have been found in human tissues. The column gel filtration method has been used for the separation of the two enzyme forms. Routine separation and analysis of the enzyme forms based on the molecular size difference can be achieved by thin-layer gel filtration on Sephadex G-200 superfine gel. The thin-layer method has been found to be more rapid and efficient than the column method. Enzymes in crude preparations can be studied effectively with the thin-layer method.     

Determination of metaldehyde in human serum by headspace solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

A rapid headspace solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS) method has been developed for the determination of metaldehyde in human serum samples. Metaldehyde is extensively used as a molluscicide for the control of slugs and snails, and cases of metaldehyde poisoning have been reported. Metaldehyde was headspace-extracted on a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) fiber at 70 degrees C for 25 min, desorbed, and analyzed rapidly by GC-MS. The method was validated for limit of detection (LOD), linearity, precision, and recovery. Although the recovery of the sample was very low, the method itself was rapid with a low detection limit of 0.25 microg/ml, R.S.D. value 12.6%, and linearity range 0.5-25.0 microg/ml (r(2)=0.999). The results demonstrated that the SPME-GC-MS method for the analysis of metaldehyde is simple, rapid, solvent-free, and does not require any pre-analysis conversions.     

Statistical mechanics-based method to extract atomic distance-dependent potentials from protein structures

In this study, we have developed a statistical mechanics-based iterative method to extract statistical atomic interaction potentials from known, nonredundant protein structures. Our method circumvents the long-standing reference state problem in deriving traditional knowledge-based scoring functions, by using rapid iterations through a physical, global convergence function. The rapid convergence of this physics-based method, unlike other parameter optimization methods, warrants the feasibility of deriving distance-dependent, all-atom statistical potentials to keep the scoring accuracy. The derived potentials, referred to as ITScore/Pro, have been validated using three diverse benchmarks: the high-resolution decoy set, the AMBER benchmark decoy set, and the CASP8 decoy set. Significant improvement in performance has been achieved. Finally, comparisons between the potentials of our model and potentials of a knowledge-based scoring function with a randomized reference state have revealed the reason for the better performance of our scoring function, which could provide useful insight into the development of other physical scoring functions. The potentials developed in this study are generally applicable for structural selection in protein structure prediction.     

Microwave-assisted synthesis of thieno[2,3-c]pyridine derivatives as a new series of allosteric enhancers at the adenosine A(1) receptor

The microwave-assisted aromatization method has been used for the synthesis of a series of novel thieno[2,3-c]pyridines. This rapid method produces compounds in good yield within minutes in comparison with conventional heating method. The synthesized molecules have been evaluated as a potential new series of allosteric enhancers acting at the adenosine A(1) receptor. In a functional assay, one compound (3h) showed activity comparable with that of reference compound PD 81,723.