用原位分子杂交和免疫组化研究肾综合征出血热肾组织中的病毒感染

应用原位分子杂交和免疫组化技术研究了陕西、沈阳、上海、江西、广州等地收集的３６例肾综合征出血热（ＨＦＲＳ）尸检肾组织中的病毒ＲＮＡ和抗原的定位和分布。病毒ＲＮＡ检测３４例,２８例阳性;抗原检测３４例,３０例阳性,病毒ＲＮＡ及其抗原主要定位于细胞胞浆中。西安及沈阳地区的病例,病毒ＲＮＡ和抗原阳性部位主要是肾小管上皮细胞,较少出现血管阳性。上海、江西和广州地区病例病毒ＲＮＡ主要出现于肾间质血管和少数病例的个别肾小球毛细血管和肾小管上皮细胞;病毒抗原分布于肾间质血管和肾小管上皮中。１例（广州病例）肾血管平滑肌细胞检测到空泡状病毒ＮＰ抗原。另外在３例西安病例和９例上海病例肾远曲小管和集合管上皮中检测到ＮＰ和ＨＡ阳性的病毒包涵体。结果说明ＨＦＲＳ病毒可感染肾脏中肾小管上皮和血管内皮,并在肾小管上皮细胞产生包涵体。不同地区病例肾脏中病毒感染的部位不同,可能与不同地区病例所感染的病毒毒株或血清型不同有关。肾小管上皮细胞和血管内皮的损伤除病毒直接作用外,还可能有免疫因素参与。     

原位分子杂交研究肾综合征出血热尸检组织中汉坦病毒M和SRNA的分布

本文以核酸原位分子杂交法研究了国内不同地区ＨＦＲＳ尸检病例组织中病毒ＲＮＡ的分布和定位。结果在１９例病例组织中均可检测到病毒ＲＮＡ。陕西及沈阳地区病例,阳性部位主要是各脏器上皮及实质细胞。江西地区病例,病毒ＲＮＡ主要出现于各脏器组织内血管壁及毛细血管内皮细胞。广州一例,病毒ＲＮＡ主要分布于肝脏灶性溶解性坏死区域,肺泡壁和肾间质血管等部位。病毒ＲＮＡ主要定位于细胞胞浆,呈颗粒状或全浆阳性,也出现于部     

原位分子杂交法检测恙螨体内肾综合征出血热病毒核酸的研究

为探讨肾综合征出血热病毒（ＨＦＲＳＶ）在恙螨体内的分布和定位,采用原位分子杂交技术检测恙螨体内ＨＦＲＳＶＲＮＡ。结果发现：原位分子杂交技术的检出阳性率较ＩＦＡＴ高;ＨＦＲＳＶ阳性信号颗粒呈弥散分布,多见于恙螨幼虫和若虫的腹部组织细胞内,该部位是恙螨的卵巢细胞、中肠及支囊上皮细胞。前体组织细胞内少见;个别幼虫和若虫的前足和中足细胞内亦可见到ＨＦＲＳＶＲＮＡ阳性信号。在原位分子杂交中,若虫组织细胞内的ＨＦＲＳＶＲＮＡ阳性信号较幼虫密集而且量多,表明ＨＦＲＳＶ在恙螨体内可传递并有增殖现象     

流行性出血热尸检组织中热休克蛋白70mRNA的定位及分布

应用核酸原位分子杂交技术研究了国内不同地区３０例流行性出血热患者尸检组织中病毒ＲＮＡ及ＨＳＰ７０ｍＲＮＡ细胞内定位,同时观察了汉坦病毒感染的ＶｅｒｏＥ６细胞中ＨＳＰ７０的表达情况。结果表明,热休克蛋白７０ｍＲＮＡ在多数组织中均可检测到,分布与病毒ＲＮＡ一致,并且与组织的病理损害有关;体外实验的结果也表明在出血热病毒感染的细胞中有ＨＳＰ７０的高表达。提示热休克蛋白与汉坦病毒的致病以及流行性出血热的发病机理有关。     

肾综合征出血热（HFRS）患者尸检肝组织中的病毒抗原－免疫组织化学研究

应用敏感的免疫组织化学多重ＰＡＰ法,观察了ＨＦＲＳ（肾综合征出血热）病毒抗原在ＨＦＲＳ患者尸检肝组织的定位,结果发现１８例尸检肝组织中．１５例肝细胞病毒抗原阳性,２例肝组织血管中白细胞也存在病毒抗原、４例肝内胆管为ＨＦＲＳ病毒抗原阳性,主要分布于肝内大胆管,小叶间胆管和小胆管的上皮细胞中,ＨＦＲＳ病毒抗原阳性物质呈地颗粒状,定位于胆管上皮细胞核上区的胞质中。     

人原发性肝内胆管细胞癌中HCV RNA及其NS3区抗原的分布及意义

应用原位分子杂交及免疫组分方法,使用地高辛标记ＨＣＶ５’非编码区探针及抗ＨＣＶ ＮＳ３区Ｃ３３ｃ单克隆抗体,对３５例人原发性肝内胆管细胞癌（ＰＩＣ）和癌旁肝组织的ＨＣＶ ＲＮＡ及其ＮＳ３抗原进行检测结果发现ＨＣＶ ＲＮＡ在ＰＩＣ中的阳性率为８３％,ＨＣＶ ＲＮＡ定位于癌细胞浆中,个别病例并在淋巴细胞、肝窦内皮细胞和枯否氏细胞中发现阳性信号。ＨＣＶ ＮＳ３区Ｃ３３ｃ抗原在ＰＩＣ的阳性率为８９％,阳性     

直接逆转录原位PCR检测实验性汉坦病毒感染乳鼠脑组织中病毒RNA及其与原位分子杂交的比较

出生后２～３ｄ的昆明种乳鼠,经腹腔接种１００个半数致死量的陈株汉坦病毒,每只０．０５ｍｌ,于接种后１、２、４、６、８、１０、１２、１４ｄ处死动物,每个时间点３～６只不等,取其脑组织固定于４％的多聚甲醛中,石蜡包埋制备５μｍ的连续组织切片,每时间点取１～２例组织切片,用逆转录原位ＰＣＲ（ＲＴ－ＩＳＰＣＲ）方法检测组织中病毒Ｓ片段ＲＮＡ,组织脱蜡后,经ＤＮａｓｅ、蛋白酶Ｋ、消化等予处理,用汉坦病毒ＲＮＡＳ片段特异的一对引物,在组织切片上进行病毒ＲＮＡ的逆转录和ＰＣＲ过程,直接将ｄｉｇｏｘｉｇｅｎｉｎ－１１－ｄＵＴＰ掺入到扩增产物中,经过３０个ＰＣＲ循环后,用碱性磷酸酶标记的抗ｄｉｇｏｘｉｇｅｎｉｎ抗体免疫组化检测扩增产物,连续组织切片用ｄｉｇｏｘｉｇｅｎｉｎ标记的汉坦病毒Ｍ片段Ｇ２编码区ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ扩增产物的和Ｓ片段特异性探针进行原位分子杂交并与ＲＴ－ＩＳＰＣＲ结果进行比较,另外应用免疫组化检测该基因表达产物病毒核抗原（ＮＰ）,结果,ＲＴ－ＩＳＰＣＲ在病毒感染１ｄ的乳鼠脑组织中检测到病毒ＲＮＡ扩增产物,扩增产物定位于神经细胞胞浆内,而原位分子杂交和免疫组化检测阴性。在病毒感染２ｄ及２ｄ以后的乳鼠脑组织中ＲＴ－Ｉ     

原位杂交检测石蜡包埋组织中丙型肝炎病毒RNA

为了提高ＨＣＶＲＮＡ的原位杂交检出率,我们应用地高辛标记ＨＣＶ５＇非编码区ｃＤＮＡ作探针,采用原位分子杂交法对９６Ｎ肝硬变,１０２例肝细胞肝癌进行了ＨＣＶＲＮＡ检测,并结合不同年份标本中ＨＣＶＲＮＡ的检出率,探讨ＨＣＶＲＮＡ在肝脏的分布及其丢失问题．结果显示ＨＣＶＲＮＡ定位于肝细胞和肝癌细胞胞浆内,肝脏其它细胞未见明确阳性杂交信号。ＨＣＶＲＮＡ杂交阳性细胞呈灶状和弥漫分布,正常对照、替代、空白对照为阴性,在不同年份肝硬变及肝细胞肝癌中两两比较表明新近包埋蜡块组织较陈旧蜡块组织ＨＣＶ　ＲＮＡ检出率明显高。本文结果证实ＨＣＶＲＮＡ存在于肝细胞和癌细胞的胞浆内,未见肝内其它细胞阳性,还发现ＨＣＶＲＮＡ在肝硬变、肝细胞癌中的检出率随保存时间的延长,其阳性检出率明显降低,表明ＨＣＶＲＮＡ在蜡块中存在明显的降解,应尽可能选用近期标本、为临床分析ＨＣＶ感染,ＨＣＶ与肝硬变、肝细胞肝癌的关系提供更客观的数据。     

Epstein-Barr病毒诱导永生化人上皮细胞恶性转化

为了使ＥＢ病毒能直接感染人上皮细胞,将ｐＳＧ－ＣＲ２－Ｈｙｇ载体转入永生化人上皮细胞（２９３细胞）中。通过间接免疫荧光法测定发现,转化的细胞表达ＥＢ病毒受体。用ＥＢ病毒感染ＣＲ２－２９３细胞后,２３％的细胞可表达ＥＢ病毒抗原。用ＴＰＡ作用于这些细胞后,表达病毒抗原的细胞数增加。用ＰＣＲ法从ＥＢ病毒感染细胞ＤＮＡ中扩增出ＥＢ病毒ＤＮＡＷ片段。在ＴＰＡ持续作用下,ＥＢ病毒感染细胞的形态特征发生改变。把ＥＢ病毒感染细胞接种在裸鼠皮下,每周注射ＴＰＡ,可诱导细胞在裸鼠体内形成肿瘤。经组织病理检查确诊,肿瘤为低分化上皮细胞癌。杂交试验证明,肿瘤组织细胞中有ＥＢ病毒ＥＢＥＲｓ存在。上述结果表明,ＥＢ病毒在ＴＰＡ协同作用下,可诱导永生化上皮细胞恶性转化。     

应用单克隆抗体免疫细胞化学法分析尸检组织中肾综合征出血热病毒G2，NP及HA结构蛋白抗原

本文应用15株分别抗肾综合征出血热(HFRS)病毒糖蛋白(Glycoprotein Ⅱ G2),核蛋白(Nuclcocapsid,NP)及血凝素(Hemagglutinin,HA)抗原的单克隆抗体免疫细胞化学方法对19例HFRS尸检病例的16种组织中的病毒抗原进行了定位和分布的研究及抗原分析。结果表明,死于早期HFRS人体组织内病毒抗原量大,分布广泛,主要以可溶性和颗粒性两种形式存在,前者存在于细胞内和细胞外,呈G2,NP及HA抗原阳性,是参与形成免疫复合物的主要抗原形式;后者是以单纯病毒NP或HA抗原阳性的病毒包涵体(IB)形式存在于细胞内,是病毒直接作用所致细胞病变的标志,IB的广泛分布但只有极个别阳性细胞发生坏死,说明该病毒具有泛嗜性感染和弱致细胞病变能力的特性。抗原分析结果显示,组织细胞中病毒抗原的表达及其抗原量受宿主细胞的种属,组织结构特点及病期的影响,也存在个体差异以及因感染病毒株或血清型不同产生差异的可能性。病毒抗原染色形态学证实,NP上具有HA抗原位点,其抗原决定簇有三类,其中的某些抗原决定簇可因病毒宿主动物或细胞的种属不同,表达也不同。HA抗原在人体组织细胞中的高表达和广泛分布也说明HFRSV对人体有很强的侵袭力。     

Mucus-associated antigen in epithelial cells of the chicken digestive tract: Developmental change in expression and implications for morphogenesis-function relationships

The embryonic chicken digestive tract consists of endodermal epithelium and mesenchyme derived from splanchnic mesoderm. Interactions between these two tissues are important for the establishment of regionality and the subsequent differentiation of digestive organs. In the present study we obtained a monoclonal antibody that reacted with mucus-associated antigen and named it the MA antibody. From 6 days of incubation, this antibody reacted with the esophageal, proventricular and gizzard epithelia. In the proventriculus, the MA antigen was expressed in luminal epithelial cells, while pepsinogen-producing gland cells became MA antigen-negative. The intestinal goblet cells, which secrete mucus, became positive to the antibody from day 13 of incubation. When the esophageal, proventricular or gizzard epithelium of a 6 day embryo was associated and cultivated with the proventricular mesenchyme, the luminal epithelial cells remained reactive to the MA antibody while gland cells were negative or only weakly positive. If the small-intestinal epithelium was cultivated with the proventricular or gizzard mesenchyme, the antigen was detected on the apical surface of the epithelium, suggesting that the expression of the MA antigen was induced by mesenchymal influences in the small-intestinal epithelium. These results suggest that spatio-temporally regulated expression of the MA antigen is controlled by the epithelial-mesenchymal interactions.     

Immunophenotypic properties and estrogen dependency of budding cell structures in the developing mouse mammary gland

Abstract. The initial phase of growth of the parenchymal component of the mouse mammary gland is ductal clongation, which is mainly accomplished by proliferating cells in a specialized structure termed end bud. End buds are composed of multiple layers of epithelial cells (so called body cells) which are capped by a single layer of morphologically unique cells termed cap cells.
We sought to examine the interrelationship between cap cells and other epithelial cell subclasses using a variety of antibodies to different keratin proteins and also antibodies to vimentin, actin and collagen IV. An extensive immunohistochemical characterization of the epithelial components of the developing and differentiating mammary gland demonstrated that cap cells were devoid of any immunohistochemically - detectable keratins but were positive for collagen IV. In contrast, the majority of cells in the end bud along with the luminal epithelial and myoepithelial cells were keratin positive. The body cells of the end bud were the only cells which were positive for antibody to keratin 6, a keratin which previously has been reported to be expressed in proliferating mammary epithelial cells. In addition, estrogen receptor was localized only to epithelial cells of ducts, alvcoli and body cells of end buds, but not to cap cells or myoepithelial cells. We interpret these results to suggest that cap cells are not totpotent stem cells but rather cells specialized in paving the way for ductal elongation as well as serving as precursors to myoepithelial cells.     

Detection of viral genomes of caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (CAEV) in semen and in genital tract tissues of male goat

The aim of this study was to determine the infectious status of semen and genital tract tissues from male goat naturally infected with the caprine lentivirus. Firstly, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to detect the presence of CAEV proviral-DNA in the circulating mononuclear cells, semen (spermatozoa and non-spermatic cells), and genital tract tissues (testis, epididymis, vas deferens, and vesicular gland) of nine bucks. RT-PCR was used to detect the presence of CAEV viral RNA in seminal plasma. Secondly, in situ hybridization was performed on PCR-positive samples from the head, body, and tail of the epididymis. CAEV proviral-DNA was identified by PCR in the blood cells of 7/9 bucks and in non-spermatic cells of the seminal plasma of 3/9 bucks. No CAEV proviral-DNA was identified in the spermatozoa fraction. The presence of CAEV proviral-DNA in non-spermatic cells and the presence of CAEV in the seminal plasma was significantly higher (p<0.01) in bucks with PCR-positive blood. Two of the three bucks with positive seminal plasma cells presented with at least one PCR-positive genital tract tissue. Proviral-DNA was found in the head (3/9), body (3/9), and tail (2/9) of the epididymis. In situ hybridization confirmed the presence of viral mRNA in at least one of each of these tissues, in the periphery of the epididymal epithelium. This study clearly demonstrates the presence of viral mRNA and proviral-DNA in naturally infected male goat semen and in various tissues of the male genital tract.     

Epithelial cells lining salivary gland ducts are early target cells of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection in the upper respiratory tracts of rhesus macaques

The shedding of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) into saliva droplets plays a critical role in viral transmission. The source of high viral loads in saliva, however, remains elusive. Here we investigate the early target cells of infection in the entire array of respiratory tissues in Chinese macaques after intranasal inoculations with a single-cycle pseudotyped virus and a pathogenic SARS-CoV. We found that angiotensin-converting enzyme 2-positive (ACE2(+)) cells were widely distributed in the upper respiratory tract, and ACE2(+) epithelial cells lining salivary gland ducts were the early target cells productively infected. Our findings also have implications for SARS-CoV early diagnosis and prevention.     

Distribution of adenosine deaminase complexing protein (ADCP) in human tissues

The normal distribution of adenosine deaminase complexing protein (ADCP) in the human body was investigated quantitatively by ADCP-specific radioimmunoassay (RIA) and qualitatively by immunohistochemistry. In these studies we used a specific rabbit anti-human ADCP antiserum. In all 19 investigated tissues, except erythrocytes, ADCP was found by RIA in the soluble and membrane fractions. From all tissues the membrane fractions contained more ADCP (expressed per mg protein) than the soluble fractions. High membrane ADCP concentrations were found in skin, renal cortex, gastrointestinal tract, and prostate. Immunoperoxidase staining confirmed the predominant membrane-associated localization of the protein. In serous sweat glands, convoluted tubules of renal cortex, bile canaliculi, gastrointestinal tract, lung, pancreas, prostate gland, salivary gland, gallbladder, mammary gland, and uterus, ADCP immunoreactivity was found confined to the luminal membranes of the epithelial cells. These data demonstrate that ADCP is present predominantly in exocrine glands and absorptive epithelia. The localization of ADCP at the secretory or absorptive apex of the cells suggests that the function of ADCP is related to the secretory and/or absorptive process.     

Detection and localization of HIV-1 DNA in renal tissues by in situ polymerase chain reaction

The localization of HIV-1 DNA in renal tissues is critically important for understanding pathogenesis of HIV-associated nephropathy (HIVAN), but the clarification has been technically challenging. We applied in situ polymerase chain reaction (IS-PCR) to human renal tissues to demonstrate viral entry into the renal epithelial cells in vivo. To test the specificity of this method and to determine the cell types infected, we used IS-PCR followed by in situ hybridization (ISH) and IS-PCR followed by immunohistochemistry and histochemical counterstains. Brief 2 hour fixation in 4% paraformaldehyde had 92.9% sensitivity and 100% specificity for detection of viral DNA in renal biopsies of HIVAN patients, compared to 70.8% sensitivity and 66.7% specificity in renal biopsies fixed overnight in 10% formalin. Under optimized conditions, the only signals detectable in HIV-1 seronegative cases were false positives attributable to renal tubular apoptosis. In HIVAN cases, positive signal was observed in podocytes, parietal cells, renal tubular cells, and interstitial leukocytes. Immunohistochemical co-labeling for pan-T cell and macrophage markers revealed that the interstitial leukocytes with positivity for HIV-1 DNA included both T cells and macrophages. Application of ISH after IS-PCR showed the same distribution of signal as observed using IS-PCR alone, confirming the specificity of the technique. IS-PCR is a powerful technique to detect viral DNA in human tissue sections, but requires proper use of negative controls to set optimal fixation, protein digestion, and amplification conditions.     

Expression of MAL, an integral protein component of the machinery for raft-mediated pical transport, in human epithelia.

The MAL protein is the only integral membrane protein identified as being an essential component of the machinery necessary for apical transport in the canine MDCK cell line, a paradigm of polarized epithelial cells. To characterize the range of human epithelia that use MAL-mediated pathways of transport, we performed an immunohistochemical survey of normal tissues using a monoclonal antibody (MAb) specific for the MAL protein. For comparison, different types of carcinoma were also analyzed. MAL, with a characteristic strong supranuclear granular distribution, was detected in specific types of normal epithelial cells throughout the respiratory system, the gastrointestinal and genitourinary tracts, and in exocrine and endocrine glands. Absorptive cells (e.g., enterocytes), and many different types of specialized secretory cells, either organized in discrete clusters (e.g., endocrine cells in the pancreas), gathered together in an endocrine gland (e.g., thyroid), interspersed with other cells in glands (e.g., parietal cells), or dispersed singly among other cells (e.g., type 2 pneumocytes) were positive for MAL. We also analyzed a series of epithelial renal and thyroid tumors and found alterations dependent on the particular histological type of tumor. These results open potential applications of the anti-MAL antibody for the characterization of neoplastic tissue.     

Immunolocalization of glycodelin in the genital tract of rats

Glycodelin, also known as placental protein 14 has been predominantly localized to organs of the human genital tract. Unfortunately the physiological role of glycodelin is largely unknown since it depends on limited availability of tissues. Therefore, a suitable animal model to study the role of glycodelin would be desirable. Previously, it was shown that glycodelin mRNA is expressed in the genital tract of male and female rats. In the present study, we demonstrate the expression of glycodelin protein in male and female rats by immunohistochemistry and Western blot analysis. For this purpose a polyclonal antibody was generated against glycodelin peptide. In female rats, glycodelin was found in the epithelial gland cells of the uterus, epithelial cells of the fallopian tube as well as in corpora lutea, interstitial and theca cells of the ovary. Glycodelin was distributed in all epithelial cells of the epididymis and the seminal vesicle. In the seminiferous epithelium, glycodelin was seen in all developmental stages of spermatogonia and spermatocytes and in Sertoli cells. Whereas in the rat male reproductive tract glycodelin expression is slightly different from human or primate tissues, in organs of the rat female genital tract glycodelin expression is similar to humans and primates.     

Urinary cytodiagnosis of renal involvement in disseminated histiocytic lymphoma

Two cases of patients with disseminated histiocytic lymphoma are presented in which positive urine cytology provided evidence of renal involvement. In addition to malignant cells, the urine sediment characteristics included renal tubular epithelial cell exfoliation, renal epithelial fragments and pathologic cast formation, which distinguished renal from lower urinary tract involvement. Such cytologic observations may be useful in differentiating among the various causes of renal disease in patients with malignant lymphomas.