氟烷对慢性缺氧兔心肌β肾上腺素能受体的影响

用放射配基结合法和高效液相色谱电化学法分别测定氟烷对慢性缺氧免心肌β肾上腺素能受体（简称β受体）和血浆儿茶酚胺的影响。结果表明：慢性缺氧后兔心肌β受体密度明显下降,受体亲和力无明显变化,血浆肾上腺素、去甲肾上腺素明显升高。缺氧吸入氟烷后兔心肌β受体密度进一步下降,亲和力增加,血浆肾上腺素、去甲肾上腺素无进一步变化。常氧吸入氟烷后心肌β受体密度无明显变化,亲和力升高,血浆肾上腺素、去甲肾上腺素反而降低。结果提示,氟烷抑制常氧兔交感神经活动而不能抑制缺氧兔交感神经活动,氟烷不改变常氧兔心肌β受体密度,但降低缺氧兔心肌β受体密度。β受体密度降低与缺氧后升高的儿茶酚胺下调β受体数目有关,同时可能与氟烷改变了缺氧心肌细胞膜脂质流动性使受体易向膜内移动有关。     

家兔失血性休克时血浆儿茶酚胺系统的含量变化

本文应用荧光分光光度法对25例失血性休克家兔血浆儿茶酚胺系统(酪氨酸、多巴胺、去甲肾上腺素及肾上腺素)的含量进行了分析研究,井分别观察休克后输血组和非输血组家兔的儿茶酚胺变化情况。结果表明失血性休克家兔血浆儿茶酚胺及其前身物酪氨酸含量均增高,其中非输血组更为显著,具有统计学意义。提示失血性休克形成和发展过程中儿茶酚胺含量的适度增高是休克时机体的一种代偿机制。     

猪心脏移植中供体急性脑死亡模型的初步研究

目的建立猪心脏移植供体的急性脑死亡模型,观察急性脑死亡前及后1、5、10 min时的血流动力学和血浆中儿茶酚胺释放的变化并进行初步探讨。方法采用30~40 kg的猪8只,急性脑死亡前为对照组,急性脑死亡后为实验组。测定脑死亡前基础水平及脑死亡后1、5、10 min时血流动力学改变和血浆中儿茶酚胺释放的变化,并对二者的变化进行初步探讨。结果急性脑死亡后1 min时血流动力学及儿茶酚胺水平改变最明显,心率增加了88%,收缩压升高了132%,心排量增加了80%,肾上腺素(E)和去甲肾上腺素(NE)分别升高240%和241%,多巴胺(DA)没有明显增加。随后二者均持续下降,至10 min时已降至基础水平以下。血流动力学改变的程度及时间分布与儿茶酚胺中的肾上腺素和去甲肾上腺素一致。结论急性脑死亡可造成机体血流动力学及血浆儿茶酚胺水平的剧烈改变,血中儿茶酚胺含量升高是造成急性脑死亡后血流动力学改变的原因,其中E和NE与血流动力学改变直接相关。     

肾神经传入纤维在DOCA—salt大鼠高血压形成中的作用

于大鼠皮下埋入含醋酸去氧皮质酮（ＤＯＣＡ）的交管以形成ＤＯＣＡ－ｓａｌｔ高血压,其中一组动物在埋管前切除（Ｔ９－Ｌ２）脊髓右侧背根神经,每周以尾套法测定大鼠收缩压,埋管后６周测定大鼠脑和血浆中儿茶酚胺（ＣＡ）和血管紧张素Ⅱ（ＡｎｇⅡ）的浓度,用电脑血管显微图像分析系统测量血管的结构变化。与对照鼠相比,ＤＯＣＡ－ｓａｌｔ高血压大鼠下丘脑和延脑 肾上腺素含量和ＡｎｇⅡ放免活性及血浆去甲肾上腺素（ＮＥ）     

急性低氧对大鼠血液中儿茶酚胺及血小板聚集性的影响

健康ＳＤ雄性大鼠,体重２５０－３００ｇ,麻醉、气管插管,用人工呼吸机经气袋供气,自发吸入氧浓度为９％的氧氮混合气,用高效液相色谱－电化学联合检测法及电阻法检测循环血液中儿茶酚胺及全血血小权聚集性的动态变化。结果：急性低氧１５ｍｉｎ时血液中肾肾上腺素（Ａ）浓度及全血血小板聚集性显著增加（Ｐ〈０．０１）,而去甲肾上腺素（ＮＡ）浓度虽有所增加,但无统计学意义（Ｐ〉０．０５）;复氧１５ｍｉｎ时血液中儿茶酚     

肾神经传入纤维在DOCA─salt大鼠高血压形成中的作用

于大鼠皮下埋入含醋酸去氧皮质酮（ＤＯＣＡ）的硅胶管以形成ＤＯＣＡ－ｓａｌｔ高血压,其中一组动物在埋管前切除（Ｔ＿９－Ｌ＿２）脊髓右侧背根神经,每周以尾套法测定大鼠收缩压,埋管后６周测定大鼠脑和血浆中儿茶酚胺（ＣＡ）和血管紧张素Ⅱ（ＡｎｇⅡ）的浓度,用电脑血管显微图像分析系统测量血管的结构变化。与对照鼠相比,ＤＯＣＡ－ｓａｌｔ高血压大鼠下丘脑和延脑的肾上腺素含量和ＡｎｇⅡ放免活性及血浆去甲肾上腺素（ＮＥ）浓度均明显增加,血浆ＡｎｇⅡ浓度降低,心系数（心重／体重）和肠系膜动脉的中层厚度、壁厚与腔径（壁腔）比值增大;切除脊髓背根可明显延缓ＤＯＣＡ－ｓａｌｔ高血压的形成、预防以上组织ＣＡ浓度和ＡｎｇⅡ放免活性增加以及缓解心肌和血管平滑肌的肥厚。提示,肾神经传入纤维在ＤＯＣＡ－ｓａｌｔ高血压形成中起作用,其机制可能通过影响脑内肾上腺素能神经元和激活脑肾素－血管紧张素系统增加交感传出而起作用。     

儿茶酚胺的生物合成与代谢

儿茶酚胺(catecholamines)是具有儿茶酚核的胺类化合物。已经发现,哺乳动物体内存在的儿茶酚胺有四种,即:去甲肾上腺素、肾上腺素、儿茶酚乙胺(dopamine)及异丙基去甲肾上腺素(isopropylnoradrenaline)。已证明,去甲肾上腺素是肾上腺素能神经的传递介质,可能还参予中枢神经系统的化学传递。它和肾上腺素都是肾上腺髓质分泌的重要激素。儿茶酚乙胺发现较晚,已知它是合成去甲肾上腺素的前体,在神经系统内含量较多;它本身可能也有重大的生理意义,例如,它可能与锥体外系统的功能有关。异丙基去甲肾上腺素系自猫、猴及人等的肾上     

心理应激对大鼠旷场行为的影响及酪氨酸干预作用研究

目的：观察心理应激对大鼠自主探究行为的影响,并探讨酪氨酸干预对心理应激动物的作用。方法：将Wistar大鼠随机分为5组（n=10）：正常对照组、应激对照组和低、中、高剂量酪氨酸补充应激组。测定动物的旷场行为表现,以放免法检测血浆皮质醇水平,以化学荧光法检测血浆去甲肾上腺素和多巴胺含量。结果：束缚应激使动物的血浆皮质醇水平明显升高,并出现体重增长缓慢。与正常对照组相比,应激对照组动物在旷场中的潜伏期延长、水平运动和垂直运动次数减少,而中剂量酪氨酸补充应激组和高剂量酪氨酸补充应激组动物的旷场行为表现未见显著差异。应激对照组和低剂量酪氨酸补充应激组动物的血浆去甲肾上腺素和多巴胺水平降低,其它动物未见明显变化。结论：应激引起动物应激激素分泌增加,旷场行为表现异常,而补充酪氨酸可减轻应激造成的这种不良影响。其机制可能涉及神经递质去甲肾上腺素和多巴胺水平的变化。     

6周高原训练对优秀男子赛艇运动员外周血儿茶酚胺水平的影响

目的：通过对优秀男子赛艇运动员6周高原训练期间外周血儿茶酚胺浓度变化特点的分析,探讨高原训练期间外周血儿茶酚胺浓度与运动负荷、BU浓度、CK活性等指标的关系。方法：以8名轻量级男子单桨赛艇运动员为研究对象,在6周高原训练期间对运动员外周血儿茶酚胺浓度进行系统测试,同时测试运动员常规机能指标（BU浓度、CK活性）,测试时间、次数与外周血儿茶酚胺浓度测试的安排一致。测试时间为高原训练前1周、高原训练1、3、5周末以及下高原2周后;此外,训练期间对运动员的实际训练负荷进行统计。结果：①高原训练5周末,运动员外周血肾上腺素（E）浓度有降低趋势,而外周血去甲肾上腺素（NE）浓度有升高趋势;下高原2周后,运动员外周血E和NE浓度均明显下降,其中E浓度明显低于高原前1周、高原训练1周末和3周末（P均<0.05）,NE浓度明显小于上高原前1周、高原训练1周末、3周末及5周末（P均<0.05）。②BU浓度在整个训练过程中都保持较高的水平,高原训练第1周末、下高原后第2周BU浓度在6.5 mmol/L左右,其他各时间点测定数值均大于8 mmol/L;在整个训练期间CK活性的变化较大,与上高原前1周比较,高原训练第1周末CK活性显著下降（P<0.05）,但第3周末明显升高（P<0.01）,且在高原训练后期保持在较高水平,下高原后CK活性有所下降,与上高原前1周无明显差异。结论：高原训练期间,运动员外周血儿茶酚胺浓度的变化与运动员身体机能状态、运动负荷的大小以及海拔高度等多种因素有关,其内在的关系需进一步深入研究。     

新生小牛肾上腺髓质嗜铬细胞的原代培养及其儿茶酚胺的分泌

目的：原代培养新生小牛肾上腺髓质嗜铬细胞,观察离体条件下肾上腺髓质细胞的生长和儿茶酚胺的分泌特性。方法：密度梯度离心和差速贴壁法分离和纯化肾上腺髓质细胞,ELISA检测培养上清液中肾上腺素和去甲肾上腺素的浓度变化。结果：肾上腺髓质嗜铬细胞生长良好。4～6周起细胞出现终极分化。培养液中儿茶酚胺浓度在第2～8 d内稳定,第10 d开始明显下降。结论：应用单细胞培养法可以成功建立原代肾上腺髓质嗜铬细胞,并可在原代培养前8d内进行细胞行为学的研究。     

Studies on the release of dopamine-beta-hydroxylase by nicotine (author's transl)

Comparative studies were made on the release of DBH by adrenal medullary slices after colinomimetic stimulation with acetylcholine, DMPP or nicotine. The in vivo effects of nicotine on the circulating plasma dopamine-beta-hydroxylase were tested in habitual and non habitual smokers after five cigarettes (12.5 mg of nicotine). The rise of plasma enzyme activity may reflect the increased catecholamine release from adrenal and peripheral adrenergic nerves.     

The effects of smoking on ACTH and cortisol secretion

The relationship among changes in plasma nicotine, ACTH, and cortisol secretion after smoking were investigated. Ten male subjects smoked cigarettes containing 2.87 mg nicotine and 0.48 mg nicotine. No rises in cortisol or ACTH were detected after smoking 0.48 mg nicotine cigarettes. Cortisol rises were significant in 11 of 15 instances after smoking 2.87 mg nicotine cigarettes, but ACTH rose significantly in only 5 of the 11 instances where cortisol increased. Each ACTH rise occurred in a subject who reported nausea and was observed to be pale, sweaty, and tachycardic. Peak plasma nicotine concentrations were not significantly different in sessions when cortisol rose with or without ACTH increases, but cortisol increases were significantly greater in nauseated than in non-nauseated smokers. Our data suggest that smoking-induced nausea stimulates cortisol release by stimulating ACTH secretion and that cortisol secretion in non-nauseated smokers may occur through a non-ACTH mechanism. It is not clear whether nicotine or some other stimulus inherent in smoking is responsible for cortisol secretion without ACTH secretion.     

Relationship between cigarette yields,puffing patterns,and smoke intake: evidence for tar compensation?

The relationship between cigarette yields (of nicotine, tar, and carbon monoxide), puffing patterns, and smoke intake was studied by determining puffing patterns and measuring blood concentrations of nicotine and carboxy-haemoglobin (COHb) in a sample of 55 smokers smoking their usual brand of cigarette. Regression analyses showed that the total volume of smoke puffed from a cigarette was a more important determinant of peak blood nicotine concentration than the nicotine or tar yield of the cigarette, its length, or the reported number of cigarettes smoked on the test day. There was evidence of compensation for a lower tar yield over and above any compensation for nicotine. When nicotine yield was controlled for, smokers of lower-tar cigarettes not only puffed more smoke from their cigarettes than smokers of higher-tar cigarettes but they also had higher plasma nicotine concentrations, suggesting that they were compensating for the reduced delivery of tar by puffing and inhaling a greater volume of smoke. The results based on the COHb concentrations were consistent with this interpretation. If an adequate intake of tar proves to be one of the main motives for smoking, then developing a cigarette that is acceptable to smokers and also less harmful to their health will be much more difficult.     

Comparison of Effect on Tobacco Consumption and Carbon Monoxide Absorption of Changing to High and Low Nicotine Cigarettes

In 10 sedentary workers, smoking as they felt inclined over a five-hour period in the middle of a typical working day, changing to low nicotine cigarettes (<0·3 mg) caused an increase in the number and weight of cigarettes smoked, while changing to high nicotine cigarettes (3·2 mg) caused a decrease (P < 0·01). The average number and weight smoked in five hours for usual, low, and high nicotine brands were respectively 10·6 (6·00 g), 12·5 (6·52 g), and 6·7 (4·19 g). When smoking the usual brand the average blood carboxyhaemoglobin (COHb) increased 1·78% (from 6·38% to 8·16%). But on changing to either high or low nicotine cigarettes the COHb levels instead of increasing, tended to fall (P < 0·01). The average fall of 0·34% while smoking low nicotine cigarettes was due to the low carbon monoxide (CO) yield of these cigarettes, while the fall of 1·04% when smoking high nicotine cigarettes was attributable to reduced consumption. The findings support the view that smoking behaviour is modified to regulate nicotine intake. Besides having low tar and CO yields, the least harmful cigarettes for heavy smokers may be those with a high, rather than low, nicotine yield.     

Self-titration by cigarette smokers

An 11-week crossover study was carried out in which 12 subjects smoked high-nicotine (1·84 mg standard yield) and low-nicotine (0·6 mg) cigarettes after an initial period of smoking their usual brands with a medium-nicotine yield (mean 1·4 mg). Plasma and urine nicotine concentrations, carboxyhaemoglobin (COHb) concentration, puffing behaviour, 24-hour cigarette consumption, and butt nicotine content were measured. The changes in plasma nicotine and blood COHb concentrations showed that the smokers compensated for about two-thirds of the difference in standard yields when switched to either high- or low-nicotine cigarettes. Thus, compared with the medium-nicotine brand, the intake of nicotine and carbon monoxide was only about 10% higher when subjects smoked the high-nicotine cigarettes, which had a standard yield 30-40% higher than the medium brands; and only about 15% lower when they smoked the low-nicotine cigarettes, which had a standard yield about 50% lower than the medium brands. But nicotine content and urine nicotine concentrations followed a similar pattern. Changes in puffing behaviour and in 24-hour cigarette consumption were only slight.The results show clear evidence of both upward and downward self-titration of nicotine and carbon monoxide (and tar) intakes when smokers change to cigarettes with standard yields that differ over the range studied.     

Should intake of carbon monoxide be used as a guide to intake of other smoke constituents?

The relation between blood carboxyhaemoglobin (COHb) and plasma nicotine concentrations was studied in a group of 12 smokers smoking cigarettes of three levels of standard delivery. While the intake of carbon monoxide from a single cigarette was unrelated to the intake of nicotine, presmoking "trough" concentrations of the two substances (reflecting longer-term exposure) were highly correlated. Various other measures of nicotine exposure were at best only moderately correlated with blood nicotine concentrations. Thus trough COHb concentrations might be used to provide a reliable indication of the exposure to nicotine of individual smokers smoking the same type of cigarette, and of the relative exposure to nicotine of populations smoking cigarettes of different standard deliveries.     

Cigarette smoking may reduce plasma leptin concentration via catecholamines

BACKGROUND: Leptin might influence body weight among smokers. DESIGN: (A) Screening of plasma leptin levels in 222 sedentary, smoking and non-smoking middle-aged men. (B) Double-blind, placebo-controlled smoking intervention on smokers (n=31). (C) Non-smokers (n=40) received chewing gum with nicotine (2mg nicotine, n=23) or without nicotine (n=19). (D) The effects of nicotine (0.05 and 0.5 microg/mL) were monitored on leptin secretion and mRNA levels in a human placental cell line (BeWo) expressing leptin, a murine adipocyte cell line (3T3-L1) and human adipose tissue explants. RESULTS: (A) Plasma leptin levels in smoking men (8.4+/-8.4 ng/mL, n=100) was lower as compared to non-smokers (10.3+/-7.3 ng/mL, n=122) (P<0.001), even when adjusted for differences in body mass index (BMI) (P<0.001). (B) A significant reduction (P=0.02) in plasma concentration of leptin was found already after smoking one cigarette. Concomitant with the 3-5 fold increase in plasma nicotine concentration after the first cigarette, we observed increased plasma adrenaline levels (P=0.005). (C) There was no effect of nicotine on plasma leptin levels in non-smokers receiving nicotine-containing chewing gum, and plasma concentrations of catecholamines were unaltered. (D) There was no effect of nicotine on leptin mRNA expression after incubation with cells or adipose tissue. CONCLUSION: Cigarette smoking reduced plasma leptin concentration in vivo, whereas nicotine had no direct effect on leptin expression in vitro. Nicotine might indirectly reduce leptin secretion via enhanced plasma catecholamine concentration.     

Focus: Addiction: Obese Smokers as a Potential Subpopulation of Risk in Tobacco Reduction Policy

Smoking and obesity represent the largest challenges to public health. There is an established inverse relationship between body mass index (BMI) and smoking, but this relationship becomes more complicated among obese smokers. Smokers with higher BMI consume more cigarettes per day and may be more nicotine-dependent than lean smokers. Rates of obesity are lower among smokers than non-smokers, indicating that chronic exposure to tobacco smoke may prevent excess weight gain in people who would otherwise become obese. Furthermore, obese smokers may be more sensitive to the weight-suppressive and reinforcing effects of nicotine. Consequently, obese smokers may respond differently to reduction in the nicotine content of cigarettes, a tobacco control policy being considered both in the Unites States and abroad. Here, we review the interrelationship between nicotine and obesity in the context of a potential nicotine reduction policy. We discuss the implications of nicotine-induced body weight suppression in obese smokers, as well as the possibility that obesity might increase susceptibility to smoking and nicotine dependence.     

Nicotine metabolism in healthy smokers and patients with cardiovascular diseases

In this study, we measured the excretion rate of nicotine and its two major metabolites, cotinine and trans-3′-hydroxycotinine (THOC), in the urine of 25 healthy smokers and 15 smokers who underwent a coronary artery bypass surgery or coronary angioplasty. After 1 day of smoking cessation, urine samples were collected in the morning, before smoking two cigarettes, and then three times after smoking, approximately 4 h apart. The results show that (i) in healthy smokers, nicotine and its two major metabolites were present at high concentration in the first urine sample after smoking, (ii) in smokers with cardiovascular disease nicotine and cotinine were less excreted whereas THOC was more excreted, mainly in the second urine sample. We conclude that this shift in nicotine metabolism may contribute to smoking-induced cardiovascular disease. (Mol Cell Biochem xxx: 241–244, 2005)     

Prospective study of factors predicting outcome of transdermal nicotine treatment in smoking cessation.

OBJECTIVE--To assess the factors associated with cessation of smoking with transdermal nicotine and brief behavioural counselling. DESIGN--Interviews, treatment, and follow up for 26 weeks. SUBJECTS--1481 subjects recruited by mass media publicity who smoked > or = 15 cigarettes a day and were motivated to stop smoking. INTERVENTIONS--Twelve weeks'' treatment with transdermal nicotine and brief behavioural counselling at monthly visits. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE--Sustained smoking cessation for the 28 days before the visit at week 26 verified by expired carbon monoxide concentrations. The logistic regression analysis included all subjects. RESULTS--Most subjects were dependent on nicotine, and the mean (SD) number of cigarettes smoked a day was 32 (12). Overall, 316/1481 subjects (21.3%) stopped smoking. Factors associated with stopping were being male (adjusted odds ratio 2.0; 95% confidence interval 1.5 to 2.7), age > or = 40 years (1.5; 1.1 to 2.0), living with a spouse or partner (1.5; 1.1 to 2.1), motivation ("want to quit" 1.7; 1.2 to 2.3), and concern about weight gain (1.7; 1.3 to 2.2). Negative associations were smoking marijuana (0.4; 0.2 to 0.8) and the presence of other smokers in the household (0.8; 0.6 to 0.9). Almost all subjects who smoked three or more cigarettes in the first four weeks of treatment resumed smoking in the long term (525/547, 96%). CONCLUSIONS--Age, sex, marital status (living with a spouse or partner), motivation, concern about weight gain, recent marijuana smoking, and other smokers in the household were baseline factors associated with differences in outcome of smoking cessation attempts. Smoking three or more cigarettes in the first few weeks after stopping strongly predicted long term relapse.