γ-聚谷氨酸的微生物合成、相关基因及应用展望

γ-聚谷氨酸是一种具有极强水溶性、生物相容性、可完全降解性的环境友好型新材料。介绍γ-聚谷氨酸的基本性质、微生物合成及其影响因素,综述其合成相关基因、合成酶复合体的研究进展及在水凝胶和药物载体方面的应用前景。     

聚谷氨酸衍生物及其在生物医药领域中的应用

聚谷氨酸衍生物是在γ-聚谷氨酸的基础上发展而来的,具有独特的结构和性能,在医药领域中有潜在的应用价值。聚谷氨酸衍生物按照其设计和制备特点,可分成3种类型:γ-聚谷氨酸修饰衍生物、含谷氨酸结构单元的衍生物和γ-聚谷氨酸交联衍生物。现分别介绍不同类型衍生物的合成思路、性质特征和具体应用。这将有助于γ-聚谷氨酸衍生物在医药领域的研究和应用,同时也能为这一领域其他高分子材料的开发提供借鉴。     

微生物合成的聚谷氨酸及其应用

γ-聚谷氨酸是一种全天然的、可食用的、具有多功能性的阴离子聚合物,可由微生物发酵合成.随着材料科学、聚合物化学和生物医学的不断发展和紧密融合,生物可降解高分子材料的研究得到长足发展,γ-聚谷氨酸的开发研究则日益深入.但国内研究仍处于实验室阶段,还未实现工业化生产.介绍了Υ-聚谷氨酸的结构、理化性质及其影响因素,综述了其合成菌株、培养方法、相关基因及在医药、食品、化妆品、农业、工业等方面的应用.     

粘合材料及其在生物医学中的应用：进展与展望

粘合材料作为一种重要的辅助材料,在工业包装、海洋工程以及生物医药等多个领域都有广泛的应用需求。天然存在的粘合剂如贻贝足丝粘合蛋白等具有良好的生物相容性和生物可降解性,但因其来源受限及在生理环境下较弱的粘合性能,因此在生物医药领域的应用受到了限制。从自然生物的粘合现象中汲取灵感,各种利用化学或生物合成方法制备的仿生粘合材料应运而生,针对生物医药领域的特定需求,一些新兴粘合材料在生物相容性、生物可降解性以及组织粘附等方面都表现出在医药领域应用的潜力。展望未来,受自然粘合材料兼具环境响应、自我再生和自修复等特征的启迪,各种生物灵感和生物仿生粘合材料的开发势必是未来的发展热点,而合成生物学技术为创建具有上述特征的活体粘合材料提供了新的可能。     

聚酸酐控释制剂的研究进展

聚酸酐材料是一种良好的生物可降解材料,它可以作为药物载体将药物递送入人体的各个器官,如脑、骨骼、血管等,也可作为基因的载体对患者进行基因治疗。聚酸酐的合成工艺简单、成本低廉,可以满足不同的用途。它奇在人体内降解为对人体无害的二元酸而排除体内,具有良好的生物相容性。文中综述了聚酸酐的合成,聚酸酐控释制剂的制备工艺、降解、体内安全性和临床应用方面的研究进展,并提出了今后的发展方向。聚酸酐在医学方面的研究和应用必将日益广泛。     

γ-聚谷氨酸基因工程研究进展与展望

γ-聚谷氨酸(γ-PGA)是一种天然高分子可降解、环境友好型的新型阴离子聚合物。目前发现多种芽孢杆菌、古细菌和一种真核生物均可合成γ-PGA。根据其合成是否需要外加谷氨酸分为谷氨酸依赖性和谷氨酸非依赖型。γ-PGA的合成基因分为结合型的cap系和游离型的pgs系,其表达产物组成的γ-PGA合成酶复合体调节着γ-PGA的合成和转运。由于γ-PGA具有水溶性好、保湿性好、吸水性好、良好的生物兼容性和生物可降解性、可食用、对环境无污染等优点,在医药、农业、食品、环境、化妆品等领域具有广泛的应用前景。主要对γ-PGA的结构特点、微生物合成、相关基因、合成机理、应用、诱变处理进行综述。以期通过物理和化学等技术的诱变,获得γ-PGA的高产菌株,为提高γ-PGA产量提供依据。     

海藻酸钠壳聚糖微球作为药物载体的研究进展

海藻酸钠壳聚糖微球是具有生物粘附性且能结合和传递大分子药物的天然高分子材料,且在生物医学领域具有广阔应用前景的药物载体。它具有生物黏附性、生物相容性、生物可降解性、对人体无毒性且能够结合和传递大分子药物的天然高分子材料。海藻酸钠壳聚糖微球作为载药微球具有提高药物的生物利用度、延长药物的作用时间等优点。国内外近些年已将其应用于药剂学领域,以及将其作为药物载体经微球化与药物结合形成给药系统的研究也在逐步开展并取得了较多成果。本文主要阐述海藻酸钠壳聚糖微球的主要生物特性、作用特点及其在医学领域中应用的研究进展,并对其应用前景进行探讨。     

聚羟基脂肪酸酯的应用展望

聚羟基脂肪酸酯(Polyhydroxyalkanoates,简称PHA)是由微生物合成的天然高分子基材料,作为微生物碳源和能源的储备物质。目前,PHA的单体种类有150多种,致使PHA的品种繁多、材料学性质各不相同。PHA具有材料多变性、非线性光学性能、压电性能、气体阻隔性能、热塑性、生物可降解性、良好的生物相容性等特点,使其在塑料包装、化工、医药、农业、生物能源等诸多领域的具有很大的应用前景。文中系统介绍了目前PHA的应用和未来的发展。     

一种新型的基因传递系统:PLGA微球

乳酸聚乙醇酸是一类可生物降解的高分子聚合材料,通过其自身降解来调节药物释放．具有良好的生物相容性。包裹或吸附药物而制成的微球多用于药物的缓释给药系统,近几年来将这一系统应用于包裹基因。该文介绍乳酸聚乙醇酸基因微球的制备方法、主动脱逸特性等。     

γ-聚谷氨酸与D-半乳糖酯化衍生物-顺铂复合物的制备及其生物活性

介绍了制备一种γ-聚谷氨酸-D-半乳糖酯化衍生物-顺铂复合物［poly (γ-glutamic acid)-D-galactose esterifiable derivative-cisplatin complex compound,γ-D+-DDP］,并考察其抗肿瘤活性。主要通过生物发酵获得大分子γ-聚谷氨酸［poly (γ-glutamic acid) ,γ-PGA］,利用酸降解得到可以作为药物载体的小分子γ-聚谷氨酸;利用凝胶色谱柱检验小分子γ-聚谷氨酸的分子量;利用MTT法检测该复合物的体外抗肿瘤作用。结果表明：成功获得γ-聚谷氨酸-D-半乳糖酯化衍生物-顺铂复合物,该复合物载药率达9.4% ~10.2%;该复合物对人肝癌细胞BEL-7402具有显著的杀伤作用,能引起细胞凋亡(HE染色观察得到)。因此,γ-聚谷氨酸-D-半乳糖酯化衍生物-顺铂复合物是一种有效的抗肿瘤药物,具有潜在的临床应用价值;生物发酵的γ-聚谷氨酸可用于药物载体,赋予药物新的特点。     

玉米原料高产γ-聚谷氨酸优良菌株的选育及发酵条件优化

以实验室筛选到的一株枯草芽孢杆菌（Bacillus subtilis）B-1为出发菌株,采用紫外诱变技术对出发菌株进行反复诱变,得到一株能够利用玉米原料生产γ-聚谷氨酸的优良高产菌株B-115,摇瓶发酵γ-聚谷氨酸的产量由原菌株的12.5g/L提高到19.5g/L。再以该菌株为研究对象利用响应面法进行碳源、氮源、谷氨酸钠、金属离子等发酵条件的优化实验,经48h摇瓶发酵,γ-聚谷氨酸产量达到40.98g/ L。     

Layer-by-layer self-assembly of chitosan and poly(γ-glutamic acid) into polyelectrolyte complexes

Chitosan (Ch) is a nontoxic and biocompatible polysaccharide extensively used in biomedical applications. Ch, as a polycation, can be combined with anionic polymers by layer-by-layer (LbL) self-assembly, giving rise to multilayered complexed architectures. These structures can be used in tissue engineering strategies, as drug delivery systems, or artificial matrices mimicking the extracellular microenvironment. In this work, Ch was combined with poly(γ-glutamic acid) (γ-PGA). γ-PGA is a polyanion, which was microbially produced, and is known for its low immunogenic reaction and low cytotoxicity. Multilayered ultrathin films were assembled by LbL, with a maximum of six layers. The interaction between both polymers was analyzed by: ellipsometry, quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy, and zeta potential measurements. Ch/γ-PGA polyelectrolyte multilayers (PEMs) revealed no cytotoxicity according to ISO 10993-5. Overall, this study demonstrates that Ch can interact electrostatically with γ-PGA forming multilayered films. Furthermore, this study provides a comprehensive characterization of Ch/γ-PGA PEM structures, elucidating the contribution of each layer for the nanostructured films. These model surfaces can be useful substrates to study cell-biomaterial interactions in tissue regeneration.     

Halloysite Nanoclay/Biopolymers Composite Materials in Tissue Engineering

Biocompatible materials for the fabrication of tissue substitutes are crucially important in the advancement of modern medicinal biotechnology. These materials, to serve their function, should be similar in physical, chemical, biological, and structural properties to native tissues which they are aimed to mimic. The porosity of artificial scaffolds is essential for normal nutrient transmission to cells, gas diffusion, and cell attachment and proliferation. Nanoscale inorganic additives and dopants are widely used to improve the functional properties of the polymer materials for tissue engineering. Among these inorganic dopants, halloysite nanotubes are arguably the most perspective candidates because of their biocompatibility and functional properties allowing to enhance significantly the mechanical and chemical stability of tissue engineering scaffolds. Here, this vibrant field of biotechnology for regenerative medicine is overviewed.     

不同D/L单体比γ-聚谷氨酸的合成与调控

γ-聚谷氨酸(γ-PGA)是由L-谷氨酸和/或D-谷氨酸聚合而成的一种聚氨基酸,广泛应用于化妆品、医药等领域。高聚物单体的立体构型会影响产品性质和应用,因此调控γ-PGA中D-谷氨酸/L-谷氨酸单体比(D/L单体比)具有重要意义。前期以谷氨酸棒杆菌为底盘,表达来自于地衣芽孢杆菌的γ-PGA合成酶,合成以L-Glu(97.10%)为主的γ-PGA。通过外源添加不同浓度D-谷氨酸,合成了D-谷氨酸占比为15.71%~33.52%的γ-PGA。然后,在重组菌中表达来自于枯草芽孢杆菌的谷氨酸消旋酶,并使用三个不同强度RBS调控其表达水平,合成D-谷氨酸占比30.82%~34.59%的γ-PGA,但调控范围较窄。利用四个不同强度启动子调控谷氨酸消旋酶表达水平,扩大D/L单体比可调范围,合成D-Glu占比32.71%~52.53%的γ-PGA。提供一种理性调控γ-PGA的D/L单体比策略,实现了D-谷氨酸占比为2.90%~52.53%的γ-PGA的合成,为高效合成不同D/L单体比γ-PGA提供了基础。     

Materials fabrication from Bombyx mori silk fibroin

Silk fibroin, derived from Bombyx mori cocoons, is a widely used and studied protein polymer for biomaterial applications. Silk fibroin has remarkable mechanical properties when formed into different materials, demonstrates biocompatibility, has controllable degradation rates from hours to years and can be chemically modified to alter surface properties or to immobilize growth factors. A variety of aqueous or organic solvent-processing methods can be used to generate silk biomaterials for a range of applications. In this protocol, we include methods to extract silk from B. mori cocoons to fabricate hydrogels, tubes, sponges, composites, fibers, microspheres and thin films. These materials can be used directly as biomaterials for implants, as scaffolding in tissue engineering and in vitro disease models, as well as for drug delivery.     

From short peptides to nanofibers to macromolecular assemblies in biomedicine

In the last few years, a variety of self-assembling short peptides that consist exclusively of simple amino acids have been designed and modified. These peptides exhibit self-assembling dynamic behaviors. At the molecular structural level, they form α-helical, β-sheet and β-hairpins structures in water. These structures further undergo spontaneous assembly to form nanofibers which aggregate into supramolecular scaffolds that entrap large volumes of water. Furthermore, nanostructures and supramolecular structures that self-organized from these short peptides also have a broad spectrum of biotechnological applications. They are useful as biological materials for 2D and 3D tissue cell cultures, regenerative and reparative medicine, tissue engineering as well as injectable drug delivery matrices that gel in situ. We have endeavored to do a comprehensive review of short peptides that form nanofibrous hydrogels. In particular, we have focused on recent advances in peptide assembly motifs and applications.     

Advances in polymeric systems for tissue engineering and biomedical applications

The characteristics of tissue engineered scaffolds are major concerns in the quest to fabricate ideal scaffolds for tissue engineering applications. The polymer scaffolds employed for tissue engineering applications should possess multifunctional properties such as biocompatibility, biodegradability and favorable mechanical properties as it comes in direct contact with the body fluids in vivo. Additionally, the polymer system should also possess biomimetic architecture and should support stem cell adhesion, proliferation and differentiation. As the progress in polymer technology continues, polymeric biomaterials have taken characteristics more closely related to that desired for tissue engineering and clinical needs. Stimuli responsive polymers also termed as smart biomaterials respond to stimuli such as pH, temperature, enzyme, antigen, glucose and electrical stimuli that are inherently present in living systems. This review highlights the exciting advancements in these polymeric systems that relate to biological and tissue engineering applications. Additionally, several aspects of technology namely scaffold fabrication methods and surface modifications to confer biological functionality to the polymers have also been discussed. The ultimate objective is to emphasize on these underutilized adaptive behaviors of the polymers so that novel applications and new generations of smart polymeric materials can be realized for biomedical and tissue engineering applications.     

Tailored carbon nanotubes for tissue engineering applications

A decade of aggressive researches on carbon nanotubes (CNTs) has paved way for extending these unique nanomaterials into a wide range of applications. In the relatively new arena of nanobiotechnology, a vast majority of applications are based on CNTs, ranging from miniaturized biosensors to organ regeneration. Nevertheless, the complexity of biological systems poses a significant challenge in developing CNT‐based tissue engineering applications. This review focuses on the recent developments of CNT‐based tissue engineering, where the interaction between living cells/tissues and the nanotubes have been transformed into a variety of novel techniques. This integration has already resulted in a revaluation of tissue engineering and organ regeneration techniques. Some of the new treatments that were not possible previously become reachable now. Because of the advent of surface chemistry, the CNT's biocompatibility has been significantly improved, making it possible to serve as tissue scaffolding materials to enhance the organ regeneration. The superior mechanic strength and chemical inert also makes it ideal for blood compatible applications, especially for cardiopulmonary bypass surgery. The applications of CNTs in these cardiovascular surgeries led to a remarkable improvement in mechanical strength of implanted catheters and reduced thrombogenecity after surgery. Moreover, the functionalized CNTs have been extensively explored for in vivo targeted drug or gene delivery, which could potentially improve the efficiency of many cancer treatments. However, just like other nanomaterials, the cytotoxicity of CNTs has not been well established. Hence, more extensive cytotoxic studies are warranted while converting the hydrophobic CNTs into biocompatible nanomaterials. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 2009     

类弹性蛋白多肽及其在生物医学材料的应用

类弹性蛋白多肽是一种人造基因工程蛋白质聚合物,其结构主要由五肽重复串连序列单元 (GVGXP) 的这一肽段单元重复组成。由于具有可逆相变特征,并可进行高通量生产,加之良好的生物相容性及生物可降解性,使其在新型生物医学材料方面展示了广阔的应用前景。概括了类弹性蛋白多肽的相变机理、合成方法及在生物医学材料上的应用,重点阐述了类弹性蛋白多肽在组织工程、靶向肿瘤、构造药物载体微粒的应用。     

In vitro evaluation of new functional properties of poly-γ-glutamic acid produced by Bacillus subtilis D7

We investigated the functionality of poly-γ-glutamic acid (γ-PGA), which is produced by Bacillus subtilis D7, for its potential applications in medicine and cosmetics. The γ-PGA had angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition activity. ACE inhibition activity was dependent on the γ-PGA concentration; the highest ACE inhibition activity was observed at 1.25 mg/l of γ-PGA. IC₅₀ (0.108 mg/ml) of the γ-PGA was lower than that of standard ACE inhibitory drug, N-[(S)-mercapto-2-methylpropionyl]-L-proline (0.247 mg/ml). The γ-PGA also had water-holding capacity and hygroscopicity. Furthermore, the γ-PGA inhibited growth of some pathogenic bacteria, including Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella typhimurium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumonia and Esherichia coli. The γ-PGA exhibited a good metal adsorption capacity; Cr (VI) adsorption capacity of γ-PGA increased with decreasing pH, and the maximal adsorption was observed at pH 2. Our results suggest that γ-PGA may be expected to be widely applied in cosmetics, biomedical and environmental industries with the feature of being less harmful to humans and the environment.