细胞培养过程中支原体污染的检测和去除研究

细胞培养过程中的支原体污染相当普遍。如何快速、简便地检测支原体,并且采取有效措施去除支原体一直是细胞培养中急待解决的难题。本文就近年来有关支原体检测及去除方面的工作加以综述。     

细胞培养中支原体污染的检测和去除

细胞培养过程中的支原体污染相当普遍。如何快速,简便地检测支原体,并且采取有效措施去除支原体一直是细胞工作者们亟待解决的难题。支原体检测方法有培养法,ＤＮＡ荧光染色法,单克隆抗体免疫荧光法。生化法,ＤＮＡ探针杂交法,ＰＣＲ法,支原体去除方法有药物法。免疫法,稀释法,加热法。本文就近年来有关支原体的检测及去除作一综述。     

细胞培养中支原体污染的检测

本文介绍以应用指示细胞培养物的DNA荧光染色为主,辅之以微生物培养(支原体营养肉汤和琼脂培养)的方法作为细胞培养中的支原体污染的检测系统。用该系统检测了45个细胞系,支原体等微生物污染达66.6％,其中确证支原体污染率为31％。     

用PCR检测细胞培养中支原体污染

细胞培养中支原体污染已经成为严重的问题.为了扩增6种支原体(精氨酸支原体,口腔支原体,人型支原体,猪鼻支原体,发酵支原体及莱氏支原体)核糖体RNA操纵子的16s和23s DNA间区,设计了三个通用PCR引物(F1,F2及R1).当以6种支原体DNA为模板时,引物F1和R1产生340到468bp的片段,引物F2和R1产生145到211bp的片段,当用Hela细胞或E.coli DNA作为模板,用引物F1和R1时,在电泳中未观察到特定区带.此法最小能检出8.5fg精氨酸支原体DNA,相当于13个精氨酸支原体.这说明,当这些支原体污染细胞培养时,能用PCR法检测出来.     

传代细胞系的支原体污染的检测与去除

支原体污染是细胞培养过程中的常见污染。本文综述了检测支原体污染的方法以及如何去除支原体污染。     

支原体污染研究的新进展

支原体污染细胞培养物是个极普遍的世界性问题,在十几年前就曾引起我国细胞培养工作者的广泛重视。它不仅引起细胞生物学性状的多种改变,影响细胞生物学的研究工作,而且也将导致用细胞基质制备的多种生物制品报废,造成巨大的人力物力浪费。多年来从事细胞生物学研究以及生物制品学工作的科学家们一直致力于检测细胞培养物中支原体方法的研     

细胞污染及检测鉴定

细胞作为重要的实验模型广泛应用于各类实验,几乎所有科研实验室中都需进行细胞培养。细胞培养过程中最大的威胁就是细胞污染,凡是混入细胞培养环境中,对细胞生存有害的成分和造成细胞不纯的异物都应视为污染。细胞一旦遭到污染,所有的实验结果都会变得毫无意义。因此,及时检测并鉴定出所培养的细胞是否被污染至关重要。该文总结了细菌污染、真菌污染、支原体污染、细胞交叉污染和鞘氨醇单胞菌污染这五类细胞污染及其检测方法,并提出了相关污染的预防措施及几种常见清除方法以供参考。     

细胞培养中支原体污染的PCR检测

根据支原体16s rDNA序列,选择RemyTeyssou设计的三条寡核苷酸链,组成两套引物:P_(1-2a)能检测出细胞培养中常见的各种支原体,P_(1-2b)能检出无胆甾原体。反应可检出体系中10CFV的菌体。此法先用于对实验室人为污染支原体Vero细胞的检测,后与DNA 染色法和培养法比较,检测了49份生物样品,其中24份传代细胞,PCR检测的阳性率为58％,DNA染色法为42％,培养法为33％;三者的灵敏性比较,PCR可检出10~(-3)稀释度的阳性样品,高于其他两种方法。此PCR方法快速、灵敏、特异,适用于细胞培养中支原体污染的检测。     

支原体污染细胞的处理方法

<正> 在细胞培养技术中,支原体污染细胞系是一常见问题。受污染细胞的生长和代谢均受到影响,在用该细胞作免疫学试验时。就有可能产生异常结果.尤其在单克隆抗体制备中,污染支原体的骨髓瘤或杂交瘤细胞会导致融合失败或抗体分泌能力下降以至丧失。支原体污染细胞的危害之大,研究建立控制支原体污染的方法也就受到学者们的关注。     

细胞培养中的支原体污染问题

支原体污染与细菌污染是细胞培养中两种最主要的污染。在青链霉素广泛应用以来,细菌污染已经较易控制,而支原体的污染及其传播却益发突出了。据近年来国外报道,支原体的污染相当普遍,并且其中约有十分之一是同时被两种以上的支原体所感染的。甚至有人提出,在引用已有文献中的实验结果时,都应考虑和分析所用的细胞是否可能有支原体污染,如有支原体污染,则相应实验结果的可靠性要重新加以考虑。最近,我们险查了本室培养的全部细胞系及一些兄弟单位的培养细胞,     

Rapid detection of mycoplasma contamination in cell cultures using sybr green-based real-time polymerase chain reaction

Summary We have developed a simple method for rapid detection of mycoplasma contamination in cell cultures using SYBR Green-based real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). To detect eight common contaminant mollicutes, including Mycoplasma (M. arginini, M. fermentans, M. orale, M. hyorhinis, M. hominis, M. salivarium, M. pirum) and Acholeplasma laidlawii, four primers were prepared based on the 23S rRNA regions. Using these primers and a minimum of 100 fg of mycoplasma genomic DNA, the 23S rRNA regions of these eight mycoplasma species were consistently amplified by real-time PCR. In contrast, no specific specific amplification product was observed using DNA templates prepared from various mammalian cell lines. Frozen and cultured samples of several cell lines were tested for mycoplasma contamination to evaluated the utility of this method. Of 25 samples that tested positive for mycoplasma by Hoechst staining, which requires two passages of cell cultures started from frozen samples, mycoplasma was detected by real-time PCR in 24 samples of cell extracts prepared directly from frozen samples. When cultured samples were used for this assay, the accuracy of the diagnoses was further improved. Thus, this technique, which is simple, rapid, and sensitive enough for practical application, in suitable for handling many samples and for routine screening for mycoplasma contamination of cell cultures.     

The scope of mycoplasma contamination within the biopharmaceutical industry

Mycoplasma is well recognized as one of the most prevalent and serious microbial contaminants encountered within the manufacturing of biopharmaceuticals from the research phase to clinical development and production. The potential for mycoplasma contamination within cell culture systems was first identified by Robinson et al. in 1956 [1]. Presently, contamination rates in established cell cultures have been reported between 15 and 35% with considerably higher occurrence cited in certain selected populations [2]. In the last few years, there has been an expansion of diagnostic approaches for mycoplasma detection with the development and validation of rapid microbiological methods. The objective of this study was to determine current levels of mycoplasma infection of cell cultures, cell substrates and biologicals within a client based population. Retrospective comparison of 40,000 sample results was done to determine total contaminations rates amongst four (4) individual analytical assays. The establishment of reference data, such as existing contamination rates, becomes important in the critical appraisal of rapid microbiological methods for the detection of mycoplasma.     

Rapid detection by transmission electron microscopy of mycoplasma contamination in sera and cell cultures

Transmission electron microscopy has been employed for the rapid detection of mycoplasma in sera and cell cultures. High speed centrifugation of sera or low speed centrifugation of cell debris, followed by negative staining of the resuspended pellet, detected mycoplasma contamination more frequently than a culture method followed by direct fluorescence (DAPI), which was used as a control procedure. The appearance of the mycoplasma cell border and content gives some information about particle viability.     

Sensitivity of biochemical test in comparison with other methods for the detection of mycoplasma contamination in human and animal cell lines stored in the National Cell Bank of Iran

Mycoplasma contamination in cell culture is considered as serious problem in the manufacturing of biological products. Our goal in this research is to find the best standard and rapid method with high sensitivity, specificity, accuracy and predictive values of positive and negative results for detection of mycoplasma contamination in cell cultures of the National Cell Bank of Iran. In this study, 40 cell lines suspected to mycoplasma contamination were evaluated by three different methods: microbial culture, enzymatic mycoalert^® and molecular. Enzymatic evaluation was performed using the mycoalert^® kit while in the molecular technique, a universal primer pair was designed based on the common and fixed 16SrRNA ribosomal sequences used. Mycoplasma contaminations in cell cultures with molecular, enzymatic and microbial culture methods were determined as 57.5, 52.5 and 40 %, respectively. These results confirmed the higher rate of sensitivity, specificity and accuracy for the molecular method in comparison with enzymatic and microbial methods. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay based on fixed and common sequences in the 16SrRNA, is a useful valuable and reliable technique with high sensitivity, specificity and accuracy for detection of mycoplasma contamination in cell cultures and other biological products. The enzymatic mycoalert^® method can be considered as a substitution for conventional microbial culture and DNA staining fluorochrome methods due to its higher sensitivity, specificity and speed of detection (<20 min).     

Detection of mycoplasma contamination in cultured human fibroblasts : Comparison of biochemical and microbiological techniques

Eighteen human fibroblast strains were tested for mycoplasma contamination by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of ³H-uridine labeled RNA and by standard microbiological culture techniques. Despite negative culture results, prominent 23S and 16S RNA peaks were detected in 11 of these cell strains. The mycoplasma origin of this RNA was indicated by electron microscopic demonstration of these organisms. Another indication of contamination was the decreased specific radioactivity of whole cell RNA extracted from cell strains infected with mycoplasma.     

Comparative antibiotic eradication of mycoplasma infections from continuous cell lines

Accumulating data implicate mycoplasma contamination as the single biggest problem in the culture of continuous cell lines. Mycoplasma infection can affect virtually every parameter and functional activity of the eukaryotic cells. A successful alternative to discarding infected cultures is to attempt to eliminate the contaminants by treatment with specific and efficient antimycoplasma antibiotics. The addition of antibiotics to the culture medium during a limited period of time (1-3 wk) is a simple, inexpensive, and very practical approach for decontaminating continuous cell lines. Here, we examined the effectiveness of several antibiotic treatment protocols that we have employed routinely in our cell lines bank. On an aggregate, 673 cultures from 236 chronically mycoplasma-positive cell lines were exposed to one of the following five antibiotic regimens: mycoplasma removal agent (quinolone; a 1-wk treatment), enrofloxacin (quinolone; 1 wk), sparfloxacin (quinolone; 1 wk), ciprofloxacin (quinolone; 2 wk), and BM-Cyclin (alternating tiamulin and minocycline; 3 wk). The mycoplasma infection was permanently (as determined by three solid mycoplasma detection assays) eliminated by the various antibiotics in 66-85% of the cultures treated. Mycoplasma resistance was seen in 7-21%, and loss of the culture as a result of cytotoxically caused cell death occurred in 3-11% of the cultures treated. Overall, 223 of the 236 mycoplasma-positive cell lines could be cured in a first round of antibiotic treatment with at least one regimen. Taken together, 95% of the mycoplasma-infected cell lines were permanently cleansed of the contaminants by antibiotic treatment, which validates this approach as an efficient and technically simple mycoplasma eradication method.     

Real-time PCR assay is superior to other methods for the detection of mycoplasma contamination in the cell lines of the National Cell Bank of Iran

Mycoplasmas are the most important contaminants of cell cultures throughout the world. They are considered as a major problem in biological studies and biopharmaceutical economic issues. In this study, our aim was to find the best standard technique as a rapid method with high sensitivity, specificity and accuracy for the detection of mycoplasma contamination in the cell lines of the National Cell Bank of Iran. Thirty cell lines suspected to mycoplasma contamination were evaluated by five different techniques including microbial culture, indirect DNA DAPI staining, enzymatic mycoalert^® assay, conventional PCR and real-time PCR. Five mycoplasma-contaminated cell lines were assigned as positive controls and five mycoplasma-free cell lines as negative controls. The enzymatic method was performed using the mycoalert^® mycoplasma detection kit. Real-time PCR technique was conducted by PromoKine diagnostic kits. In the conventional PCR method, mycoplasma genus-specific primers were designed to analyze the sequences based on a fixed and common region on 16S ribosomal RNA with PCR product size of 425 bp. Mycoplasma contamination was observed in 60, 56.66, 53.33, 46.66 and 33.33 % of 30 different cell cultures by real-time PCR, PCR, enzymatic mycoalert^®, indirect DNA DAPI staining and microbial culture methods, respectively. The analysis of the results of the different methods showed that the real-time PCR assay was superior the other methods with the sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, predictive value of positive and negative results of 100 %. These values were 94.44, 100, 96.77, 100 and 92.85 % for the conventional PCR method, respectively. Therefore, this study showed that real-time PCR and PCR assays based on the common sequences in the 16S ribosomal RNA are reliable methods with high sensitivity, specificity and accuracy for detection of mycoplasma contamination in cell cultures and other biological products.     

Semi-automated relative quantification of cell culture contamination with mycoplasma by Photoshop-based image analysis on immunofluorescence preparations

Mycoplasma contamination in cell culture is a serious setback for the cell-culturist. The experiments undertaken using contaminated cell cultures are known to yield unreliable or false results due to various morphological, biochemical and genetic effects. Earlier surveys revealed incidences of mycoplasma contamination in cell cultures to range from 15 to 80%. Out of a vast array of methods for detecting mycoplasma in cell culture, the cytological methods directly demonstrate the contaminating organism present in association with the cultured cells. In this investigation, we report the adoption of a cytological immunofluorescence assay (IFA), in an attempt to obtain a semi-automated relative quantification of contamination by employing the user-friendly Photoshop-based image analysis. The study performed on 77 cell cultures randomly collected from various laboratories revealed mycoplasma contamination in 18 cell cultures simultaneously by IFA and Hoechst DNA fluorochrome staining methods. It was observed that the Photoshop-based image analysis on IFA stained slides was very valuable as a sensitive tool in providing quantitative assessment on the extent of contamination both per se and in comparison to cellularity of cell cultures. The technique could be useful in estimating the efficacy of anti-mycoplasma agents during decontaminating measures.     

人胚胎干细胞支原体感染的检测和控制

目的：优化检测人胚胎干细胞支原体感染的方法,寻找控制支原体感染的途径。方法：利用hoeshest33258染色检测感染支原体的人胚胎干细胞,接触感染培养基的人胚胎成纤维细胞,比较两种方法检测效果;利用RNApolymeraseⅡ作为新的鉴定指标,直接检测感染支原体的人胚胎干细胞;利用抗支原体药物对感染细胞进行处理,检测处理后细胞的感染状态。结果：hoechest33258染色后,受支原体感染人胚胎干细胞检测效果不明显,接触感染培养基的人胚胎成纤维细胞在培养7天后有拉丝状染色分布;RNApolymeraseⅡ染色则能直接检测出受感染的人胚胎干细胞表面粘附的支原体;利用抗支原体药物Plasmocin对感染细胞进行处理后hoechest33258拉丝状染色基本消失,但持续培养后重新出现。结论：间接法使用hoechest33258染色或者直接利用RNApolymeraseⅡ染色都能够很好地检测人胚胎干细胞培养过程中的支原体感染。抗支原体药物Plasmocin能够有效减轻支原体感染情况,但是不能完全杀灭支原体。