美洲鲽抗冻蛋白基因的克隆及在E.coli中的表达

本文报告了美洲鲽抗冻蛋白基因的克隆及在E.coli中表达的研究,以质粒P~(CT5)作为抗冻蛋白基因的供体,p~(ORF-2)作为表达载体。用HpaⅡ酶从质粒p~(CT5)上切下抗冻蛋白基因片段,再经Bal 31酶,绿豆核酸酶处理,连接上BglⅡ接头,然后插入到p~(ORF-2)的BglⅡ位点上,借助于p~(ORF-2)上的β-半乳糖苷酶基因的活性,使含正确插入抗冻蛋白基因的克隆呈现出蓝色菌落,共获得4000多个转化子,其中有201个蓝色克隆。对于50个蓝色克隆提取质粒DNA,电泳后发现均大于p~(ORF-2)。用BglⅡ消化后,可以发现有300—1500bpDNA片段,同时确定了抗冻蛋白基因在p~(ORF-2)中的插入方向,对于正确插入的克隆作出部分限制性内切酶图谱,测定出插入的抗冻蛋白基因片段的DNA序列,然后将重组质粒从E.coli MH1000菌株转化到E.coliTK1046中,研究分析表达产物,SDS—聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳结果证明插入的抗冻蛋白的基因已表达,有明显的融合蛋白带,分子量大于β-半乳糖苷酶、是由大肠杆菌的外膜蛋白F,抗冻蛋白和β-半乳糖苷酶组成。融合蛋白含量占总蛋白的20％左右。     

人血管能抑素基因的克隆、表达及其表达产物的纯化和生物活性测定

以人胎盘脐带组织为材料,提取组织总RNA,用netRTPCR方法合成人血管能抑素cDNA基因,将该cDNA克隆进pSP72载体获得重组质粒pSP72C, DNA序列分析结果与预期序列一致。用BamHⅠ和NdeⅠ双酶切,切下pSP72C上的血管能抑素cDNA,插入pET3c载体的相应位点获得重组表达质粒pETC, 转化E. coli BL21(DE3), SDSPAGE分析显示：在IPTG诱导下,血管能抑素基因获得了高效表达,表达量约占菌体总蛋白的 27.9 %,主要以包涵体形式存在。包涵体经过洗涤、裂解、蛋白复性以及Sephadex G75凝胶过滤层析等步骤后,获得了纯度达91.4 %的人血管能抑素。CAM实验证明10 μg纯化蛋白就能显著抑制鸡胚新生血管生成。     

人MGMT基因Cdna的克隆表达及表达蛋白修复功能的鉴定

克隆了Hela细胞O6 甲基鸟嘌呤 DNA 甲基转移酶 (MGMT)基因的cDNA序列 ,该序列与国外发表的cDNA完全一致。将此cDNA插入原核表达载体pET 2 1a后转化大肠杆菌BL2 1(DE3)获得表达的重组菌株pET 2 1a MGMT E .coliBL2 1(DE3) ,经IPTG诱导后产生分子量为 2 4kD的蛋白质。烷化类诱变剂致死突变实验表明 ,MGMT蛋白的表达能修复受体菌DNA分子因烷化类诱变剂导致的突变。     

利用转座子构建靶向侵袭性抗肿瘤工程菌

转座子是一类在基因组上可以自由跳跃的移动序列,同时也是对微生物进行基因修饰和插入突变的有效工具,但尚未见有利用转座子导入革兰氏阴性菌E.coli Nissle1917菌株的报道.本研究通过构建p R6K转座载体,对肠道益生菌E.coli Nissle1917菌株进行了转座插入诱变,将假结核耶尔森菌的侵袭素基因inv和单核细胞增多性李斯特菌的溶血素基因hly随机整合至E.coli Nissle1917菌株的染色体上,从而使非致病性大肠杆菌E.coli Nissle1917获得侵袭哺乳动物细胞的能力.通过细胞体外侵袭实验发现,本研究所构建的工程菌对B16,HCT-116等肿瘤细胞有较好的侵袭活性,同时与抗肿瘤蛋白Azurin一起作用B16细胞,抗肿瘤效果显著增强,为进一步运用以大肠杆菌E.coli Nissle1917作为DNA疫苗或者基因治疗的载体开辟了新的技术途径.     

基因工程手段提高磷脂酰丝氨酸合成酶活性的研究

为了提高目的蛋白磷脂酰丝氨酸合成酶(PSS)的表达,使用rTaq酶从E coli K12总DNA中PCR扩增获得磷脂酰丝氨酸合成酶基因片段,将其重组于高效表达载体pET28b质粒,转入相应表达菌株进行表达,收集菌体超声破碎获得含PSS的粗酶液,使用两相反应体系进行生物转化,HPLC-ELSD手段进行酶活检测。结果显示,重组菌株中PSS的酶活力比对照有所提高,同时获得酶活力提高的突变基因pssE210G。将突变基因重组于更高效的表达载体pBAD-MCS,转入相应宿主菌株表达。结果显示E.coli TOP10(pBAD-MCS-pss)表达的酶活性明显优于E.coli BL21(pET28b-pss)中表达的酶活性。以上实验结果表明,将目的基因重组于高效表达质粒有助于提高酶活力;组合到不同的表达质粒,酶活提高程度不同;磷脂酰丝氨酸合成酶基因第73位氨基酸发生突变,对其酶结构和酶活力有直接的影响。     

胰蛋白酶分子中二硫键Cys129—Cys232的定位改造研究

对胰蛋白酶所特有的二硫键（１２９,２３２）进行了定位改造,将Ｃｙｓ突变为Ｓｅｒ,以观察其对胰蛋白酶稳定性及活性的影响,采用蛋白工程的方法,构建了三个突变体Ｃ１２９Ｓ,Ｃ２３２Ｓ和Ｃ１２９Ｓ／Ｃ２３２Ｓ,在Ｅ．ｃｏｌｉＸ－９０菌体中进行表达,表达产物用含胰蛋酶特异性底物ＴＡＭＥ的活性胶检测活性,发现Ｃ２３２Ｓ失胰蛋白酶活性,而Ｃ１２９Ｓ和Ｃ１２９Ｓ／Ｃ２３２Ｓ保留了胰蛋白酶活性,在盐酸胍作用了比较双     

高通量测序检测金针菇RNAi转化子插入位点及拷贝数

本研究对金针菇Flammulina velutipes的一个RNAi转化子菌株1382R3进行了高通量测序,以本实验室先前获得的野生型W23基因组数据为参考,分析了该转化子的基因插入位点以及拷贝数。转化子菌株1382R3是通过农杆菌介导将fv-hmg1-RNAi载体转化至金针菇菌株并通过PCR检测筛选标记而得到。通过BLAST将转化子测序的reads对外源载体和基因组定位,找到具有基因组序列（GS）和外源载体序列（ES）两种序列的临界reads,并据此使用PERL语言程序成功在转化子1382R3菌株中找到两个插入位点。对两个插入位置的序列分析表明：在插入位点1,T-DNA片段部分插入;在插入位点2,T-DNA全部插入到基因组。两个插入位点都对基因组内源基因的表达造成了一定的干扰。此方法拓宽了高通量测序技术的应用范围,将其运用到遗传转化插入位置和拷贝数的研究中,有利于食用菌的功能基因组及基因工程研究。     

原核表达载体pOPE101-8E5的改构及单链抗体的表达鉴定

本研究利用基因重组技术将链亲和素(core-streptavidin)cDNA插入原核表达载体pOPE101-8E5的3′端,并用单链抗体scFv-C4的重链和轻链可变区cDNA取代其scFv-8E5,构建重组表达载体pOPE101-C4::core-streptavidin。将该表达载体转化入在大肠杆菌中进行诱导表达,用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳和免疫印迹法分析表达产物的表达量和产物活性。结果提示我们成功地获得一个分子量约为45kDa的scFv-C4::core-streptavidin的融合蛋白,它可结合KG1a细胞裂解物中分子量约为60kDa、45kDa的蛋白带,且其结合功能可以通过融合蛋白中的链亲和素基因直接测定。     

重组人α降钙素基因相关肽的克隆与表达

通过PCR方法从人类基因组中扩增出编码hαCGRP的片段,将该片段定向克隆到pET-32a( )载体上,构建DET-hαCGRP重组质粒．转化E．coli JM109菌株,利用酶切和测序方法筛选后,经IPTG诱导再转化E.coli BL21trxB(DE3)pLysS菌株.SDS-PAGE和Western Blot分析表达产物,最后通过扩张蟾蜍肠系膜微循环血管实验来检测重组hαCGRP扩张血管的活性,结果表明,重组质粒含hαCGRP成熟肽编码基因序列(111bp),符合预想结果;表达出21kD的融合蛋白,且主要以可溶性形式存在,其粗提物具有扩张血管能力,重组hαCGRP的成功表达为下一步纯化及研制基因工程药物奠定了重要基础。     

人白细胞介素-3基因在酿酒酵母中的分泌表达

利用PCR突变方法,改造了人白细胞介素-3(hIL-3)cDNA,在成熟蛋白编码顺序5＇端前突变入了XbaⅠ酶切位点和酵母类胰蛋白酶加工位点Lys-Arg的密码子。改造后的hIL-3cDNA插入大肠杆菌-酵母穿梭质粒pVT102u/α,使其准确融合于α-交配因子前导序列之后,并置于启动子ADH1调控之下。转化入酿酒酵母宿主菌S-78筛选后,30℃培养48h,上清能明显促进hIL-3依赖细胞TF-1生长。上清中分泌表达的hIL-3经ELISA鉴定并定量,其表达量大于1.0mg/L。~3H-TdR掺入法测定上清中hIL-3活性为1.8×10~3u/ml。     

Evidence that Highly Conserved Residues of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Delonix regia</Emphasis> Trypsin Inhibitor Are Important for Activity

Delonix regia trypsin inhibitor (DrTI) consists of a single-polypeptide chain with a molecular mass of 22 kDa and containing two disulfide bonds (Cys44–Cys89 and Cys139–Cys149). Sequence comparison with other plant trypsin inhibitors of the Kunitz family reveals that DrTI contains a negatively charged residue (Glu68) at the reactive site rather than the conserved Arg or Lys found in other Kunitz-type trypsin inhibitors. Site-directed mutagenesis yielded five mutants containing substitutions at the reactive site and at one of the disulfide bonds. Assay of the recombinant proteins showed mutant Glu68Leu and Glu68Lys to have only 4–5% of the wild-type activity. These provide evidence that the Glu68 residue is the reactive site for DrTI and various other Kunitz-type trypsin inhibitors. The Cys139Gly mutant lost its inhibitory activity, whereas the Cys44Gly mutant did not, indicating that the second disulfide bond (Cys139–Cys149) is critical to DrTI inhibitory activity, while the first disulfide bond (Cys44–Cys89) is not required.     

Substitutions of the Conserved Gly47 Affect the CF1 Inhibitor and Proton Gate Functions of the Chloroplast ATP Synthase ε Subunit

The conserved residue Gly47 of the chloroplast ATP synthase ε subunit was substituted with Leu, Arg, Ala and Glu by site-directed mutagenesis. This process generated the mutants εG47L, εG47R, εG47A and εG47E, respectively. All the ε variants showed lower inhibitory effects on the soluble CF1(-ε) Ca^2 -ATPase compared with wild-type ε. In reduced conditions, εG47E and εG47R had a lower inhibitory effect on the oxidized CF1(-ε) Ca^2 -ATPase compared with wild-type ε. In contrast, εG47L and εG47Aincreased the Ca^2 -ATPase activity of soluble oxidized CF1(-ε). The replacement of Gly47 significantly impaired the interaction between the subunit ε and γ in an in vitro binding assay. Further study showed that all ε variants were more effective in blocking proton leakage from the thylakoid membranes. This enhanced ATP synthesis of the chloroplast and restored ATP synthesis activity of the reconstituted membranes to a level that was more efficient than that achieved by wild-type ε. These results indicate that the conserved Gly47 residue of the ε subunit is very important for maintaining the structure and function of the ε subunitand may affect the interaction between the ε subunit, β subunit of CF1 and subunit Ⅲ of CF0, therebyregulating the ATP hydrolysis and synthesis, as well as the proton translocation role of the subunit Ⅲ of CF0.     

Improved autoprocessing efficiency of mutant subtilisins E with altered specificity by engineering of the pro-region.

Modification of substrate specificity of an autoprocessing enzyme is accompanied by a risk of significant failure of self-cleavage of the pro-region essential for activation. Therefore, to enhance processing, we engineered the pro-region of mutant subtilisins E of Bacillus subtilis with altered substrate specificity. A high-activity mutant subtilisin E with Ile31Leu replacement (I31L) as well as the wild-type enzyme show poor recognition of acid residues as the P1 substrate. To increase the P1 substrate preference for acid residues, Glu156Gln and Gly166Lys/Arg substitutions were introduced into the I31L gene based upon a report on subtilisin BPN' [Wells et al. (1987) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 84, 1219-1223]. The apparent P1 specificity of four mutants (E156Q/G166K, E156Q/G166R, G166K, and G166R) was extended to acid residues, but the halo-forming activity of Escherichia coli expressing the mutant genes on skim milk-containing plates was significantly decreased due to the lower autoprocessing efficiency. A marked increase in active enzyme production occurred when Tyr(-1) in the pro-region of these mutants was then replaced by Asp or Glu. Five mutants with Glu(-2)Ala/Val/Gly or Tyr(-1)Cys/Ser substitution showing enhanced halo-forming activity were further isolated by PCR random mutagenesis in the pro-region of the E156Q/G166K mutant. These results indicated that introduction of an optimum arrangement at the cleavage site in the pro-region is an effective method for obtaining a higher yield of active enzymes.     

Construction of a screening system for selecting lysozyme mutants unable to form a stable structure from random mutants.

To collect folding information, we screened and analyzed the recombinant hen lysozyme mutants which were not secreted from yeast. As model mutants, Leu8Arg, Ala10Gly, and Met12Arg were prepared by site-directed mutagenesis and analyzed as to whether they were secreted from yeast or not. Consequently, Ala10Gly was found to be secreted from yeast, but Leu8Arg and Met12Arg were not. Next, these mutants were expressed in Escherichia coli and refolded in vitro. As a result, Ala10Gly folded as the wild-type did. Leu8Arg efficiently refolded in renaturation buffer containing glycerol. Met12Arg did not refold even in the presence of glycerol. These results show that the Ala10Gly mutation does not affect folding or stability, that Leu8Arg is too unstable to be secreted from yeast, and that Met12Arg may be very unstable or the mutation affects the folding pathway. We screened the mutants that were not secreted by yeast from a randomly mutated lysozyme library, and obtained Asp18His/Leu25Arg and Ala42Val/Ser50Ile/Leu56Gln. These two mutants were expressed in E. coli and then refolded in the presence of urea or glycerol. These mutants were refolded only in the presence of glycerol. Each single mutant of Asp18His/Leu25Arg and Ala42Val/Ser50Ile/Leu56Gln was independently prepared and folded in vitro. The results showed that Leu25Arg and Leu56Gln were the dominant mutations, respectively, which cause destabilization. These results show that the mutant lysozymes which were not secreted from yeast may be unstable or have a defect in the folding pathway. Thus, we established a screening system for selecting mutants which are unable to form a stable structure from random mutants.     

Improving the activity and stability of thermolysin by site-directed mutagenesis

In previous site-directed mutagenesis study on thermolysin, mutations which increase the catalytic activity or the thermal stability have been identified. In this study, we attempted to generate highly active and stable thermolysin by combining the mutations so far revealed to be effective. Three mutant enzymes, L144S (Leu144 in the central alpha-helix located at the bottom of the active site cleft is replaced with Ser), G8C/N60C/S65P (Gly8, Asn60, and Ser65 in the N-terminal region are replaced with Cys, Cys, and Pro, respectively, to introduce a disulfide bridge between the positions 8 and 60), and G8C/N60C/S65P/L144S, were constructed by site-directed mutagenesis. In the hydrolysis of N-[3-(2-furyl)acryloyl]-glycyl-L-leucine amide (FAGLA) and N-carbobenzoxy-L-aspartyl-L-phenylalanine methyl ester (ZDFM), the k(cat)/K(m) values of L144S and G8C/N60C/S65P/L144S were 5- to 10-fold higher than that of the wild-type enzyme. The rate constants for thermal inactivation at 70 degrees C and 80 degrees C of G8C/N60C/S65P and G8C/N60C/S65P/L144S decreased to 50% of that of the wild-type enzyme. These results indicate that G8C/N60C/S65P/L144S is more active and stable than the wild-type thermolysin. Thermodynamic analysis suggests that the single mutation of Leu144-->Ser and the triple mutation of Gly8-->Cys, Asn60-->Cys, and Ser65-->Pro are independent.     

Mutant subtilisin E with enhanced protease activity obtained by site-directed mutagenesis

The specific activity of subtilisin E, an alkaline serine protease of Bacillus subtilis, was substantially increased by optimizing the amino acid residue at position 31 (Ile in the wild-type enzyme) in the vicinity of the catalytic triad of the enzyme. Eight uncharged amino acids (Cys, Ser, Thr, Gly, Ala, Val, Leu, and Phe) were introduced at this site, which is next to catalytic Asp32, using site-directed mutagenesis. Mutant enzymes were expressed in Escherichia coli and were prepared from the periplasmic space. Only the Val and Leu substitutions gave active enzyme, and the Leu31 mutant was found to have a greatly increased activity compared to the wild-type enzyme. The other six mutant enzymes showed a marked decrease in activity. This result indicates that a branched-chain amino acid at position 31 is essential for the expression of subtilisin activity and that the level of the activity depends on side chain structure. The purified Leu31 mutant enzyme was analyzed with respect to substrate specificity, heat stability, and optimal temperature. It was found that the Leu31 replacement caused a prominent 2-6-fold increase in catalytic efficiency (kcat/Km) due to a larger kcat for peptide substrates.     

Site-directed mutagenesis of the conserved Ala348 and Gly350 residues at the putative active site of Bacillus kaustophilus leucine aminopeptidase

Leucine aminopeptidase (LAP) is an exopeptidase that catalyzes the hydrolysis of amino acid residues from the amino terminus of proteins and peptides. Sequence alignment shows that the conserved Ala348 and Gly350 residues of Bacillus kaustophilus LAP (BkLAP) are located right next to a coordinated ligand. We further investigated the roles of these two residues by performing computer modeling and site-directed mutagenesis. Based on the modeling, the carbonyl group of Ala348 interacts with Asn345 and Asn435, and that of Gly350 with Ile353 and Leu354, where these interactions might maintain the zinc-coordinated residues at their correct positions. Replacement of Ala348 with Arg resulted in a dramatic reduction in LAP activity. A complete loss of the activity was also observed in A348E, A348V, and the Gly350 variants. Measurement of intrinsic tryptophan fluorescence revealed alteration of the microenvironment of aromatic amino acid residues, while circular dichroism spectra were nearly identical for wild-type and all mutant enzymes. Protein modeling and site-directed mutagenesis suggest that residues Ala348 and Gly350 are essential for BkLAP in maintaining a stable active-site environment for the catalytic reaction.     

天花粉蛋白Y14F/R22L定点突变及其活性研究

利用多聚酶链式反应（ＰＣＲ）技术,对天然天花粉蛋白（ｎＴＣＳ）基因在Ｔｙｒ１４和Ａｒｇ２２两个保守残基处同时进行定点突变,即Ｔｙｒ１４变成Ｐｈｅ,Ａｒｇ２２变成Ｌｅｕ,然后克隆到ｐＥＴ－８ｃ高效表达载体上,构建成重组质粒ｐＥＴＹ１４Ｆ／Ｒ２２Ｌ．经序列分析,定点突变的结果与预先设计的完全一致,突变后的天花粉蛋白命名为Ｙ１４Ｆ／Ｒ２２ＬＴＣＳ．将ｐＥＴＹ１４Ｆ／Ｒ２２Ｌ转化到Ｅ．ｃｏｌｉＢＬ２１（ＤＥ３,ｐＬｙｓＳ）中,进行表达．经ＣＭ－ＳｅｐｈａｒｏｓｅＣＬ－６Ｂ柱纯化,ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ鉴定,纯度可达９０％．ＲＩＰ活性测定显示,Ｙ１４Ｆ／Ｒ２２ＬＴＣＳ的活性比ｎＴＣＳ降低了７．５倍,活性变化不显著,因此,ＴＣＳ的Ｔｒｙ１４和Ａｒｇ２２对维持其活性部位构象并不是必需的．但由于Ｙ１４Ｆ／Ｒ２２ＬＴＣＳ在Ｅ．ｃｏｌｉ中的表达量与ｎＴＣＳ相比明显下降,因此,Ｔｙｒ１４和Ａｒｇ２２可能与ＴＣＳ翻译后的折叠有关．     

慈菇蛋白酶抑制剂A和B的活性中心探讨

慈菇蛋白酶抑制A和B（APIA和APIB）是一种双头多功能抑制剂。它们的一级结构和cDNA序列已经被阐明。为了找到它们的活性中心,利用定点诱变的方法将APIB中根据与其他抑制剂家族的序列比较所推断的可能的活性中心残基;Lys^44,Arg^76和Arg87分别用Pro替代,所得到的突变基因分别在酵母分泌体系中得到了表达,与天然的APIB相比,K^44P-APIB对脂蛋白酶的抑制活力没有改变;而R^76P-APIB和R^87P-APIB对胰蛋白酶的抑制活力都分别下降了一半,由原料的抑制两分子变成了一分子,表明Arg^76和Arg^87分别是APIB的两个活性中心残基,而Lys^44则不是,为了证实以上结论,进一步制备了另外3种突变体（K^44P-R^76P-APIB,K^44P-R^87P-APIB,R^76P-R^87P-APIB)。在每个突变体中,3个可能的活性位点中只保留1个,有关的抑制活力测定表明,K^44P-R^76P-APIB(只保留Arg^87)和K^44P-R^87P-APIB(只保留Arg^76)分别只抑制一分子胰蛋白酶,而R^76P-R^87P-APIB(只保留Lys^44)对胰蛋白酶基本不抑制,从而肯定了以上结论,经过测定,两个突变体K^44P-R^87P-APIB对胰蛋白酶的抑制常数Ki分别是0.39nmol/L和0.47nmol/L。突变体R^87L-APIB(APIA中87位是Leu)丧失了接近一半的胰蛋白酶抑制活力,但同时对胰凝乳蛋白酶的抑制活性由原来的基本不抑制变成和APIA相同的可以抑制一分子,证明了Leu^87是APIA的抑制胰凝乳蛋白酶的活性中心位点。