流式细胞术检测毕赤酵母发酵过程中胞内活性氧水平

以2′,7′-二氢二氯荧光黄双乙酸钠(DCFH-DA)和碘化丙锭(PI)为标记探针,通过DCFH-DA/PI双染色与PI单染色的对照,检测毕赤酵母胞内活性氧(reactive oxygen species,ROS)的水平及其影响。研究发现发酵过程细胞活性下降与胞内ROS积累相关。在甘油生长期,细胞几乎没有ROS积累,细胞活性接近100%。在甲醇诱导初期,部分细胞积累少量的ROS,细胞活性仍然很高,死亡细胞所占比例只有1.5%。在甲醇诱导后期,94.0%的细胞积累了大量的ROS,高含量的ROS造成细胞损伤,引起部分细胞丧失了活性,在总共29.1%的死亡细胞中,高ROS积累的死亡细胞占了25.4%。     

基于pH调节和有机氮源流加调控补料分批发酵过程提高ε-聚赖氨酸产量

为了解决ε-聚赖氨酸(ε-PL)补料分批发酵过程中后期ε-PL产率下降的问题,提出了在补料阶段利用调节p H值和流加有机氮源(酵母粉)两种手段来提高ε-PL产率。利用上述两种策略,实现ε-PL平均产率分别达到4.62 g/(L·d)和5.16 g/(L·d),较未调控补料分批发酵(典型补料分批发酵)分别提高了27.3%和42.15%;同时,实现ε-PL产量分别达到36.95 g/L和41.32 g/L,较未调控补料分批发酵分别提高了27.4%和42.48%。进一步细胞活性染色和关键酶活性分析发现,两种策略均能显著提高细胞活力和关键酶活性。该研究结果表明,在发酵中后期通过调节p H值和流加酵母粉两种措施能够显著增强细胞活性和产生菌代谢能力,从而达到提高ε-PL产率和产量的目的。     

浙江蝮蛇毒诱导人白血病Jurkat细胞凋亡的体外实验研究

蛇毒含有多种酶类和不同生理与药理活性蛋白。经研究证实它具有抗肿瘤作用 ,能对多种肿瘤细胞有杀伤和抑制作用。作者为研究浙江蝮蛇毒诱导人白血病 Jurkat细胞凋亡作用并探讨其机理 ,采用 MMT法测定半数抑制浓度( IC50 )及生长曲线 ,用流式细胞仪 ( FCM) AnnexinV FITC/PI法检测细胞凋亡率 ,PI染色法检测细胞周期 ,用流式细胞计 FCM及 Western- blot检测Jurkat细胞 Bcl- 2蛋白表达。结果 :浙江蝮蛇毒处理后 Jurkat细胞生长受到明显抑制 ,且呈剂量依赖关系。 48h IC50 值为 ( 9.78± 0 .38) μg/ml。给浙江蝮蛇毒 5μg/ml能诱导…     

毕赤酵母高密度表达重组猪胰岛素前体的研究

对摇瓶和50L罐上的重组菌毕赤酵母(Pichia pastoris)表达猪胰岛素前体(PIP)的发酵过程进行了研究。摇瓶发酵中,最佳诱导周期为60 h左右,诱导期甲醇的最佳加入量为每日2．0%～2．5%。50L发酵过程分为批发酵、补料和诱导表达3个阶段。生长期(批发酵和补料阶段)细胞干重与培养时间的关系可用模型y= 0．6525e~(0．1909t)来描述。在批发酵阶段和补料阶段,流加的氨水和甘油几乎全部用来合成菌体和维持,没有其他副产物产生。诱导表达阶段流加的氨水和甲醇分别约有80%和70%被菌体利用。将摇瓶与发酵罐的实验结果进行了比较,发现摇瓶发酵的限制因子很可能是溶氧,而罐发酵的限制因子为碳源,因此,将摇瓶实验的结果放大到发酵罐时调整了控制策略,加大了甲醇的补料速率,最终PIP浓度达到1．72g/L。     

流式细胞术检测外周血淋巴细胞诊断淋巴瘤的应用研究

目的:探讨流式细胞术(FCM)检测外周血淋巴细胞在淋巴瘤诊断中的应用价值。方法:通过筛选2011年8月至2017年8月期间初诊的皮肤淋巴瘤病例25例,淋巴节良性病变6例,采用FCM检测外周血淋巴细胞表面抗原分子,通过与病理切片HE染色和免疫组化法(金标准)比较,分析两种检测方法之间的差异。结果:在31例检测病例中,FCM检测结果与金标准检测结果一致性较高(Kappa=0.61):26例检查结果相同,5例检查结果不一致;检测19例T淋巴细胞淋巴瘤,FCM检测结果与金标准检测结果一致性也较高(Kappa=0.57):检测14例初诊为T细胞淋巴瘤病例,FCM检测T淋巴瘤细胞的表面抗原标志CD3分子为阳性,与组织学结果相符,另有5例T细胞淋巴瘤病例HE染色和免疫组化诊断明确,而FCM未能检出。检测6例B细胞淋巴瘤病例,6例淋巴瘤病例FCM检测结果都为阳性,FCM检测B淋巴瘤细胞的表面抗原标志CD19分子为阳性,与金标准检测结果符合率为100%。6例淋巴节良性病变病例FCM检测结果与金标准检测结果一致。结论:通过FCM检测外周血可以检测出部分皮肤淋巴瘤,FCM在皮肤淋巴瘤诊断和分型中有一定的临床价值,是检测皮肤淋巴瘤的有效的辅助方法。     

用YO-PRO-1和PI联合染色定量检测细胞凋亡

经不同浓度staurosporine处理诱导凋亡的G7细胞样品,分别用YO-PRO-1/PI和AV/PI进行荧光染色,借助流式细胞仪检测凋亡情况,将两种检测方法得到的结果进行统计学分析显示,二者有显著的相关性(r=0.9659,P<0.01),且没有显著性差异(P<0.05);另外,上述凋亡细胞样品经YO-PRO-1/PI染色后在荧光显微镜下计数凋亡细胞比例的结果与AV/PI流式细胞仪的检测结果也有显著的相关性(r=0.9903,P<0.01),且没有显著性差异(P<0.05)。以上这些结果表明,用YO-PRO-1/PI对细胞进行染色、借助流式细胞仪和荧光显微镜均能准确地检测细胞凋亡,可替代AV/PI流式细胞仪方法用于细胞凋亡的检测。     

裂殖壶菌发酵产DHA过程呼吸参数的在线检测分析

利用尾气分析仪对发酵过程的尾气中的O2、CO2含量进行实时检测,建立了裂殖弧菌发酵生产DHA过程中的呼吸参数在线检测方法,实现了裂殖壶菌补料分批发酵过程及双阶段供氧控制发酵过程中的呼吸参数在线检测分析。通过呼吸参数在线检测分析,从氧消耗机制方面解释了双阶段氧传递控制工艺能获得较高生物量、油脂和DHA含量的原因,从而为该工艺过程提供了理论指导。根据发酵过程中菌体生长不同时期的呼吸参数的变化情况,建立了基于呼吸商变化的在线补料控制方法,设计了一种基于RQ-Stat的补料工艺。RQ-Stat补料方式最终获得的油脂含量、DHA产量和产率比间歇式补料工艺分别提高了11.58%、12.19%和11.40%。     

褪黑素通过提高p53和Fas的表达促进小鼠肝癌H22细胞凋亡

目的：研究褪黑素（MLT）对小鼠肝癌细胞株H22的促凋亡作用及其机理。方法：采用丫啶橙（AO）染色、培养液乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）活性检测和流式细胞术（FCM）观察MLT的促凋亡作用;采用RT-PCR方法检测MLT处理前后细胞的p53 mRNA、Fas mRNA的水平。结果：AO染色后H22细胞呈现明显核浓缩的凋亡形态;培养液LDH活性检测及FCM分析均提示MLT诱导H22细胞发生凋亡;RT-PCR结果显示p53、Fas表达增强。结论：MLT能促进H22细胞p53和Fas的表达,从而诱导细胞发生凋亡。     

阿糖胞苷通过抑制HDAC6促进白血病细胞K562凋亡的机制研究

为了探讨阿糖胞苷(Ara-C)通过组蛋白乙酰化酶6(HDAC6)影响人红白血病K562细胞株凋亡作用及可能的机制。采用CCK-8法检测不同浓度的Ara-C作用24h后检测细胞活力;流式细胞术(FCM)检测细胞凋亡率;Hoechest染色观察细胞核染色质的形态;RT-PCR检测HDAC1-6基因的表达变化;Western blotting检测HDAC6、p38和p-p38的蛋白表达。CCK-8检测显示不同浓度的Ara-C能抑制K562细胞的活力,并呈浓度依赖性;FCM检测显示Ara-C能增加细胞的凋亡率;Hoechest染色发现Ara-C组细胞呈凋亡形态学改变;RT-PCR检测显示Ara-C能降低HDAC1、HDAC2和HDAC6的表达;FCM和Hoechest染色发现HDAC抑制能增强Ara-C诱导K562细胞凋亡;Western blotting检测发现Ara-C能降低HDAC6,增加磷酸化p38和激活型Caspase-3表达。可见Ara-C能够通过抑制HDAC6激活p38,诱导K562细胞发生凋亡。     

甘油及甲醇补料策略对毕赤酵母表达猪α-干扰素的影响

本文研究了甘油及甲醇补料策略对重组毕赤酵母细胞生长及猪α-干扰素(p IFN-α)表达的影响。结果表明,甘油采取不同的补料策略,以及甲醇浓度控制于不同水平时,细胞生长速度不同,p IFN-α抗病毒活性水平也明显不同。高密度发酵阶段,甘油采用指数方式流加控制时,相较于40 g/L/h、10 g/L/h,恒速流加组的细胞浓度最先达最高水平132 g/L,后一直保持稳定,且发酵液中几乎无残留甘油;与之相应的p IFN-α抗病毒活性水平最高。诱导表达阶段,甲醇浓度须控制并恒定于12 g/L时,p IFN-α抗病毒活性最高水平能达到5.95×106IU/m L,而当甲醇浓度稳定于3.5 g/L、16.0 g/L、或者浓度波动较大(10.2~13.8 g/L)时,p IFN-α抗病毒活性均远低于最高水平。     

Comparative analysis of apoptosis in HL60 detected by annexin-V and fluorescein-diacetate.

BACKGROUND:Our aim was to compare and evaluate apoptosis formation as detected by propidium-iodide (PI)/annexin-V or PI/fluorescein-diacetate (FDA) as dose-response parameters in a human promyelocytic leukemia cell line, HL60. METHODS:In exponentially growing HL60 cells, apoptosis was induced by ionizing radiation, hyperthermia, topotecan, and cytosine beta-D-arabinofuranoside. At 4 consecutive days following induction, apoptosis was detected by double-labelling, either with PI/annexin-V or PI/FDA. Forward and side scatter, red (PI), and green (FDA or annexin-V) fluorescence were measured by flow cytometry. RESULTS:While light scatter discriminated between morphologically damaged and undamaged cells, fluorescence differentiated vital, apoptotic, and dead cells. Equal proportions of these three subpopulations were detected by both staining techniques. Occasionally, early and mature apoptoses were identified as distinct clusters. During the 4-day observation period, no pronounced maxima of the apoptotic fractions were obtained with either treatment modality. The gradual increases usually showed a delay of 1-2 days. CONCLUSIONS:FDA and annexin-V are equally suitable for detecting apoptosis. Separation improves with time after induction, indicating that, with respect to test specificity, mature apoptoses are superior to early stages. However, the sensitivity towards low rates of apoptosis after weak induction appears limited with both staining procedures.     

Estimating viability of plant protoplasts using double and single staining

Summary The utility of numerous dyes for determining the viability of barley (Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Himalaya) aleurone protoplasts was studied. Protoplasts isolated from the barley aleurone layer synthesize and secrete -amylase isozymes in response to treatment with gibberellic acid (GA) and Ca²⁺. These cells also undergo dramatic morphological changes which eventually result in cell death. To monitor the viability of protoplasts during incubation in GA and Ca²⁺, several types of fluorescent and nonfluorescent dyes were tested. Evans blue and methylene blue were selected as nonfluorescent dyes. Living cells exclude Evans blue, but dead cells and cell debris stain blue. Both living and dead cells take up methylene blue, but living cells reduce the dye to its colorless form whereas dead cells and cell debris stain blue. The relatively low extinction coefficient of these dyes sometimes makes it difficult to distinguish blue-stained cells against a background of blue dye. Several types of fluorescent dyes were tested for their ability to differentially stain dead or living cells. Tinopal CBS-X, for example, stains only dead cells, and its high extinction coefficient allows its ultraviolet fluorescence to be recorded even when preparations are simultaneously illuminated with visible light. To double-stain protoplasts, the most effective stain was a combination of fluorescein diacetate (FDA) and propidium iodide (PI). By employing a double-exposure method to record the fluorescence from cells stained with both FDA and PI, dead and living cells could be distinguished on the basis of fluorochromasia.     

A rapid analytical technique for flow cytometric analysis of cell viability using calcofluor white M2R

Analysis of dead versus live cells is shown to be possible using Calcoflour White M2R (CFW), a fluorescent brightener. Comparison of CFW with both propidium iodide (PI) and fluorescein diacetate (FDA) was performed on a FACS 440 dual laser flow cytometer on several populations of cultured rat and mouse cell lines, peripheral leukocytes, splenocytes, diatoms, and plant protoplasts. As a measure of cell viability, staining results with CFW were strongly associated with PI (correlation coefficient of 0.9886) and FDA (inverse correlation coefficient of 0.9647). With plant and algal cells, controls are necessary as CFW does stain live cells to some extent. CFW (excitation: UV, emission max: 435 nm) can be used in conjunction with two-color immunofluorescence analysis using fluorochromes excited at 488 nm with no interference.     

Limits of propidium iodide as a cell viability indicator for environmental bacteria.

BACKGROUND: Viability measurements of individual bacteria are applied in various scopes of research and industry using approaches where propidium iodide (PI) serves as dead cell indicator. The reliability of PI uptake as a cell viability indicator for dead (PI permeable) and viable (PI impermeable) bacteria was tested using two soil bacteria, the gram(-) Sphingomonas sp. LB126 and the gram(+) Mycobacterium frederiksbergense LB501T. METHODS: Bacterial proliferation activities observed viaDAPI and Hoechst 33342 staining were linked to the energy charge and the proportion of dead cells as obtained by diOC(6) (3)-staining and PI-uptake, respectively. Calibration and verification experiments were performed using batch cultures grown on different substrates. RESULTS: PI uptake depended on the physiological state of the bacterial cells. Unexpectedly, up to 40% of both strains were stained by PI during early exponential growth on glucose when compared to 2-5% of cells in the early stationary phase of growth. CONCLUSIONS: The results question the utility of PI as a universal indicator for the viability of (environmental) bacteria. It rather appears that in addition to nonviable cells, PI also stains growing cells of Sphingomonas sp. and M. frederiksbergense during a short period of their life cycle.     

Viability measurements of hybridoma cells in suspension cultures

Several methods were applied to determine the viability of hybridoma cells in suspension. These methods include dye inclusion and exclusion assays such as the classical trypan blue exclusion assay, the propidium iodide (PI) exclusion assay and the fluorescein diacetate (FDA) inclusion assay. Furthermore, the relation was studied between release of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) by hybridoma cells and their viability. Also the ATP content of the cells and cellular heterogeneity as measured with a flow cytometer were determined in relation to cellular viability. The dye inclusion and exclusion assays using trypan blue, FDA, PI were shown to be useful methods to determine cellular viability. With the FDA and PI methods it was possible to obtain additional information about cells which are in a transition state between viable and non-viable. The viability according to the scatter properties of the cells appears to reflect the overall condition of the cells, although interpretation of the results is difficult. Measurement of LDH release in the culture fluid or the cytoplasmic ATP content could not be used as parameters for cell viability.     

Staining with Fluorescein Diacetate Correlates with Hepatocyte Function

To establish the importance of fluorescein diacetate (FDA) as a viability stain for cultured hepatocytes. we hypothesized that FDA staining would correlate positively with hepatocyte viability and function. Mixtures of live and dead cells were stained with FDA and scanned by flow cytometry. A close correlation was observed between the live cell fraction and percent viability as determined by FDA staining (R² = 0.962). Hepatocytes were also sorted into low fluorescence and high fluorescence groups. Both albumin production and lidocaine metabolism (P-450 activity) were significantly increased in the high fluorescence group compared to the low fluorescence group. An automated, fluorescence-activated assay was useful for rapid assessment of hepatocyte viability. In addition. the intensity of green fluorescence following staining with FDA correlated well with two specific measures of hepatocyte function.     

Evidence for substantial maintenance of membrane integrity and cell viability in normally developing grape (Vitis vinifera L.) berries throughout development

Fluorescein diacetate (FDA) was used as a vital stain to assaymembrane integrity (cell viability) in mesocarp tissue of thedeveloping grape (Vitis vinifera L.) berry in order to testthe hypothesis that there is a substantial loss of compartmentationin these cells during ripening. This technique was also usedto determine whether loss of viability was associated with symptomsof a ripening disorder known as berry shrivel. FDA fluorescenceof berry cells was rapid, bright, and stable for over 1 h atroom temperature. Confocal microscopy detected FDA stainingthrough two to three intact surface cell layers (300–400µm) of bisected berries, and showed that the fluorescencewas confined to the cytoplasm, indicating the maintenance ofintegrity in both cytoplasmic as well as vacuolar membranes,and the presence of active cytoplasmic esterases. FDA clearlydiscriminated between living cells and freeze-killed cells,and exhibited little, if any, non-specific staining. Propidiumiodide and DAPI, both widely used to assess cell viability,were unable to discriminate between living and freeze-killedcells, and did not specifically stain the nuclei of dead cells.For normally developing berries under field conditions therewas no evidence of viability loss until about 40 d after veraison,and the majority (80%) of mesocarp cells remained viable pastcommercial harvest (26 °Brix). These results are inconsistentwith current models of grape berry development which hypothesizethat veraison is associated with a general loss of compartmentationin mesocarp cells. The observed viability loss was primarilyin the locule area around the seeds, suggesting that a localizedloss of viability and compartmentation may occur as part ofnormal fruit development. The cell viability of berry shrivel-affectedberries was similar to that of normally developing berries untilthe onset of visible symptoms (i.e. shrivelling), at which timeviability declined in visibly shrivelled berries. Berries withextensive shrivelling exhibited very low cell viability (15%). Key words: Apoplast, berry shrivel, compartmentation, DAPI, FDA, fluorescence, fruit ripening, locule, propidium iodide Received 19 September 2007; Revised 16 December 2007 Accepted 26 December 2007     

A Method for Producing Dust-, Streak- and Hole-Free Formvar Films in Laboratories Having High Atmospheric Humidity

To establish the importance of fluorescein diacetate (FDA) as a viability stain for cultured hepatocytes. we hypothesized that FDA staining would correlate positively with hepatocyte viability and function. Mixtures of live and dead cells were stained with FDA and scanned by flow cytometry. A close correlation was observed between the live cell fraction and percent viability as determined by FDA staining (R² = 0.962). Hepatocytes were also sorted into low fluorescence and high fluorescence groups. Both albumin production and lidocaine metabolism (P-450 activity) were significantly increased in the high fluorescence group compared to the low fluorescence group. An automated, fluorescence-activated assay was useful for rapid assessment of hepatocyte viability. In addition. the intensity of green fluorescence following staining with FDA correlated well with two specific measures of hepatocyte function.     

Dead cell counts during serum cultivation are underestimated by the fluorescent live/dead assay

The live/dead fluorescent assay provides a quick method for assessing the proportion of live and dead cells in cell culture systems or tissues and is widely used. Dead cells are detected by the fluorescence produced when propidium iodide (PI) binds to DNA; PI and similar molecules are excluded from live cells but can penetrate dead cells because of their loss of membrane integrity. Here we investigated the effect of serum in the culture medium on the reliability of the method. We assessed viability of chondrocytes with/without serum using both a live/dead assay kit and also trypan blue staining. We found that after 2 days of culture, the DNA-binding dye PI could no longer detect dead cells if serum was present but they were readily detected in serum-free medium or if an inhibitor to DNase I was added to the serum-containing medium. Dead cells could be detected by trypan blue staining in all cultures. Hence dead cells are no longer detected as the DNase I present in serum degrades their DNA. DNA-binding dyes may thus not give a reliable estimate of the number of dead cells in systems that have been cultured in the presence of serum for several days.