光果甘草二体雄蕊的发育及其适应意义

甘草属(Glycyrrhiza)植物具“9 + 1”二体雄蕊, 其中9枚合生雄蕊的上部花丝分离, 分离的花丝在发育过程中存在由早期长、短交错的二组排列方式转变为后期以雄蕊管最长的1枚雄蕊为中心向两边渐次缩短的倒“V”形排列。为了解这种雄蕊发育动态、分化现象及发育成熟后的适应意义, 该文以光果甘草(G. glabra)为实验材料, 比较了雄蕊发育过程中的形态变化、成熟花粉的理化性质及在传粉中的作用。结果显示: 雄蕊发育早期长、短两组雄蕊在花药大小与形状上存在分化, 但后期伴随着花丝的快速生长与花粉的成熟、散出, 花药大小与形状趋于一致; 花粉组织化学成分及授粉成功率无差异, 但成熟花粉的数量和花粉活力存在差异; 去雄处理虽然使访花者在一天内的两个访花高峰期的访花频次降低, 但结实率高于自然对照, 说明以异交为主的花去除雄蕊后, 降低了雌、雄蕊间的功能干扰, 提高了传粉昆虫的授粉率; 发育早期长、短交错排列的二组雄蕊到成熟期时发生的倒“V”形排列的转变, 使不同数量与活性的花粉分布在花内不同空间, 最大化接触访花者, 实现了资源节约, 提高了雄蕊的雄性适合度, 即在有限的空间内用最节约的雄性资源投入、使传粉空间与传粉几率最大化的方式, 来提高雄性功能。     

Developmental genetics of the esterase isozymes of Fundulus heteroclitus

The ontogeny of the esterase isozymes of the teleost, Fundulus heteroclitus, has been investigated. One group of esterase isozymes is present at all stages of development, whereas other esterase isozymes only very gradually appear at later stages of development, or abruptly appear at such dramatic developmental events as hatching. The ontogeny of these isozyme patterns is interpreted as the expression of differential regulation of separate esterase genes. The general pattern of teleost esterase gene activation is similar to that reported for birds and mammals. Allelic variation was detected at two of the esterase loci. On the basis of electrophoretic mobility, substrate specificity, inhibitor specificity, genetic variation, and ontogeny of esterases, there appear to be at least 15 different esterase isozymes, which constitute 6–8 groups, each of which is probably encoded in one or more genetic loci.This study was supported by NSF Grant GB 544OX to Professor C. L. Markert and an NSF Graduate Fellowship to G. S. Whitt.     

Soluble Proteins, Esterases and Superoxide Dismutase in Stem Tissue of Pepper Plants in Relation to Age-related Resistance to Phytophthora capsici

Patterns of soluble proteins and isoenzymes of esterase and superoxide dismutase were investigated in healthy and infected stems of two pepper cultivars resistant and susceptible to Phytophthora capsici. By the use of two-dimensional SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, it was possible to compare precisely the cultivars Hanbyul and Kingkun susceptible or resistant to P. capsici with respect to their protein patterns. The two-dimensional electrophoresis identified three proteins (25—27 kD) from the healthy stem extracts of Kingkun, which were absent in Hanbyul. Some particular proteins appeared in pepper stems of both cultivars at later developmental stage of plants, suggesting their role in the expression of age-related resistance. Some proteins which were not detectable in the healthy stem extracts also existed in large amounts in the diseased ones. By contrast, other proteins present in the healthy stems disappeared from the diseased stems. Some esterase isoenzymes appeared in the two cultivars only at late developmental stage. Other esterase isoenzymes were produced only in the diseased stems. There were no differences in the patterns of superoxide dismutases between the cultivars and also between developmental stages. Large activities of several superoxide dismutases were detected in the diseased stems.     

Isozyme studies in Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L.)

Summary A comparative study of peroxidase and esterase isozymes was carried out at five developmental stages of siliqua in order to characterize twelve genotypes of Indian mustard. The studies showed nearly the same number of isozyme bands at every stage for peroxidase and a varying number of isozyme bands for esterase. The appearance and disappearance of bands, along with their intensity scores, indicated the role of different isozymes at different stages of siliqua development. It has been ascertained that these patterns, especially the intensity scores, can be successfully used to characterize different Indian mustard genotypes.     

Protein analysis during the ontogeny of normal and male sterile stamenless-2 mutant stamens of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.)

The levels and synthesis of proteins during the ontogeny of normal and male sterile stamenless-2 (sl-2/sl-2) mutant stamens of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) were examined. The mutant stamens contained low levels of soluble protein which were related to reduction in protein synthesis. The mutant stamens, however, possessed many polypeptides similar to the normal and synthesized a 53-kd polypeptide at stages when there are abnormalities in tapetum development. The mutant stamens also possessed a 23-kd and some low molecular weight polypeptides that were considered as degradative proteins. Normal stamens exhibited the synthesis of many polypeptides not found in the mutant, from microspore mother cell to the preanthesis stages. In addition, at the time of pollen maturation there was a greater synthesis of several polypeptides, particularly those of 42 and 37 kd. Although the causative mechanisms of male sterility in the sl-2/sl-2 mutant are not known, the synthesis, and the lack, of specific polypeptides reported here appears to be associated with pollen degeneration.This work was supported by an operating grant from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada to V.K.S.     

Flower development schedule in tomato Lycopersicon esculentum cv. sweet cherry

The ontogeny of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum cv. sweet cherry) flowers was subdivided into 20 stages using a series of landmark events. Stamen primordia emergence and carpel initiation occur at stage 4; archesporial and parietal tissue differentiate at stage 6 and meiosis in anthers begins at stage 9. Subepidermal meristematic ovule primordia are formed on the placenta at stage 9; megasporogenesis begins at stage 11-12 and embryo sac differentiation and ovule curvature take place at stage 14, once the pollen is maturing. We established a correlation between the characteristic cellular events in carpels and stamens and morphological markers of the perianth. The model of tomato flower development schedule was then used to analyse the spatial, temporal and tissue-specific expression of gene(s) involved in the regulation of floral organ development. As an example, the expression pattern of ORFX, a gene controlling cell size in tomato fruits, shows that expression starts very early during the ontogeny of reproductive organs.     

沙田柚花粉发育过程中同工酶的变化研究

分析了沙田柚花粉在发育过程中３ 种酶的同工酶的活力及类型的变化。结果表明, 过氧化物酶活力在单核期达到最大, 在四分体期与单核期所具有的一条染色较深的快速酶带在双核期消失。α－ 淀粉酶活力在成熟期达到最大, 谱带上也表现出在成熟期有酶带的增多。分析酯酶酶谱, 可见其在各个发育时期均有明显的特征带, 这些特征带可作为花粉发育各时期的生化指标。     

Do S allele-specific peroxidase isoenzymes exist in self-incompatible Nicotiana alata?

Summary In order to test Pandey's hypothesis that peroxidase isoenzymes determine S-gene specificity in Nicotiana alata, peroxidase isoenzymes in styles and pollen from various plants of an inbred- and a cross progeny were compared by means of starch gel electrophoresis and electrofocusing.No relation between the S-genotype and the peroxidase isoenzyme patterns of pollen or of styles could be established. The differences between the isoenzyme patterns of different S-genotypes were ascribed to differences in the genetic background of various plants that had the same S-genotype.     

T-leukemia cell lines CCRF-CEM, HPB-ALL, JM and MOLT-4: changes in isoenzyme profiles during induction of differentiation

Biochemical analysis has been used to monitor the induction of differentiation in cultured human T-leukemia cell lines (CCRF-CEM, HPB-ALL, JM and MOLT-4) by the phorbolester 12-0-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA). The isoenzymes of carboxylic esterase, acid phosphatase, hexosaminidase and lactate dehydrogenase were separated by isoelectric focusing on horizontal thin-layer polyacrylamide gels and stained by histo-cytochemical methods. TPA inhibited the proliferative activity in all four cell lines and led to aggregation of cells seen as floating clusters. TPA induced an increase in number and staining intensity of isoenzymes of all four enzymes in the cell lines studied. This corresponds to an induced isoenzymatic maturation as the progressive increase in number and staining intensity of the isoenzymes parallels the differentiation along the T-cell pathway. However, regardless of the initial stage of arrested differentiation, the cell lines could be induced only to differentiate to a certain more mature stage, but could not be triggered to differentiate terminally with regard to expression of isoenzyme patterns.     

Amylolytic Activity and Carbohydrate Levels During the Stamen Ontogeny of a Male Fertile, and a 'Gibberellin-Sensitive' Male Sterile Mutant of Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum)

The activity of amylases, and the level of starch and solublesugar content were analysed in the normal (+/+), a ‘gibberellin-sensitive’male sterile stamenless-2 (sl-2/sl-2) mutant, and GA³-revertedsl-2/sl-2 mutant stamens of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentumMill.), at various stages of development. In the mutant stamens,amylolytic activity did not differ from that of the normal untilthe tetrad stage, but thereafter it was significantly lowerthan that of normal stamens. The starch content also did notdiffer in the two lines at early stages of development. However,at later stages it decreased in normal stamens, whereas it remainedunchanged in the mutant. The soluble sugar content graduallyincreased during the development of normal stamens. But in mutantstamens, it remained the same throughout development and wassignificantly lower than the normal. In GA₃-reverted mutantstamens, the amylolytic activity and the level of starch andsoluble sugars were comparable to normal stamens. It is proposedthat the sl-2/sl-2 mutation, through its effects on endogenousgibberellins, affects the activity of amylases which, in turn,result in lower sugar levels leading ultimately to abnormalpollen development. Key words: Amylases, male-sterility, tomato     

山鸡椒雄花花芽发育形态解剖特征观察

采用体视显微镜、扫描电镜和石蜡切片技术对山鸡椒（Litsea cubeba（Lour.） Pers.）雄花花芽分化发育的外部形态和内部解剖结构进行了观察研究。结果显示:（1）山鸡椒雄花花芽分化发生可分为5个时期,即未分化期、花序原基分化期、苞片原基分化期、花原基分化期和花器官分化期,其中花器官分化期又可细分为花被原基分化期、雄蕊原基分化期和雌蕊原基分化期;各相邻分化时期存在一定重叠现象;花期从翌年1月上旬至3月下旬。（2）雄花成熟结构中具有独特的雄蕊蜜腺,蜜腺绿色且形态不规则,着生于内轮雄蕊基部,分布于花丝两侧,夹在内外轮雄蕊的花丝之间,与内轮花丝紧密相连。（3）雄蕊花药四室,花药壁发育属于基本型;腺质绒毡层;小孢子母细胞减数分裂过程中胞质分裂属于连续型;成熟花粉为2-细胞花粉粒;成熟花粉粒外壁刺突较多,刺突基部膨大,外壁露出部分粗糙,无薄壁区,有少数小穿孔。（4）山鸡椒雄花中绝大多数雌蕊发育至腹缝线卷合形成子房室时停止,柱头发育不良或者败育,花柱缩短或缺失,不能受精,直到开花结束,即发生退化。本研究明确了山鸡椒雄花花芽发育发生各个阶段时间、形态变化特点及外部形态变化特征,山鸡椒小孢子发生、雄配子体发育至散粉期变化特点和规律以及雄花中退化雌蕊发育的进程,可为山鸡椒优良品种选育、调控花期和提高结实率提供一定的参考。     

秦艽体细胞胚不同发育阶段几种同工酶的特性

以秦艽（ＧｅｎｔｉａｎａｃｒａｓｓｉｃａｕｌｉｓＤｕｔｈｉｅｅｘＢｕｒｋｉｌｌ）无菌苗幼嫩茎叶为外植体,在ＭＳ培养基上诱导出胚性愈伤组织及体细胞胚。本文比较了秦荒体细胞胚发育过程中几种酶的活性及同工酶变化。过氧化物酶与细胞色素氧化酶均在球形胚阶段出现一活性高峰;酯酶同工酶在体细胞胚发育过程中伴有特征带Ｅ＿２、Ｅ＿６的出现;酸性磷酸酯酶的活性与体细胞胚发育程度呈正相关。所以认为只要综合运用这几种同工酶的实验数据,就可以灵敏检测体细胞胚的发育进程。     

Pollen and anther development in Nelumbo (Nelumbonaceae)

The Nelumbonaceae are a small family of aquatic angiosperms comprising Nelumbo nucifera and Nelumbo lutea. Historically, the genus has been considered to be closely related to Nymphaeales, however new systematic work has allied Nelumbo with lower eudicots, particularly Platanus. In recent years, studies of pollen development have contributed greatly to the understanding of phylogenetic relationships, but little has been known about these events in Nelumbo. In this paper, pollen and anther development are morphologically described for the first time in N. lutea. A comprehensive ontogenetic sequence is documented, including the sporogenous tissue, microspore mother cell, tetrad, free spore, and mature pollen grain stages. The deposition of a microspore mother cell coat and callose wall, the co-occurrence of both tetrahedral and tetragonal tetrads, the formation of a primexine in tetrads, and primexine persistence into the late free spore stage are shown. The majority of exine development occurs during the free spore stage with the deposition of a tectate-columellate ectexine, a lamellate endexine, and an unusual granular layer below and intermixed with the endexine lamellae. A two-layered intine forms rapidly during the earliest mature pollen stage. Major events of anther development documented include the degradation of a secretory-type tapetum during the free spore stage and the rapid formation of U-shaped endothecial thickenings in the mature pollen grain stage. The majority of mature pollen grains are tricolpate, however less common monosulcate and diaperturate grains also develop. Co-occurring aperture types in Nelumbo have been suggested to be an important transition in angiosperm aperture number. However, aperture variability in Nelumbo may be correlated with the lateness of aperture ontogeny in the genus, which occurs in the early free spore stage. This character, as well as other details of pollen and anther ontogeny in Nelumbo, are compared to those of Nymphaeales and Platanus in an effort to provide additional insight into systematic and phylogenetic relationships. Although Nelumbo is similar to both groups in several characters, the ontogenetic sequence of the genus is different in many ways.     

Effects of Temperature on Induction of Regenerative Stamens in vitro Culture,Microsporogenesis and Pollen Development in Hyacinthus orientalis L.

In order to culture the regenerated stamens of hyacinth in vitro to maturity, the effects of temperature on regeneration of stamens, microsporogenesis and pollen development were studied. Results showed: the proper temperature for stamen regeneration was 25℃. The temperature going down gradually was advantageous to the microsporogenesis and pollen development. The most suitable temperatures for differentiation of microsporocyte, meiotic division and pollen first mitosis were 20–25℃, 20℃ and 10℃ respectively. Under such temperature condition, it was possible to culture the regenerated stamens to maturity, and pollen grains in the stamens had the higher germination frequency. On the contrary, unsuitable temperature condition will make microsporogenesis and pollen development stop at certain development stage, it will finally result in pollen abortion.     

香果树体细胞胚胎发生过程中4种同工酶的研究

用非变性聚丙烯凝胶电泳技术对香果树体细胞胚胎发生及形态建成过程中过氧化物酶(POD)、酯酶(EST)、淀粉酶(AMY)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)4种同工酶进行分析.结果表明:香果树体细胞胚胎发生及形态建成过程中,POD、EST、AMY和SOD活性变化与胚性愈伤组织的诱导及体细胞胚的发生发育密切相关.非胚性愈伤组织和胚性愈伤组织酶谱差异明显,胚性愈伤组织中EST和AMY同工酶酶带多且活性高,非胚性愈伤组织中缺乏EST和AMY同工酶表达,AMY同工酶可作为胚性细胞分化和发育的重要标志.香果树体细胞胚形态建成过程中,球形胚时期的AMY、POD、EST同_T酶活性最强,表明这一时期生理代谢旺盛,是体细胞胚形态建成的关键时期;POD、AMY和SOD 3种同工酶的酶谱及表达强弱在形态建成的不同时期呈现有规律的变化,可作为香果树体细胞胚发生发育特定时期的参考标记. 与胚性愈伤组织的诱导及体细胞胚的发生发育密切相关.非胚性愈伤组织和胚性愈伤组织酶谱差异明显,胚性愈伤组织中EST和AMY同工酶酶带多且活性高,非胚性愈伤组织中缺乏EST和AMY同工酶表达,AMY同工酶町作为胚性细胞分化和发育的重要标志.香果树体细胞胚形态建成过程 ,球形胚时期的AMY、POD、EST同_T酶活性最强,表明这一时期生理代谢旺盛,是体细胞胚形态建成的关键时期;POD、AMY和SOD 3种同工酶的酶谱及表达强弱在形态建成的不同时期呈现有规律的变化,可作为香果树体细胞胚发生发育特定时期的参考标记. 与胚性愈伤组织的诱导及体细胞胚的发生发育密切相关.非胚性愈伤组织和胚性愈伤组织     

Effect of drought on proteins and isoenzymes in rice during germination

Two drought tolerant varieties TKM-1 and TKM-2 and two drought susceptible varieties Jaya and Improved Sabarmati of rice were studied for soluble protein pattern and isoenzymes of malate dehydrogenase, glutamate dehydrogenase, esterase and peroxidase during germination at different water stress. MDH, GDH and esterase patterns were not affected, but the soluble proteins were changed. Peroxidase isoenzyme pattern from drought tolerant and susceptible varieties showed characteristic differences. The intensity of bands with higher electrophoretic mobility decreased in Jaya and Improved Sabarmati while in TKM-1 and TKM-2 the intensity of these bands did not change much after 72 hr water stress. In shoots of Jaya and Improved Sabarmati, the activity of the peroxidase isoenzymes decreased more than in TKM-1 and TKM-2 shoots with increase in water stress.     

Indole-3-acetic acid content and glutamine synthetase activity in the pericarp,and peroxidase activity and isoenzymes in the meso- and exocarp of growing peach fruits

The indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) content in peach pericarp (Prunus persica L. Batsch cv. Merry) was highest at early stage I of development (～200 ng/g fresh wt), decreased to the lowest level during stage II, and rose again at stage III to 60–70 ng/g fresh wt. High activity of glutamine synthetase was found in the pericarp during stage I. The soluble peroxidase activity was highest in the meso- and exocarp at stage II, and isoenzymatic changes in this fraction corresponded to the transition from cationic isoenzymes, predominant at stage I, to anionic isoenzymes at stage III. The ionically bound peroxidase activity in these tissues was highest at stage I. The three developmental stages showed marked differences in auxin content and enzyme activities; for peroxidases these changes reflect a developmental expression pattern for the isoenzymes.     

Biochemical differences in Cannabis sativa L. depending on sexual phenotype

Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) is a species considered as having one of the most complicated mechanisms of sex determination. Peroxidase and esterase isoenzymes in leaves of the two sexual phenotypes of hemp were studied. Significant differences in isoperoxidase and isoesterase patterns were found between male and female plants, both in the number and stain intensity of bands. For both esterase and peroxidase, the isoenzymatic spectrum is richer for staminate plants. Also, some differences are obvious between the two sexes concerning catalase and peroxidase activities, as well as the level of soluble protein. The quantitative analysis of flavones, polyholozides and polyphenols emphasized differences depending not only on sex, but also on tested organ.     

珍稀濒危植物银鹊树体细胞胚时期同工酶分析

采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳技术对银鹊树体细胞胚胎发生过程中的酯酶(EST)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和淀粉酶(AMY)进行了同工酶分析.结果表明:球形胚时期的EST、POD、SOD、AMY同工酶活性最强;在体细胞胚胎形态建成过程中,SOD同工酶有新酶的合成,而POD同工酶则表现为活性表达增加并有新酶合...